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APPLICATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF WATER-SAVING
TECHNOLOGIES IN OUR COUNTRY
Fazliyev Jamoliddin Sharofiddinovich Senior Lecturer at the Department
of “Vehicle Engineering,” Bukhara Engineering Technological Institute,PhD in
Technical Sciences (t.f.f.d.),Bukhara, Republic of Uzbekistan Email:
jamolliddinfazliyev@gmail.com
Rakhmatova Maftuna Jamshid qizi Student of the “Water Supply
Engineering Systems” program, Bukhara Engineering Technological Institute,
Bukhara, Republic of Uzbekistan
Annotation: The article studies irrigation regimes for apple orchards using
drip irrigation technology and presents the results. It was found that improving
irrigation system components led to increased yields and more efficient use of water
resources. The implementation of drip irrigation technology in intensive orchards
has been proven to save up to 48% of water resources, 50% of mineral fertilizers,
and 30% of fuel and lubricants. Additionally, the irrigation regime matches the
water needs of the plants, preventing excess water use, with moisture being
concentrated near the plant root zone rather than spreading across the entire field.
Keywords: irrigation, drip irrigation, irrigation methods, groundwater,
water resources, root, evaporation, water scarcity, water-saving technologies,
irrigation rate, limited field moisture capacity (LFMC), salinity, irrigation
equipment, vegetation period.
In countries around the world, international organizations are developing and
implementing necessary measures to prevent and mitigate water scarcity. By 2030,
water shortage in Uzbekistan may reach up to 15 billion cubic meters. The majority
of the water used in our country originates in neighboring states and flows into
Uzbekistan. Only about 15–20% of the total water resources are formed within our
borders, depending on annual precipitation levels. Unfortunately, in recent years, a
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decrease in rainfall across the region has led to reduced water flow in major river
basins, as well as in smaller rivers and streams. While just a few years ago the annual
water consumption in the country was 60–64 billion cubic meters, today the supply
has decreased to 51–53 billion cubic meters. However, thanks to the wise policies
of our national leadership in recent years, the situation is being alleviated.
Transboundary water resource management among regional countries is now being
conducted in a spirit of friendship, good neighborliness, and mutual respect. This
approach has enabled the resolution of long-standing issues in the water sector.
Uzbekistan continues to actively engage in bilateral and multilateral cooperation
with neighboring countries to ensure the integrated management of shared water
resources, including the joint use of transboundary water resources and interstate
water infrastructure. Notably, several meetings were held last year, resulting in
significant agreements.
In Uzbekistan, the annual volume of water used amounts to 52.0 billion cubic
meters, of which 41.0 billion cubic meters are formed in neighboring countries,
while 11.0 billion cubic meters are generated within the territory of Uzbekistan.
When examining water usage across different sectors of the economy:
– 90% is used in agriculture,
– 4.5% in municipal services,
– 4.3% in industry and energy,
– and 1.2% in the fisheries sector.
According to Resolution No. PQ-5 of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan dated January 5, 2024, key provisions have been outlined to promote the
implementation of water-saving technologies. Notably, concessional loans with a
reduced interest rate of 14% (instead of the previous 21%) will be allocated through
the "suvkredit.uz" platform. For the Republic of Karakalpakstan and Khorezm
region, the interest rate is set at 10%. Importantly, farmers will not be required to
provide property collateral to obtain these loans. In terms of subsidies, full (100%)
disbursement will be carried out within the same year. Previously, subsidies were
paid in two installments—50% in the first year and the remaining 50% in the
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following year. Regarding construction quality, the aim is to enhance the quality of
water-saving technology infrastructure. Contractors will be required to provide a 2-
year warranty and ensure maintenance services for 5 years. Additionally, the
activities of the "School of Irrigators" will be improved. Alongside water
management personnel, district-level responsible leaders, staff, designers, and
contractors will also undergo comprehensive training.
Between 2017 and 2024, water-saving irrigation technologies were
introduced on a large scale in Uzbekistan: drip irrigation was implemented on
560,000 hectares, sprinkler irrigation on 90,000 hectares, and discrete and other
advanced methods on 59,000 hectares. Additionally, 1.1 million hectares of land
were leveled using laser equipment. According to analyses, the implementation of
water-saving technologies has led to a 45–50% reduction in water resource usage,
25–35% savings in fuel, lubricants, and mineral fertilizers, and reduced
mechanization service costs, while simultaneously increasing crop yields by 15–
20%. By 2030, the country aims to concrete-line 46% of irrigation canals, equating
to 13,200 kilometers, and expand the total area of agricultural land covered by water-
saving technologies to 2 million hectares.
In 2024, based on allocated funding of 1.35 trillion UZS, the following
construction and reconstruction works will be carried out:
– 586.5 kilometers of canals;
– 21 kilometers of flume (lotok) networks;
– 45.3 kilometers of closed irrigation pipelines;
– 167.9 kilometers of open collectors;
– 109.5 kilometers of closed-horizontal drainage networks;
Furthermore, 570.4 kilometers of main canals and 15,000 kilometers of on-
farm irrigation networks will be converted to concrete lining. The coverage of water-
saving technologies in agricultural lands will reach approximately 55%, or 2.4
million hectares. As a result, by the end of the year, the efficiency coefficient of the
irrigation system and networks is expected to increase from 0.67 to 0.68, and 10
billion cubic meters of water will be saved in the agricultural sector.
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In the scientific research conducted on the efficient use of water resources,
the positive effects of using drip irrigation technology in orchards were studied.
Calculation of water consumption using the drip irrigation system for
irrigating
apple
trees.
Determining the calculated water consumption using the drip irrigation method.
1.
Planting scheme:
A) For a 2x3 meter orchard
2.
Type of drippers and water discharge rate:
4.8 liters/hour
3.
Number of drippers:
1 dripper per seedling
4.
Field slope:
0.0033
The calculated water requirement for irrigating a 1-hectare orchard is
determined.
We start by calculating the number of seedlings in a 1-hectare area.
𝑁
Seedling
=
10000
2𝑥3
= 1666 sapling
We will determine the calculated water consumption for irrigating one
hectare of orchard
𝑄
𝑏𝑢𝑟
=
𝑁
Seedling
∗ 𝑞 ∗ 𝑛
3600
In this context:
Q
bur
-
calculated water discharge per 1 hectare, in liters per second (l/s)
:
𝑁
Seedling
-number of saplings (seedlings)
q
-water discharge of one dripper, in liters per hour (l/h)
n
- number of drippers per sapling
3600
- conversion coefficient (to convert liters per hour to liters per second)
𝑄
𝑏𝑢𝑟
=
1666 ∗ 4.8 ∗ 1
3600
= 2.3 𝑙/𝑠
The minimum water discharge of the irrigation pipe is determined using the
following formula.
𝑞
𝑚𝑖𝑛
=
𝑁
𝑡𝑜𝑚
∗𝑞
3600
=
100∗4.8
3600
= 0,13 𝑙/𝑠
Here: N
tom
- number of drippers in the irrigation pipe
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N
tom
-(L
m
:B)*n
L
m
- length of the irrigation pipe, in meters
B- distance between saplings, in meters
n- number of drippers between saplings
L
m
-200 m; B-2 m; n-1 piece
N
tom
-(200:2)*1=100
During the research years, scientific studies were conducted in experimental
fields under
seven different irrigation variants
.
In
Variant 1
(furrow irrigation of apples), the
seasonal irrigation
norm
ranged from
3624 to 3884 m³/ha
, accounting for
85.9–86.4%
of the
total
water consumption
, which averaged
4219–4495 m³/ha
.
In
Variant 2
(drip irrigation of apples), the
seasonal irrigation norm
was
1582–2464 m³/ha
, which made up
69.4–79.9%
of the
total water consumption
(2278–3082 m³/ha).
In
Variant 3
(drip irrigation), the
seasonal irrigation norm
was
1553–
2389 m³/ha
, accounting for
72.4–77.5%
of the
total water consumption
(2145–
3082 m³/ha).
In
Variant 4
(drip irrigation), the seasonal irrigation norm was
1598–
2480 m³/ha
, or
69.5–77.7%
of the total water consumption (2298–3193 m³/ha).
In
Variant 5
, the seasonal irrigation norm ranged between
1546–2398
m³/ha
, accounting for
74.1–77.4%
of the total water consumption (2164–3096
m³/ha).
In
Variant 6
, the seasonal irrigation norm was
1614–2496 m³/ha
,
which constituted
69.9–77.7%
of the total water consumption (2308–3214 m³/ha).
In
Variant 7
, the seasonal irrigation norm was
1562–2416 m³/ha
, equal
to
71.8–77.6%
of the total water consumption (2174–3114 m³/ha).
Based on the
average results over three years of research
, in the
control
variant
where the apple orchard was irrigated using
furrow irrigation
, irrigation
was carried out
5 times
following a
1-3-1 scheme
. The
irrigation norms
ranged
from
720 to 790 m³/ha
, and the
seasonal irrigation norm
was
3748 m³/ha
.
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In the experimental variant with
drip irrigation technology
using
200-
meter-long irrigation pipes
, irrigation was conducted when the
pre-irrigation soil
moisture
reached
70-80-65% of the field capacity (LFMC)
. In this control variant,
irrigation was carried out
18 times
according to a
2-11-5 scheme
, with individual
irrigation norms
ranging from
87 to 145 m³/ha
, and a
seasonal irrigation norm
of
1940 m³/ha
.
In managing soil moisture, it is essential to adhere to the
target moisture
levels based on the field capacity (LFMC)
as defined in the experimental system.
It is also important to emphasize that, along with moisture, maintaining optimal
levels of
nutrients, air, heat, and light
in the root zone is crucial for the healthy
development of saplings.
Based on studies conducted in
Vobkent district of Bukhara region
,
specific data on soil moisture management was obtained. All experimental variants
in the field were conducted in accordance with the parameters established in the
experimental system.
According to the findings,
soil moisture indicators
were measured on
lightly saline, medium loamy soils
at the
“Garden Buxoro Agrocluster” LLC
. In
Variant 1
(control), the soil moisture content ranged between
68.9–70.4%
.
In
Variants 2, 4, and 6
, where
drip irrigation technology
was applied, the
pre-irrigation soil moisture was maintained at
70–75–60%
of LFMC. In
Variants
3, 5, and 7
, moisture was kept at
70–80–65%
of LFMC, and based on this, the
irrigation rate for the
100 cm soil layer
was determined, effectively allowing water
requirements of apple trees to be managed.
During the
pre-flowering and flowering-fruit setting stages
, the soil
moisture was maintained at approximately
69.0–79.9%
of LFMC, while during the
fruit ripening stage
, it decreased to
64.5–66.4%
.
According to the results of scientific research conducted in the experimental
plots, the pre-irrigation soil moisture consistently remained within ±2.0% of the
target values. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that the
methodology
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of field research was properly implemented
in
Vobkent district of Bukhara
region
.
Under the conditions of
meadow-alluvial, medium loamy soils
in
Bukhara
region
, the
“Golden” variety apple orchards
irrigated using
drip irrigation
technology
received irrigation
18 times per season
, with irrigation norms of
87–
145 m³/ha
and a
seasonal irrigation norm
of
1940 m³/ha
. As a result, a
yield of
216 centners per hectare
was obtained.
Compared to the
control variant using furrow irrigation
, this method led
to a
48% saving in water resources
and an
additional yield of 106 centners per
hectare
of apples.
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