220
Geodetic works performed in topographic survey of cultural heritage
monuments.
Sh.Y.Sattorov
1
1
Assistant of the Department of Land use and land management
Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization
Engineers National Research University Bukhara Institute of
Natural Resources
E-mail:
Abstract.
Geoinformatics work in the field of cultural heritage in the
country, including in Bukhara region, is being carried out at an excellent level.
However, the decision to carry out the work on the inventory and restoration of
cultural heritage sites as soon as possible has not been positively resolved.
Therefore, one of the most pressing problems facing the industry today is a
positive solution through the use of modern techniques and technologies and their
implementation in accordance with international requirements through the
methods used in topographic survey of cultural heritage sites.
Keywords
: Topographic survey, cultural heritage, geodesy, plan,
Deformation, drowning, technogen.
The purpose and activities of the master thesis:
Cultural heritage
monuments in the process of surveying topographic surveys in order to improve
the speed and quality of the optimal methods .
Research objectives:
-Preparing the methodicals for topographic
( three - dimensional )
survey
methods;
-Experiencing foreign methods for topographic
( three - dimensional )
survey;
-Experiencing this inviting methods topographic
( three - dimensional )
survey practice;
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Object and subject of the research:
The object of the research of the
Bukhara region of Bukhara mosque in the Arab street MagokAttar
mosque
. The
subject was adopted in the process of developing methods of topographic surveys.
Research methodologies and techniques:
data collection, learning,
systematic and comparative analyses,
systematization, generalization,
observation, monographic research methods.
The level of scientific novelty of the research:
The novelty of the research
is the followings:
-The methods of topographic
( three - dimensional )
survey of buildings of
cultural heritage;
-The types of topographic
( three - dimensional )
survey and its
exploatations;
-
Using normative documentations during the topographic
( three -
dimensional )
survey of agricultural lands;
-With the help of modern methods reprocessing and analyzing the output
data of topographic
( three - dimensional )
survey of agricultural lands;
-Modeling the output data of survey by using GIS technology;
The current state of cultural heritage sites in Bukhara region
“Bukhara region is very rich in memorials built in ancient times, early and
medieval times. At present, the Bukhara State Memorial Museum of Art has 997
historical monuments. One of the oldest monuments in Turan, the residence of the
rulers of Bukhara - Bukhara Arch (1st century BC) was built to this day. The
mausoleum of Sayfiddin Boharzi (13th century) in Fathabad near the city, the
mausoleum of Bayankulikhan (14th century), the Chorbakr ensemble (16th
century) in the village of Sumiton in Bukhara district, the mosque of Hazrat Bobo
(18th century), the summer residence of the Emir - Sitorai Mohi Xosa Palace 19th-
20th centuries), Vobkent Tower in Vobkent district (12th century), Chashmai
Ayub azira (1208), Khoja Mahmud Anjir Fanavi mausoleum (13th century),
Abduramon Vali mausoleum (14th century), Vobkent bath (16-17 centuries),
Tashmasjid (16th-17th centuries), Sufidekan room (17th-18th centuries), ruins of
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Varakhsha city in Jondor district (7th century), Mahmud Torobi dam (13th
century), Qizbibi complex (15th century) , The complex of Hazrat Bahauddin in
Orifon in Kagan district, the mother of Abdulazizkhan and Damai Shahon (14th-
16th centuries), the mausoleum of Hazrat Mir Kulol (14th century), the Palace of
Railwaymen (sobi Amir) in Kagan (19th-20th centuries), Peshku district The
mausoleums of Khojam Bandi Kushod and Khojam Sayd Polat (18th-19th
centuries), the mausoleums of Khoja Ali Rometani - Khoja Azizon and Khoja
Muhammad Boboyi Samosi in Romitan district (14th century) r), Mulla Mir
Hakim's room, Vardonze city monument in Shafirkan district (6th-7th centuries),
Azor yp hut (8th century), Khoja Arif Revgari - Moitobon mausoleum (13th
century), Bozachi and guard cemeteries in Karavulbozor district (17th century). -
century), the ruins of the city of Poykend in the Karakul district (8th century).
Shahburkhan ota mausoleum and mosque, Hazrat Abdukholiq Gijduvani - Khojai
Jahon (12th century) mosque and mausoleum in Gijduvan district, Ulubek
madrasah (15th century), Toshmasjid and Dehqonbobo rooms (15th-16th
centuries), Khoja Soktare mosque (17th century). ), Chorsu Mosque (18th-19th
centuries). There are also Raboti Malik caravanserai and Malik sardoba (11th
century) in Bukhara oasis, Mirsaid Bahrom mausoleum in Karmana (10th-11th
centuries), Asim sheikh's room (16th century). Oriental architectural traditions are
intertwined in these historical monuments. These monuments, built by the Uzbek
people for two thousand years, testify to the rich talent and artistic skills of our
ancestors, the great creative power. We will always miss Bukhara. We set off with
a longing. when the opportunity to visit Bukhara arises, the feeling of nostalgia
increases, our love grows. Our whole div longs for Bukhara with feelings of
nostalgia. KALON MINORAI “Bukhara cannot be imagined without the blue-
domed Kalon Mosque and its minaret. The Kalon minaret (Fig. 1) was rebuilt in
the ancient city of Bukhara, and according to some historical sources, the minaret
was built by Arslankhan in 1127 and was made of baked brick in the style of
geometric patterns. It is 50 meters high and 9 meters wide. The upper part of the
tower is decorated with brick carvings in the form of a turban and brought to the
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position of a cornice. Arslankhan's name is inscribed in the middle of the
arrowhead (according to some scholars). The name of the master builder (Baqo)
has also been found, and the locals indicate that his grave is among the houses in
the neighboring neighborhood. The master Baqo built a brick tower with a round
arrow that narrowed upwards, typical of Movarounnahr. Inside the tower is a brick
spiral staircase that leads to a 16-arched rutonda-fonus platform that rests on
bricks stacked in the form of a lavish stalactite cornice. In 1514-16, when the khan
of Bukhara Ubaydullah ibn Mahmud (1504-1539) returned from the march on
Herat, he ordered the repair of this minaret and the adjacent Masjid Kalon and
allocated a certain amount of money. The Kalon Minaret became a model for all
subsequent towers built in the Bukhara oasis until the early twentieth
Fig. 1. Large tower century.
Fig. 1. Large tower century. The tower was destroyed several times during
the Soviet revolution. Part of the underground chair was opened and repaired in
1960 by master Achil Bobomurodov. Minaret is an Arabic word meaning “High
Building”. The minaret is actually built next to or adjacent to mosques and
madrassas, and serves as a place to call the call to prayer. In historical sources,
some of the towers were built as a watchtower for enemy troops and to beautify a
complex and demonstrate the power of the person who built it.
ISMAIL SOMONI TOMB
Fig. 1. Large tower
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The saying "Samarkand is
beautiful, Bukhara is Islamic" is not
in vain. From ancient Bukhara came
such a great man as Imam Bukhari, a
great representative of mysticism like
Bahovuddin Naqshband, and many
scholars related to "Bukhari". Ismail
Somoni (Figure 2) is the rarest and
oldest monument in Bukhara. Ismail
Somoni is known as a major
representative of the Samanid dynasty and the founder of the Samanid state. After
suppressing the peasant uprisings around Bukhara in 874, he became deputy
governor of Bukhara, and in 888 governor of the whole of Movarounnahr. During
the reign of Ismail Somoni, a policy of strengthening the central government was
pursued. In Bukhara, representatives of religion, literature, culture, charter
craftsmen gathered, and culture and art developed. The city of Bukhara and its
environs prospered. One of the masterpieces of world architecture - the Samanid
mausoleum occupies a special place among the medieval buildings of Bukhara.
The mausoleum was built as a family saga after the death of Ismail Somoni's
father. Ishmael himself, and later his grandson Nasr, were buried here. During the
Samanid period, Bukhara became a major center of religious sciences and had the
great honor of being a pillar of Islam. Muhammad ibn Isma'il-Bukhari, a famous
hadith scholar of the ninth century, who honored the Bukhara Muslim world, is
from Bukhara.
The great physician and philosopher Abu Ali ibn Sina was also born in the
village of Afshana in Bukhara and was one of the most famous scholars living in
the capital of the Samanid state. The mausoleum of Ismail Somoni was built in
892-943 on the site of an ancient cemetery near Registan in the western part of
Bukhara. The whole building is built in the shape of a rectangle, in the form of
embossed brick. The mausoleum of Ismail Somoni is one of the first historical
Figure 2 The mausoleum of Ismail
Somoni
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monuments in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan and is included in the
list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
MAGOKI ATTORI MOSQUE
Near the Shahrukh canal, in the city of Shahristan, there is a very ancient
monument - the mosque Magoki Attori (Fig. 3). Prior to the Arab conquest, it was
replaced by the Moh (moon) market, where idols, medicines, and spices were
traded, and the temple of the fire worshipers was also here.
In the latest edition of Narshahi's work, the mosque built on the site of the
temple is called "Magogh", which means "in the depths". Because the rapidly
growing cultural strata had buried it to
the brim at that time. According to the
inscriptions on the east front of the
mosque, in 1547, Abdulaziz Ibn
Abdullah (1539–1550) demolished
the mosque and tried to build a new
one in its place. However, Mahdumi
Azam, the leader of the Naqshbandi
sect at the time and the khan's
murshid, did not allow this, saying that the spirits of the saints who passed through
the mosque were present. In the pulpit of this mosque, Abdullah Gijduvan. It is
also mentioned that they recited pirla rhutba like Bahovuddin Naqshband.
Obeying Murshid's words, Abdulaziz Khan built a new mosque on the west side
of the old mosque. From the high stairs there is a large hall with 6 columns and
12 domes, built in the XII century, of the Magoki Attori Mosque. The floor of the
room was excavated and plastering materials of the IX-X centuries were found.
Below it was a wall made of raw brick, which was found to be older than the
plaster materials. The twelfth-century roof and the pylon on both sides of it are
traditionally decorated. The domed arch at the top of the roof door is divided into
three parts. Each piece formed a square-shaped ornament that intersected each
other from individual fine and thin bricks. The corners of the parts are decorated
Figure 3. Magoki Attori Mosque
226
with honor, and the top is cross-stitched in the form of a hexagonal brick. The
carved terracotta inscription frame is divided into separate panels by the roof walls
that decorate the door and the top of the porch. They are decorated with floral and
geometric patterns. Both sides of the roof are geometrically embroidered with
bricks. On the floor of this brick pattern was a carved ornament (girih) made of
plaster. The towers in the corners of the mosque are quietly accessed. In 1934-
1935 V. A. Under Shishkin's leadership, archeological excavations were carried
out in the mosque. As a result, it was found that the decorations on the south roof
of the mosque, vinegar rivets were torn down. Later they were restored with the
participation of Master Shirin Murodov. Legend has it that the Magoki Attori
Mosque was built by Master Moh. In particular, its southern roof is valued as a
valuable monument not only of Bukhara, but of the entire Central Asian culture.
Geodetic works to be carried out to assess the condition of the Magori Attori
Mosque
Topographic and geodetic prospecting works: Topographic and geodetic
prospecting works are included in the development of planned and elevation base
networks, as well as large-scale topographic plans of the area, tracing of linear
structures, etc. Engineering-geodetic design: Geodetic works related to the design
of buildings and structures, topographic plans and profiles of appropriate scales,
as well as the development of the general plan of the building, geodetic
measurements and calculations of the project site, calculation of area and volume,
etc. Project planning: This type of work requires high-precision measurement
work. Planning work can include triangulation, trilateration, polygonometry,
construction planning in the form of a construction network, the main axes of the
building, as well as the relocation of underground communications, and so on.
Geodetic installation and inspection of structures: This stage is a more specific
type of engineering geodetic work, in which the installation of building structures
is carried out in horizontal, vertical and oblique directions. Building Deformation
Observation: This stage consists of works such as foundation subsidence
observation, horizontal displacement detection of buildings, observation of
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elevation deflection, and is performed by high-precision geodetic methods. Types
of deformation: Deformation of structures occurs as a result of the impact of
various natural and man-made factors on their foundation and the structure itself.
The deformation of buildings and structures depends mainly on the movement of
the soil layer at their foundation.
These movements can occur in an upright and horizontal position.
Vertical deformation of foundations is divided into:
Sedimentation-deformations occur as a result of the external influence of
the soil under the foundation and, in some cases, the compaction of the soil under
the influence of its own weight, and thus the soil structure does not change
radically;
Compression deformations occur as a result of soil compaction and lead to
radical changes in soil structure due to external influences, such as soil moisture,
melting of frozen soil, etc .;
Swelling deformations, changes in soil volume as a result of changes in the
soil layer under the influence of various chemicals or changes in its humidity,
temperature;
Sedimentary deformations occur as a result of changes in hydrogeological
conditions, mining of mineral resources.
The mathematical characteristic of foundation subsidence is represented by
a vertical cross-section between the initial and post-subsidence planes of the
foundation.
If these cuts are equal at all angles of the foundation, such a sinking is called
a flat sink, if the cuts are not equal, it is called an uneven sinking. Thus, subsidence
in a plane can occur as a result of the uniform influence of the external
environment on the whole part of the structure, as well as the uniform
compression of the rocks under the foundation. This situation is rare in practice.
Uneven subsidence occurs as a result of different effects on building parts
and different compaction of the soil, which leads to deflection, bending and other
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changes of buildings and structures. When these changes are significant, cracks
can appear in the foundations and walls of the building.
Sediments that occur as a result of the weight of the structure will stop after
a certain time as a result of the compaction of the soil layer.
In this case, as usual, sinking in sandy soils moves at great speed and stops
quickly. In muddy soils, however, it begins in reverse, i.e. at an insignificant rate,
and does not end for many years.
Under the influence of one-way force (e.g., water pressure), horizontal
displacement of structures occurs.
The joint displacement of buildings and foundations is characterized by the
following parameters:
a) complete subsidence of a separate foundation or building block S;
b) average subsidence of the foundation of buildings and structures Sur;
c) uneven subsidence of foundation points
S;
g) relative uneven subsidence, i.
l
S
e. the ratio of the subsidence difference
between two points of the foundation to the distance between the points;
d) the slope of the foundation i, ie the ratio of the subsidence difference
S to the
width or length of the foundation. The slope of the foundation leads to the
deflection of the structure (crane).
e) angle of rotation of the structure x;
j) horizontal displacement of the structure u.
Deformation monitoring will continue from the start of construction to the
first years of operation. In this case, an attempt is made to conduct the observation
stages at regular intervals. Geodetic observation of displacement and subsidence
of foundations and structures of buildings and structures is carried out in
accordance with a special technical task. It shows the following:
a) parts of buildings and structures to be inspected;
b) the location of the initial rappers and sink marks;
c) periodicity of observation;
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g) required accuracy;
d) list of reporting documents.
The results of monitoring the deformation of foundations and buildings
allow to determine the strength of buildings and structures, as well as to prevent
the occurrence of subsidence. Causes of Deformation: As mentioned above,
deformation of foundations occurs as a result of the influence of natural and man-
made factors on it.
Natural factors include:
1) susceptibility of rocks to various engineering-geological and hydrogeological
phenomena;
2) freezing of rocks in the cold and melting of frozen rocks;
3) changes in hydrometric conditions, changes in perennial temperature, humidity
and groundwater level.
Technogenic factors include:
1) the effect of the weight of the structure;
2) changes in the properties of rocks due to artificial rise and fall of groundwater;
3) weakening of the foundation as a result of underground works;
4) change in pressure (force) on the foundation as a result of the construction of
an additional floor to the building or the construction of a new building next to it;
5) operation of various aggregates, vibration of the foundation due to traffic.
In addition, the shape, size and strength of the foundation also affect the
deformation of the structure.
Conclusion:
The essence of geodetic and geoinformatics work in the state
registration of cultural heritage sites, methods of geodetic work in the assessment
of the status of cultural heritage sites, geodetic instruments and their types, the
procedure, essence and objectives of cadastral documentation in the state
registration of cultural heritage sites analyzed and studied. Research has been
conducted on the use of ArcGIS software in the study of the condition of cultural
heritage sites. Studies have shown that the use of ArcGIS can create and improve
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the database on the site, as well as speed up and improve the quality of research
work.
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