186
“O‘zbekistonda yer resurslarini boshqarishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari: muammo va yechimlar”
5. S Avezboyev1 , A Mukumov1 , K Xujakeldiev2 , F Khamidov, Sh
Adizov3. Issues concerning the use of anti-erosion measures in land
management projects. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmenta.
6. MukumovAbdugani Muratovich, Usmanov Yusuf Alikulovich,
Ruziboyev Sobir. The ways to increase the efficiency of dekhan and
household plots. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol.
24, Issue 03, 2020 ISSN: 1475-7192.
HUMUS CONDITION OF IRRIGATED SOILS IN THE
DESERT TERRITORY OF KASHKADARYA REGION AND
THEIRRESERVE FORMS
Murodova D. -
Independent researcher, NRU TIIAME,
Akhatov А. –
c.a.s., Research Institute of Environmental and Nature Conservation
Technologies
, Khayitov X. -
associate professor, PhD, NRU TIIAME
АNOTATION.
The soils of the researched area are of varying
degrees of salinity, and according to the percentage of dry residue,
chlorine sulfate ions, the soil layers alternate with non-saline, weak,
moderate and sometimes strong salinity, as well as irrigated land areas,
using the special hectare measurement function of the GAT software
account is given.
Key words:
Soil, dry residue, non-saline, weak, medium, strong,
area, section, hectare, mechanical composition, physical clay, potential,
reserve.
The process of soil formation was founded by the founder of soil
science, Russian scientist V.V. Dokuchaevin 1963. During these periods
V.V.Dokuchaev substantiated the factors of soil formation. He proved that
the main factor of the soil formation process depends on the relief, flora
and fauna, soil type, soil age, as well as on the remains of flora and fauna,
and they are an indicator of soil formation and its fertility.
The humus substance serves are the main sourcein the formation of
soil fertility and its increase.As a result, soil humus is formed under the
influence of physicochemical, chemical and microbiological
processes.Soil humus is one of the main indicators of fertility formation.
187
“O‘zbekistonda yer resurslarini boshqarishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari: muammo va yechimlar”
Considering that humus is an important factor in the formation of
soil fertility, studies were carried out to determine its formation and its
variety.The positive effects of organic matter on soil properties and
fertility are immeasurable.
Humus is very important in the formation of water-resistant
aggregate soil structures.They improve the water, air, biological, physical,
water-physical composition of soils and increase their resistance to
erosion. In addition, humus is the main source of nitrogen, carbon dioxide,
partly phosphorus and potassium in the soil.
Scientists of the Commonwealth of Independent States
Alexandrova L.N., Antipov-Karataev, E.V. Shein, E.Yu. Milanovsky., A.P.
Batudaev, I.V. Tyurin,L.A. Grishina, A.N. Rusanov, S.Yu. Agisheva, N.V.
Evseeva, V.G. Mamontov, A.A. Gladkov., M.M. Kuzelev, V.V.
Ponomareva,T.A. Plotnikova, R.V. Kuznetsov, Z.I. Sakbaeva have
published many scientific papers on the composition of elements and
chemical groups of organic substances, their degree of oxidation and their
importance in productivity.
Uzbek scientists I.N. Arslonov, SN.Ryjov,M.M. Toshkuziev, I.A.
Ziyamukhamedov, A. Akhatov, D.Murodova, D.Makhkamova, L.A.
Akhatova, N.I. Shadieva, J.M. Kuziev, V.X.. Sherimbetov, A. Akhatov, B.
Gofurov noted in their work that humus and its constituent humic and
fulvoic acids are present in soils, as well as in various mechanical particles
in the soil, distributed in the soil layer, increasing in size from large
particles to small particles, and accumulating in bulk.
Among Central Asian countries, especially in Uzbekistan, the
author was the first to isolate soil colloids (<0.0001 mm), determine the
amount of humus in it, and show the maximum accumulation of humus in
colloidal particles.Given the important role of humus and its high-
molecular acids in the formation of soil properties and fertility, N.I.
Gorbunov in his scientific work identified the reserve forms of some
nutrients (K, P, Ca, Na) in the soil by plants. Depending on the
introduction in the sequence, the elements are divided into general,
potential, close, closer, labile forms.In this regard, for the first time
Akhatov A., Murodova D., Akhatova L. partially described the first step
in the separation of humus into reserve forms in their scientific studies.The
authors continued their research to cover this issue in more detail.
It is necessary to attach great importance to the study of various
reserve forms of humus as a substance that improves soil properties and
188
“O‘zbekistonda yer resurslarini boshqarishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari: muammo va yechimlar”
increases its fertility.The authors continued their research to cover this
issue in more detail.
The process of increasing or decreasing the amount of humus in the
soil depends on what the reserves forms of humusis accumulated or
washed off.
Based on this, we have allocated the following reserve forms of
humus:
1. The total amount of humus determined by the method of I.V.
Tyurin - the total reserve.
2. The part that forms the basis of humus composition - the potential
reserve.
3. Humus associated with silt particles - a close reserve.
4. The part of water-soluble humus - a direct (labile) reserve.
The terms “moder” and “mule” applied to humus by the French
scientist Duchampur (1966) on the above-mentioned humic substances
can be applied to us in the types of humus reserves.
The total and potential reserve of humus can be called "moder
humus", i.e coarse humus, and the near and direct (labile) reserve species
can be called "mule humus", i.e fine humus. Because fine humus
accumulates in fine mechanical particles and in part they are water soluble.
Fine humus is involved in gluing fine mechanical particles together
to coat the surface of the aggregates with a thin film and to form water-
resistant aggregates. Coarse humus is located in the spaces between the
aggregates.
The area and method of research were chosen in order to perform
the above tasks.
The following soil types distributed in the desert part of
Kashkadarya region were selected. The lower part of the Kashkadarya
subaerial delta is distributed in the territory of Mubarek district:
- Newly irrigated sandy-desert, lightly sandy, moderately saline
soils,
15-cut.
- Old irrigated meadow soil, 12-cut.
- Irrigated bald, heavy sandy, moderately saline soils,8-cut.
Distributed in Mirishkor district:
- The newly irrigated meadow is an alluvial medium sandy, weakly
saline soil, 5-cut.
189
“O‘zbekistonda yer resurslarini boshqarishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari: muammo va yechimlar”
The Beshkent region of Karshi district is located in the upper part
of the Kashkadarya delta, which connects the foothills to the outskirts:
- Old irrigated gray-meadow, medium and heavy sandy, slightly
saline, gypsum soil, 6-cut.
Extraction of soil particles from the soil was determined by the
methods of N.I. Gorbunov, humus content I.V. Tyurin, humus group
composition V.V.Ponomoryova and T.A. Plotnikova, humus reserve
forms calculated by the authors' method.
To do this, it is necessary to determine the amount of humus in the
soil, the group composition of humus in the soil, as well as the amount of
humus in the soil particles, as well as the hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed
part of humus, the amount of some water-soluble humic acid salts.
Here is information on the humus status of irrigated soils in the
desert region and the distribution of their reserve forms.The study of the
interaction of humic substances with the mineral part of soils and with
their forms determines the direction of soil formation and the process of
forming fertility.While the type of humus reserve in the soil, especially
close and direct (labile) species, is a factor determining the level of
aggregate formation, the potential reserve serves as the main reserve
source in their formation.
The amount of humus (K-5) on irrigated
meadow medium sandy alluvial soils distributed in the study area of
irrigated deserts is 0.563-1.045% in the tillage layer.Table shows that the
soil profile is unevenly distributed depending on the lower layers.The
amount of humus in the old irrigated heavy sandy loam (K-6) soils is
0.322-1.447%. The amount of humus accumulated significantly compared
to alluvial, medium sandy soils of newly irrigated grasslands. The
decrease in humus content from the top layers to the bottom can be seen
from Table
The amount of humus in the soil particles isolated from the above-
mentioned soils was 2.5 times higher than the total amount of humus in
the soil.The humus content in slit particles in the lower layer 44-60 cm of
the soil profile is 1.22%, and the humus content in soil particles in this
layer is 35% compared to the humus content in slit particles in the tillage
layer. The amount of hydrolyzed carbon of the old irrigated heavy sandy
loam soils distributed in the same climatic conditions differs from the old
irrigated meadow alluvial heavy sandy loam soils.
The amount of hydrolyzed carbon in the tillage layer of the old
irrigated gray-grass heavy sandy soil was 28.61%, while in the alluvial
190
“O‘zbekistonda yer resurslarini boshqarishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari: muammo va yechimlar”
heavy sandy soil of the old irrigated grassland it was 54.83%.One of the
main reasons for this may be due to the relatively large accumulation of
slit particles in the tillage layer, which is reflected in the data in Table.This
is evidenced by the fact that in the lower layers of 25–150 cm and 150–
172 cm of the old irrigated meadow alluvial soil profile, the amount of slit
particles is higher than in the 50–95 cm layer, which indicates a large
amount of hydrolyzed carbon in the lower layer. It can be seen from Table
that the amount of humus in the old irrigated meadow-grass and meadow
alluvial soils is almost close to each other, but the flow towards the lower
layers is significantly reduced. Hence, the amount of humus under the
influence of irrigation differs from that of the newly irrigated meadow
alluvial soil by the fact that the old irrigated meadow is slightly higher in
the tillage layer of the alluvial soil.
The distribution of humus reserves in the irrigated soils of the desert
region where the study was conducted was determined at the rate of 100
grams of soil per milligram in the soils and cross-sectional layers.
It is observed, that the regularities of the reduction of the soil profile
from the upper layer to the parent rock from the potential (hidden) reserves
that make up the main part of the humus content.
The potential stock of humus in these soils ranges from 686 to 35
mg per 100 g of soil.The potential reserve form of humus in the old
irrigated gray-meadow soils is maximally accumulated in the tillage layer,
slightly increased in the subsoil (35-44 cm) layer.The reason for this can
be seen as the amount of labile humus form washed out from the tillage
layer to the tillage bottom layer. It is followed by a gradual decrease in the
lower genetic layers.The table shows that the potential reserves of humus
in newly irrigated meadow alluvial, medium sandy soils are significantly
different than in irrigated barren (530 mg 100 g) and old irrigated meadow
alluvial (507 mg 100 g) soils, as well as the decrease in proximity and
direct (labile) reserve species.
191
“O‘zbekistonda yer resurslarini boshqarishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari: muammo va yechimlar”
Table. Distribution of humus and its reserve forms
of irrigated soils in the desert territory of Kashkadarya region
Soil name
Depth of
layer, cm
Hu-
mus,
%
Slit
particle
size,%
Humus in
slit par-
ticles,%
Hydrol
yzed
Non-
hydroly
zed
Humus reserve form mg-100 grams
in the soil
As a percentage of total
humus reserve form in %
potential
close
labil
total
potential
close
labil
Newly
irrigated
meadow
alluvial,
medium
sandy, K-5
0-37
1,045
19,9
2,55
48,4
51,6
437
508
100
1045
41,82
48,61
9,56
37-52
0,724
18,9
1,765
45,67
54,33
281
34
99
724
48,19
46,13
19,67
52-75
0,442
19,2
1,08
46,42
53,08
135
207
100
442
30,54
46,83
22,62
75-115
0,543
15,8
1,32
38,44
61,36
235
209
100
549
43,3
38,63
18,42
115-145
0,563
23,5
1,37
43,37
56,63
142
322
99
563
25,22
57,19
17,58
145-165
0,563
34,0
1,37
48,85
51,15
38
406
59
563
6,70
82,77
10,48
Old irrigated
heavy sandy,
gray-meadow,
K-6
0-35
1,447
19,9
3,53
28,61
71,39
686
702
59
1447
47,41
48.51
4,08
35-44
1,407
18,3
3,43
44,86
55,14
678
628
101
1407
48,18
44,63
7,18
44-60
0,502
12,3
1,22
30,07
69,83
189
185
128
502
37,64
36,35
25,49
60-76
0,342
9,8
0,83
23,77
76,63
164
81
97
342
47,35
23,68
28,36
76-112
0,322
11,3
0,78
27,9
77,10
132
89
101
322
41,0
27,64
31,36
112-170
0,462
11,4
1,13
27,87
72,13
233
129
100
462
50,43
27,92
21,64
Irrigated bald,
heavy sandy,
moderately
saline, K-8
0-27
1,226
19,3
2,99
47,12
52,88
530
577
19,4
1226
43,23
47,06
1,55
27-40
1,025
23,2
2,51
43,15
56,85
340
585
100
1025
33,17
57,07
9,76
40-57
0,824
18,5
2,01
38,49
61,51
88
372
64
524
16,79
71,0
12,21
57-74
0,623
23,7
1,52
42,11
57,89
206
360
57
623
39,06
57,78
9,14
74-125
0,563
11,1
1,37
27,89
72,17
144
152
267
563
25,58
27,0
47,42
125-160
0,442
9,0
1,08
21,88
78,12
245
97
100
442
55,42
21,94
22,62
Old irrigated
meadow
alluvial, heavy
0-35
1,347
22,5
3,29
54,83
45,07
507
740
100
1347
37,64
54,94
7,42
35-56
0,985
23,0
2,40
58,26
41,74
329
552
104
985
33,40
56,00
10,56
56-95
0,884
11,3
2,16
27,69
72,31
540
244
100
884
61,09
27,60
11,31
95-150
0,583
30,9
1,42
75,15
24,85
51
438
100
589
8,65
74,36
16,97
192
“O‘zbekistonda yer resurslarini boshqarishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari: muammo va yechimlar”
sandy, weakly
saline, K-12
150-172
0,362
23,8
0,88
55,9
44,1
56
209
97
362
15,47
57,73
26,80
193
“O‘zbekistonda yer resurslarini boshqarishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari: muammo va yechimlar”
Hence, it can be noted that the level of cultivation of newly irrigated meadow-
alluvial soils is still quite low, since the proximity and direct forms of the cultivating
humus are insufficiently formed (508 mg per 100 g in direct reserve forms of humus,
100 mg per 100 g in relative reserveforms of humus).In the old irrigated heavy sandy
loam soils, along with the potential reserves of humus, its proximity and the amount
of direct reserve species increases.In the 12-section 95-150 cm layer, the potential
reserve of humus fluctuates from 540 mg per 100 g of soil to 51 mg per 100 g of
soil, the proximity of 244-438 mg per 100 g of soil, the direct reserve type of 97-100
mg per 100 g of soil.The figures show that the longer the soil is used in irrigated
agriculture, the higher the level of tillage, the better its structure and the rate of
formation of water-resistant aggregates.In turn, they are a key factor in the
management of soil fertility, water, air and heat. Spare species are expressed as a
percentage of the total amount of soil humus.In the old irrigated alluvial soils (K-
12) of the observed desert area, the potential humus reserve is significantly reduced
compared to other irrigated soils, but the close humus reserve increases as this type
of stock is closely related to the amount of slit particles in the soil layers.If we look
at the amount of the labile form of humus, it is clearly seen from the table that the
labile form of humus is washed off from the upper soil layer to the lower layers of
the soil profile, since all the studied soils are used in irrigated agriculture.
Therefore, in a detailed analysis of humus reserves when explaining the cases
of a decrease or increase in the humus content in the soil, the study of the division
of humus in irrigated soils into reserve forms, it is inevitable to obtain specific and
detailed information about the direction in which the soil humus is going.
In general, the potential reserve form of humus is accumulated in the surface
plowed and plowed subsoil of irrigated soils studied and decreases towards the
subsoil.Conversely, the near-reserve form increases in the lower layers, i.e., in the
layer where the amount of slit particles is accumulated.
The purpose of the study of humus reserve forms is to reveal the nature of
humus formation in irrigated soils distributed in the desert region, the impact of
negative and positive factors on the distribution and distribution of humus reserve
forms on the types of humus reserve forms.
The process of humus formation in arid regions is unique, due to the short
development period of plants in this region, the lack of residues and rapid
mineralization, the alkalinity of soil conditions, the decrease in the amount of
humus.Because in alkaline conditions humus and its high-molecular organic acids
and salts of organic matter dissolve. The result is a decrease in the total amount of
humus.
194
“O‘zbekistonda yer resurslarini boshqarishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari: muammo va yechimlar”
Taking into account the current soil-climatic conditions, the amount of humus
in the soil, its group composition, the separation of slit particles in the soil and the
amount of humus in the slit particles and the hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed part of
humus, as well as the amount of some water-soluble humic acid salts in which case
the separation of humus backup forms was achieved.The potential reserve of typical
gray old irrigatedsoil humus increases. At the same time its close and the amount of
direct backup forms also increase. At a depth of0-120 cm of the cut layer, the
potential reserve of humus was found to fluctuate from 42.88% to 29.60%, close
from 49.32% to 57.20%, and the direct reserve form from 7.80% to 13.00%.
References
1.
Shein E.V., MilanovskiiE.Yu. Rol i znachenie organicheskogo veshestva v
obrazovanii i ustoychivosti pochvennix agregatov. [The role and importance of
organic matterin the formation and stability of soil aggregates]. Bulletin MSU. Soil
sciences. # 1. 2003. 54 p.(in Russian)
2.
Batudaev A.P., Korshunov V.M., Stulyev A.K. Gumusnoe sostoyanie
chernezomov pochvi pri razlichnom selskoxozaystvennom ispolzovanii. [The
humus state of soil chernozem with various agricultural uses]. Agro chemistry. #
2. Moscow. 2004. Pp.19-22. (in Russian)
3.
Kuznetsov R.V. Raspredelenie gumusa minerlaov po granulometricheskim
fraktsiyam v osnovnix tipax pochv Rostovskoy oblasti. [Distribution of humus and
minerals by granulometric fractions in the main soil types of the Rostov region].
Candidate of Biological Sciences. Abstract of dissertation. Rostov-on-Don. 2004. 17
p. (in Russian)
4.
MamontovV.G.
Metodiopredeleniyasoderzhaniyaisostavagumusapochvi.
[Methods for determining the content and composition of soil humus].
Publishinghouse RSAU-MTAA. Moscow. 2006. 24 p. (inRussian)
5.
RusanovA.N., AnilovaL.V. Gumusoobrazovanie i gumus lesostepnixistepnix
chernozemov yuzhogo Preduralya. [Humusformationandhumus of forest-steppe and
steppe chernozems of the southern Cis-Urals]. Bulletin of the Orenburg State
University. # 10. 2009.р. 1184-1191. (in Russian)
6.
AgishevaS.Yu. GumusoobrazovanieigumuspochvOrenburskogoPreduralya.
[Humus formation and humus of soils of the Orenburg Cis-Urals] Candidate of
Biological Sciences. Abstract of dissertation. UFA. 2011. 19 p. (in Russian)
7.
Mamontov V.G, GladkovA.A, KuzelevM.M. Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo po
ximiipochv. [Apractical guidetosoilchemistry]. Schoolbook. Publishinghouse.
RSAU-MTAA named after K.A.Timiryazeva. Moscow 2012. 125 p. (in Russian)
8.
Axatov A., Murodova D.E. Buz tuproqlar mintaqasida tarqalgan tuproqlardagi
gumus miqdori va ularning turlari boyicha taqsimlanishi. [The distribution of humus
195
“O‘zbekistonda yer resurslarini boshqarishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari: muammo va yechimlar”
in distributed soils and their types in the region of the gray soils]. journal.Agro
science. No2. Tashkent. 2014. 45 p. (in Uzbek)
9.
Axatov A., Maxkamova D. Tuproqdagi gumus kislotalarning ahamiyati.[The
value of humus acids in the soil]. Journal Irrigatsiya ma melioratsiya.No2.2017. Pp.
23-25. (in Uzbek)
10.
Quziev J.M. Qashqadaryo vokhasi boz tuproqlar mintaqasi sugoriladigan
tuproqlarning agrokimyoviy kholatini yaxshilash. [Improvement of agrochemical
condition of irrigated soils of Kashkadarya oasis zone]. Ph.D. in Agricultural
Sciences. Dissertation abstract. Tashkent. 2017. 16 p.(in Uzbek)
11.
Sakbaeva Z.I. izmenenie fraktsionnogo sostava gumusa pochv vertikalnogo
poyasa gor Kirgistana pri razlichnom antropogennom vozdeystvii. [Changes in the
fractional composition of soil humus in the vertical belt of the mountains of
Kyrgyzstan with various anthropogenic effects]. International Journal of Applied
and Fundamental Research. Moscow. No5. 2018. Pp. 406-410. ( in Russian)
12.
Shodieva N.I. Vertikal zonalikda tarqalgan tuproqlarning gumusli holati,
gumus moddalarning shakillanish mekhanizmini tadqiq etish (Turkiston tog tizmasi
misolida). [The humus state of the soils distributed in the vertical zonality, the study
of the mechanism of the formation of humus substances. (On the example of the
Turkestan Range)]. Biology science doctor (DSc), dissertation abstract. Tashkent.
2018. 28 p. (in Uzbek)
13.
Sherimbetov V.X. Jizzax chol tuproqlari chollanish zharayonini GAT asosida
masofaviy ma’lumotlarga ishlov berish orqali aniqlash va bakholash.
[Determination and evaluation of desertification of Jizzakh desert by processing
remote data based on GIS]. PhD in biological sciences. Dissertation abstract.
Tashkent. 2019. 22 р. (in Uzbek)
14.
Axatov A., G’ofurov B. Toshkent-Keles geomorfologik rayonda shakllangan
tipik-bo’z tuproqlarda gumus zaxira shakllarining tarqalishi. [Distribution of the
forms of reserves of humus in typical seroms formed in geomorphological areas
Tashkent-Keles]. XXIII International Scientific Conference on Advanced in Civil
Engineering
CONSTRUCTION
THE
FORMATION
OF
LIVING
ENVIRONMENT (FORM-2020) held on September 23-26, 2020 in Hanoi,
Vietnam. 20 p. (in English)
ЕР РЕСУРСЛАРИНИ БОШҚАРИШ ТИЗИМИДА ҚИШЛОҚ
ХЎЖАЛИГИ ЕРЛАРИДАН ФОЙДАЛАНИШНИНГ ЎРНИ ВА РОЛИ
Нарбаев
Ш.К.
– PhD, доцент, “ТИҚХММИ” МТУ
