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LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF PHRASES WITH A COLOR
COMPONENT IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
Kodirova Maxfuza Mansurbekovna
English teacher of the Bekabad city
Polytechnic of the Tashkent region
ABSTRACT: Color is the most important part of all visual information. It is
the color of the clothes of the person you meet, the color of his face, hair, etc. that is
remembered first of all. Out of the few available linguistic studies, one can rely on
introspection when drawing conclusions: examining the behavior of color terms in
contexts through language analysis, the meanings of color definitions are revealed.
Color is the subject of many scientific studies.One of the issues related to color naming
is the question of what principle should be used to combine words denoting color into
groups.
Keywords: black, white, red, color definitions, adjectives, vocabulary.
In the process of encoding a language, the information most significant for the
personality of a particular ethno-cultural community is selected from the endless
information continuity. The participation of codes in the ways of implementing image
tools is associated with a certain ethnic culture. The cultural codes associated with the
archetypal images of an ethnic group in each culture are divided. They classify and
evaluate the world in their own way. The relevance of codification determines the
specifics of the qualitative characteristics of the signs of ethnoconnotations, leading to
the fixation of a linguistic feature in the speaker's mind for a certain cultural space, as
well as the specifics of the ethnocultural designation of related units of the lexical and
phraseological foundations of the language.
Thus, from the point of view of these approaches, ethnolinguistics is based on
the understanding of a person as a subject studying and conceptualizing reality. At the
same time, the study of the language system is considered as a transpersonal institution
that studies social norms fixed in the form of linguistic constructions (stereotypes),
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stable in semantic or formal terms and supplemented by teaching the use of speech
(Amosova, 2003).
Ethnolinguistics is moving from the analysis of linguistic forms to the analysis
of meanings in speech acts and speech. An important subject of ethnolinguistic
research is the system of spiritual values recognized by individuals and communities
(as cultural communities).
Color and color theories
Color is one of the properties of the material world, perceived as a conscious
visual sensation. A certain color is given to objects in the process of human perception.
Often, a person's mood, emotions and well-being depend on the perception of color. It
is logical to assume that research in the field of color perception is typical only for
scientists in the field of psychology. However, taking into account some aspects,
researchers often do not take into account the peculiarities of the established color
picture of the world of a person belonging to a particular linguistic culture.
The human world is presented in three forms: a real picture of the world, a
cultural (or conceptual) picture of the world and a linguistic picture of the world. Let's
look at each of these forms.
The true picture of the world is an objective, inhuman reality. This is the world
that surrounds a person. The cultural (conceptual) picture of the world is a reflection
of the real picture through the prism of concepts formed on the basis of human
representations obtained with the help of the senses and passed through his
consciousness both collectively and individually.
White
The English word White comes from the Old English "bright, bright; clean,
bright", as well as from the Proto-Germanic hvitaz-light. Speaking about the concept
of "white" in relation to human nature, this color is associated with the internal and
external characteristics of a person (hair color, face). In Old English, white had the
meaning of morally pure (morally pure), referring to the royal beliefs of the late
eighteenth century. In American English, this color received the colloquial meaning of
" noble, light " (during the American War of Independence in 1775-83. In Middle
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English, white means "friendly, friendly, approachable"). Speaking about a person's
racial identity, the white color denoted a person's attitude to the Caucasian race. Thus,
the expression of white supremacy dates back to the end of the nineteenth century and
is historically conditioned (seidl, 2003).
In modern English, the white color is associated with a positive, bright and pure
beginning and characterizes the physical and spiritual sides of a person or phenomenon:
a white flag (white flag), symbolizes a cease–fire, the end of the conflict (waving a
white flag - showing a white flag-throwing a white flag) (ibid.).
The white color in the English-speaking picture of the world is often associated
with honesty, virtue, kindness, joy: a white lie (a lie about salvation, a "white" lie)
means a good deed done to save and preserve, in this case, a relationship (here.). The
most accurate way to trace the emergence and formation of such phraseological units
is through the example of studying the English press:
Lying to your loved ones may seem like a sure way to push them away. But a
new study shows that white lies– especially for the right reasons-can actually
strengthen social bonds.
The idiomatic expression white Hope has its roots in the early nineteenth
century. It was used to refer to a white man who could break the record of Jack Johnson,
a champion boxer from a family of slaves. In addition, the expression is figurative and
applied to a person or event that has high hopes:
Hobbs also knows that Detroit City is the "great white hope" of his home team,
as they proposed to reverse the tide of Irish rule.
In English phraseology, in addition to the positive "light and pure" in the
concept of white, the expression White Elephant has a meaning completely unrelated
to the above determinants. The origin of this phrase dates back to the middle of the
nineteenth century, when the king of Siam presented a sacred white elephant as a gift,
which was a great honor for his subjects, but proper elephant care was very expensive.
Merging a white elephant in modern English is a difficult thing, an expensive
enterprise, the costs of which exceed the expected profit:
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.. Britain, which once ruled the world in nuclear reactor technology, is buying
one of the craziest and most expensive white elephants imaginable: a power plant...
The most expensive nuclear power plant in the world (Golub, 2006) will not be ready
for production in relatively small quantities in at least eight years.
Black
The English word Black comes from the Old English Black (dark) and Proto-
Germanic Blaze (burnt). Thus, the black color is associated with a burning fire, a burnt
tree, disappearance and, as a result, death. It is safe to say that the concept of "black"
has a negative meaning associated with destruction, evil spirits, sin and vice: black
magic, black flag (black flag as a pirate flag used at the end of the XVI century, there
will be no mercy). In modern English, this phrase is used in motorsport to signal the
rider to leave the site (here.).
The negative meaning of black has spread to the sphere of economic activity.
The black market is used to refer to a black underground market, for example, for the
sale of weapons, drugs, stolen items, etc.:
These creepy footage shows the moment when a rare Amur tiger cub that
appears on a restaurant menu is rescued from the black market.
The negative significance extends to the social sphere of activity. The
expression black sheep is used to refer to someone who is not caught, exiled like others.
It should be noted here that such a merger is used in a clearly negative sense and is
practically not related to inconsistency (a person's willingness to defend his personal
position in cases that contradict the position of the majority):
The man accused of the brutal murder of American marketing executive
Gabriela Kabrins at a luxury South African resort is the troubled "black sheep" of a
billionaire family, Daily Mail Online reports.
It should be noted that there are a number of exceptions to the negative meaning
of phraseological units with a "black" component. For example, the combination of
being in (in) black, being against being in red (facing financial difficulties), symbolizes
material well-being, profit and prosperity. This is due to the fact that the concept of "
black" came to this combination not from the wild, but later. Since the beginning of the
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20th century, various debts and financial losses have been indicated in red ink, while
black ink did not have a negative value.
Green investments can put you in the black. As a community of energy
fortnightly creatures, investors can control a supply that returns renewable schemes up
to 13% (steinvall, 2002).
Red
The English word "red" comes from the Old English Proto-Germanic raudas,
which means "red, having the color of blood, fire and in some cases meaning danger."
It is also applied to the physical qualities of a person: for example, when describing red
hair color, the definition of red hair is used.
The expression red herring got its meaning associated with dried herring, which
turns red as a result of cooking. There are suggestions that at the end of the XVII
century, such fish was used by criminals in order to leave a trail to bloodied dogs. Then
this phrase began to be used in the metaphorical meaning of Red Herring (a distraction
from the main question):
British Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond on Sunday described the Daily
Mail's claims that a British passenger plane was a "second" shot down by an Egyptian
missile last August as a "red ring" (Kay, 2003).
As already mentioned, red is a symbol of danger and anxiety. For example, the
expression in red means that you are in a situation of serious financial losses. The
website in the USA is highlighted in red. The US website is operating at a loss.
Consider an expression with a red color element associated with blood. In
English, the expression "to catch SMB with a red hand" (to catch someone for
committing a crime, to catch with a red hand) literally means to catch someone with a
red hand, that is, hands covered in blood. This phrase has a metaphorical meaning and
does not always literally express a crime:
A bus driver was caught after stealing his wife's shampoo, which turned out to
be hair dye that turned his hair and hands bright pink.
It should also be noted that the red color present in phraseological units is
associated with solemnity, celebration and honor. Thus, the red carpet dominates the
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most important events, paying tribute and respect to the participants of the celebration:
she was joined on the red carpet by her titanic colleague Leonardo DiCaprio, who
finally became the favorite to receive the golden statuette. for his role in The Revenant
(Nikitin, 2006).
Conclusion
Thus, based on the studies carried out, it can be concluded that phraseological
units with elements of color meanings are found everywhere in the language, not only
in colloquial speech, but also in journalism. They represent a true picture of the world
of language culture. This is especially true for primary colors, which denote the
phenomena of the main nature. These phraseological units have historically been
formed and have an idiomatic meaning based on verbatim characters, real events and
phenomena. The relatively large number of phraseological units formed using color
meanings suggests that color meanings are included in a group of lexemes with high
potential for phraseological activity.
To translate more accurately into another language, it should be remembered
that the gap between the synchronous and diachronic aspects of phraseology often leads
to difficulties in understanding the meaning and their misinterpretation.
Color can be reinterpreted as a characteristic of an individual or element in
metaphorical and metonymic terms. Color is manifested not only as an object, a process
or a phenomenon, a nominating, but also as a sign of their refraction in the human
mind, a process.
The study of phraseological units with color meanings can be taught a lot about
the customs of the country, as well as the peculiarities of the perception of certain
phenomena. Color phraseological units have a very clear motivation-their inner form,
as a rule, is "speaking". The use of color terms in a composition is caused by various
causes, images and associations depending on the way this Color term is revised in a
given language.
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