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ZAHIRIDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR: A PROMINENT STATESMAN AND
GREAT COMMANDER OF THE TEMURID DYNASTY
Khalilova Gulnigor Sunnatillo qizi
Student of Tashkent International University of Financial
Management and Technologies
Scientific supervisor: Sayfullayev Behruz Dilshod o’g’lu
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Historical Sciences
Tashkent International University of Financial Management and
Technologies
Head of the Department of “Social and Human Sciences and History”
ABSTRACT: One of the unique figures who left an indelible mark on world
history, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur is known and famous throughout the world as a
great poet, encyclopedist, statesman and skilled commander. His incomparable
scientific and creative heritage occupies a special place not only in the formation of
our national culture and the literary and aesthetic thinking of our people, but also in
the history of world literature, science and statehood. This article is devoted to the
study of the historical legacy of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, in particular, to the
analysis of his role as the successor of the Timurid dynasty. Babur, through his military
and political activities, managed to continue the political and cultural legacy of the
Timurid dynasty in Central Asia and India. The political system, military campaigns,
state administration and cultural values of the Timurid era were of great importance
to Babur. The article analyzes how Babur continued the main political and cultural
values of the Timurid state in his activities. It also shows that the Timurid legacy
reached a new level through the empire founded by Babur in India. Babur continued
not only the political system of the Timurids, but also their legacy in the fields of
science, art and architecture, creating a new cultural environment in India.
Key words: Babur, Timurid dynasty, literature, India, Central Asia, Babur empire,
political governance, cultural heritage, military strategy, Baburnama, architecture,
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landscape architecture, Timurid legacy, centralized system, culture and art, cultural
reforms, development of science, historical heritage, political activity.
INTRODUCTION
The history of Islamic civilization has produced great figures who have achieved
greatness not only in the political arena but also in science and education. One such
figure is Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur. He was not only a statesman who established
a great empire in India, but also a poet, historian, and scholar who was a profound
thinker and contributed to Islamic knowledge. Babur's life and work remind us of the
importance of adhering to the principles of patience, gratitude, and justice.
Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur is a great ruler who, through his life and work, left a
unique mark not only on the history of Transoxiana, but also on the history of India
and the whole world. During Babur's reign, significant changes took place in the
political, cultural and military spheres of two major civilizations - Central Asia and
India. As a direct successor to the Timurid dynasty, his political activities and cultural
heritage are of great importance for world historiography. Babur, continuing the
political and cultural values of the Timurid empire, established his own empire in India.
This article aims to analyze Babur's connection with the Timurid legacy and how he
continued this legacy. The Timurid dynasty left a great mark on history with its
political, military and cultural reforms. During the Timurid era, state administration
was based on a centralized system, and the expansion of the empire was ensured
through military campaigns and diplomatic relations. The Timurids were not limited
only to creating political territories, they also created their own cultural and scientific
heritage. Babur, on the other hand, continued this rich legacy of the Timurid dynasty
in his political activities and brought it to a new era in India. Babur's rule in India was
not only a political achievement, but also a rise to a new level of the cultural, scientific
and artistic heritage of the Timurid era.
Indian statesmen and scholars such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi
recognized the great importance of Babur (1483-1530) and the Baburis not only for
India, but also in the history of the developed world.
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Babur always felt a sense of responsibility for his people and homeland. He set
himself the task of establishing the Timurid state, creating an empire centered around
Samarkand, thus fulfilling Sahibkiran's dream. But his wishes did not come true. By
the will of fate, he ascended the throne in Kabul and laid the foundation for the great
Baburian empire in India. The history of the Baburians, considered the greatest
representatives of the Timurid dynasty, has its rightful place in the history of the Indian
peoples. One of the Western Babur scholars, the English scholar Waldemar Hansen, in
his book "The Peacock Crown, or the Fate of the Mughal Empire," published in Delhi
in 1986, highly evaluates the 332-year activity of the Babur dynasty in India: "If India
and its 8,000-year history are a peacock, then the 332-year reign of the Babur dynasty
in that many-thousand-year history is the crown of this peacock." [1]
Babur extensively covered his life, military campaigns, and political activities in
his work "Boburnoma". This work is not only a historical account, but also an
important source for describing Babur's personality, his respect for the Timurid
dynasty, and its continuity. Babur drew his state views and management experience
from the political heritage of the Timurids. Also, the similarities in the military
strategies of Babur and the Timurids, the continuity between state administration and
cultural values are one of the main points of analysis of this article.
This introduction aims to emphasize the main topic of the article - the continuation
of the Timurid legacy by Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur and his place in this process.
The article can be expanded with sources from scientific journals or to include detailed
information, as needed.
MATERIALS AND RESULTS
This section provides a comprehensive analysis of the political, cultural, and
scientific activities of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur in continuing the Timurid legacy.
The main sources for the article are the work "Baburnama", historical documents,
architectural monuments, and modern scientific research. Through these materials, it
is shown how Babur continued the political and cultural values of the Timurid dynasty.
Babur began his political activity by capturing Kabul in 1504. In 1526, he defeated
the troops of the Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at the Battle of Panipat and began to rule a
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large part of India. The Babur dynasty ruled India until 1858. During this period, state
administration was based on a centralized system, and the political values of the
Timurid era were continued.
Babur Mirza made military campaigns in India with the aim of strengthening state
policy in India, transforming the country, which was divided into small feudal and
princely states, into a unified state, and uniting the provinces of the country into a
central empire. In 1525, Babur formed an alliance with Rano Sango and entered into
battle against Ibrahim Lodi in order to conquer Northern India. In the late autumn of
1525, Babur subdued Punjab, and in 1526, in the first battle near the village of Panipat,
Babur Shah's army defeated the army of Mahmud Lodi, the brother of the Delhi Sultan
Ibrahim Lodi, and established friendly relations with the Bengal king Nusrat Shah. In
the Battle of Panipat in April 1526, Babur defeated the 100,000-strong army of his
main rival, the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, with his 12,000 soldiers and captured
Delhi. In March 1527, Babur defeated the army of the Rajput leader Rano Sango in the
battle near Sikri, subjugating all of Northern India.
In the field of cultural activities and architecture, Babur built many architectural
structures in India, including gardens similar to those in Samarkand and Herat. The
"Baburnama" mentions 17 gardens built by Babur and his close beys in Afghanistan
and India. Babur himself had all the qualities of a professional landscape architect: he
knew plants well, took into account natural and climatic conditions, paid special
attention to details, and skillfully used landscape features.
Babur studied Persian and Turkic languages perfectly, and was also interested in
history and geography, gaining extensive knowledge. He wrote scientific works such
as "Mubayin" and "Aruz Risolasi". During the Babur period, educational institutions
were established in India, and conditions were created for the development of various
sciences. During the Babur period, many famous buildings and structures were built in
India [2].
The Timurid dynasty left a great mark on history with its political, military, and
cultural reforms. Babur continued his political activities as the direct successor of the
Timurid dynasty. The political rule of the Timurids, the centralized system and the
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attention to culture were not only personal honors for Babur, but also necessary
principles for his state. Babur learned not only his military strategies, but also cultural
and scientific approaches from the Timurids and implemented them in accordance with
his time. Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur occupies an important place in history as a ruler
who successfully continued the Timurid legacy in his political career. The Babur
Empire he established in India took the Timurid political and cultural values to a new
level. Babur learned not only his military strategies, but also cultural and scientific
approaches from the Timurids and implemented them in accordance with his time. In
today's historiography, the connection between Babur and the Timurids and their
legacy is of great importance in international history.
Taking into account the national and universal essence of the works of our great
ancestor, his great role and influence in increasing the intellectual and spiritual
potential of our younger generation, and on this basis educating our children as creators
of New Uzbekistan, an important document was adopted to further study and promote
the scientific and creative heritage of Babur Mirzo in our country and internationally.
On January 25, 2023, the President of our country signed Resolution No. 20 “On the
widespread celebration of the 540th anniversary of the birth of the great poet and
scientist, famous statesman Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur”. On this basis, the 540th
anniversary of the birth of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur was widely celebrated in 2023
[3].
Today, as our glorious homeland enters a new stage of national development - the
Third Renaissance, and fundamental changes are taking place in all aspects of our lives,
in-depth study and popularization of the invaluable legacy of Babur Mirza is becoming
even more important.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur is of special importance on the stage
of history as a ruler who successfully continued the historical legacy of the Timurid
dynasty through his military, political and cultural activities. Babur, continuing the
political administration, military strategies and cultural values of the Timurid era in his
activities, introduced many changes to the central political arena of India. His unique
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state administration system, reforms aimed at the development of education and
science, architectural and cultural achievements created a renewed form of the Timurid
legacy.
Babur established a centralized system in India, based on the political values of the
Timurid legacy, to create a strong state. He also built many of his architectural
monuments and gardens, continuing the traditions of art and landscape architecture of
the Timurid era. Babur left a significant mark not only on his military achievements,
but also in the cultural and scientific fields. The work "Baburnama", reflecting his
personal history and worldview, remains a valuable source for historiography today.
Thus, Babur in his political activity perfectly continued the legacy of the Timurids
and adapted it to the new political and cultural conditions of India. The Babur Empire
he created in India left an indelible mark on history not only as a political success, but
also as a cultural achievement. The legacy of Babur and the Timurids is still widely
studied today, and its influence continues in world history.
The article analyzes the legacy and connection between Babur and the Timurids, as
well as the reforms and political views implemented by Babur during his time, on a
scientific basis. With his political and cultural activity, Babur not only preserved the
historical values of the Timurid dynasty, but also developed them in accordance with
the new era.
REFERENCES
1.
Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur - buyuk davlat arbobi va sarkarda [Zahiriddin
Muhammad Babur - a great statesman and commander, in Uzbek]. Internet resource:
https://yuz.uz/uz/news/zahiriddin-muhammad-bobur--buyuk-davlat-arbobi-va-
2.
Akhmedov, I. (2015). Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur va uning tarixiy merosi.
Toshkent: Sharq.
3.
Zahiriddin
Muhammad
Bobur.
Internet
resource:
https://davlat.uz/oz/suvchi/news/view/36161
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Mukhammedov, B. (2018). Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur: Temuriylar merosi
davomchisi. Toshkent: Ma’naviyat.
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5.
Bobur, Z. M. (2002). Boburnoma. Toshkent: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Fanlar
Akademiyasi nashriyoti.
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Saifnazarov, I., & Umarjonov, S. (2022). State and religion relations in New
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sciences, 2, 414-424.
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Saifnazarov, I. (2023). Yangi O'zbekiston: inson qadri ulug'langan yurt [New
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