MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–4_ Январь –2025
245
CHANGES IN THE ORAL CAVITY DURING INFLAMMATORY
PROCESSES OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE
Rasulova Mohigul Matyokub kizi
Bukhara State Medical Institute
Abstract : Stomatitis is an inflammatory process on the oral mucosa caused
by the immune system's reaction to an irritant from the external environment. It
manifests itself as swelling, redness and ulcers on the walls of the mucous membranes.
This disease requires immediate treatment. If you delay, you cannot do without
antibiotics, stomatitis spreads to healthy tissues. In addition, the patient cannot eat
food calmly, he is bothered by a burning sensation, painful sensations when chewing
food and talking.
Key words : chronic gastroduodenitis, primary inflammation, stomatitis,
harmful microorganisms, propolis infusion, swelling, redness, bacteria.
When the mucous membrane covering the hard and soft palate, lips, gums,
cheeks, floor of the mouth, lower and back surface of the tongue becomes inflamed,
it is stomatitis. To this day, chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis remains one of the
most common diseases of the oral mucosa in the practice of a dentist. According to
the World Health Organization, this pathology affects up to 20% of the population.
Patients experience severe pain and burning from a variety of irritants, including
during speech, eating, which in turn leads to a decrease in social adaptation. The oral
mucosa has a number of features: it is resistant to the effects of physical, thermal and
chemical irritants, prevents the introduction of infectious agents, and has increased
regenerative capacity.
The prevalence of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract in adolescence
is high and, according to a number of authors, amounts to 60% to 70% of
gastroenterological pathology, including the majority of which is chronic
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–4_ Январь –2025
246
gastroduodenitis: from 65% to 80% of cases, while Helicobacter infection pylori
accounts for 80% to 83% of sick adolescents.
It is important to note that the studies conducted suggest that in combination
with inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the incidence of recurrent
aphthous stomatitis increases to 11.6% and in some cases can reach up to 40-50% of
cases.
In long-term pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, as a rule, erosive and
ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa and small intestine develop, which is
combined with the appearance of aphthae on the oral mucosa. The phylogenetic unity
of the digestive tract suggests that erosive and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa
are a reflection of inflammatory changes in the underlying parts of the gastrointestinal
tract, in particular, the manifestation of recurrent aphthous stomatitis may be one of
the first symptoms of exacerbation of chronic gastroduodenitis. Many diseases are
united under one term - common and rare, occurring both in adults and
to statistics, symptoms of stomatitis can be found in every fifth inhabitant of the
planet. Therefore, everyone should know about it. This is a generalized name for
diseases that affect the mucous membrane, causing ulcers in the mouth of adults and
children. The wound may appear on the cheek, palate, throat, gums or lips. The
manifestation of the pathology is swelling, redness, single or multiple painful ulcers
(aphthae). Generalized stomatitis (affects most of the mouth) is similar to a rash in
the form of blisters, yellow sores or white ulcers in the mouth. Sometimes there is a
burning sensation in the mouth, dryness due to changes in the composition of saliva (
xerotomy ). During the disease, taste sensations and sensitivity may change, chewing
becomes difficult, and patients with weak immunity are at risk of re-infection. In the
general system of providing medical care to patients in dental medical organizations,
17.96% of the total number of those seeking dental care are patients with a complete
absence of teeth in one or both jaws. People using dentures often develop candidal
stomatitis, especially if patients use a removable denture made of acrylic plastic.
According to medical research, 15-30% of people without inflammatory
complications have Candida fungi on the mucous membrane of the denture bed and
the adjacent surface of a complete removable denture. The presence of fungi is
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–4_ Январь –2025
247
possible in a slightly acidic environment (pH 5.8-6.5), while they produce enzymes
and break down proteins, carbohydrates, fats, keratin. This leads to damage to the
structure of the prosthetic material, especially acrylic, including due to organic acids
such as citric, oxalic, succinic, acetic, lactic, etc. When plastic ages, when its physical
and chemical properties change, additional conditions are created for the best
development of fungi.
Symptoms
The disease has all the classic signs of local inflammation - the mucous
membrane swells, turns red and becomes painful. Because of the pain, it is difficult
to eat, brush your teeth and even talk. If there are no other symptoms, doctors diagnose
simple, or catarrhal, stomatitis. But often the process does not end there, and against
the background of redness, wounds appear - superficial or deep.
General symptoms :
primary inflammation - white rashes (the top of the ulcer is yellowish)
and a red base at the gum;
secondary changes - red spots, blisters, which over time form aphthae
(ulcers);
burning sensation in the mouth (oral dysesthesia);
discomfort when chewing or brushing teeth;
increased sensitivity, bleeding and swelling of the gums;
profuse salivation;
plaque on the mucous membrane of the gums, tongue or throat.
Particular attention should be paid to the following symptoms:
high temperature, up to 38 ºC;
fluid-filled blisters larger than 10 mm;
eye inflammation;
change or loss of taste;
thick, viscous discharge from the wound.
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–4_ Январь –2025
248
Depending on the size and appearance of the wound, a distinction is made
between:
Superficial rashes. They can be small (up to 1 cm) in the form of flat
spots or large plaques (palpable).
Hollow wounds with transparent contents - vesicles or bullae. Blisters
filled with pus.
Aphthae are small, round ulcers. The wounds are inflamed at the base
and have a characteristic grayish exudate.
You have probably noticed small but quite painful ulcers, or aphthae, in the
oral cavity - signs of
. Aphthae can appear as large or small single
elements or rashes, depending on the cause of the inflammation. Finally, stomatitis
can be ulcerative. Unlike aphthae, an ulcer affects deeper layers of the mucous
membrane, so you can notice that the wound has a bottom and clearly visible edges.
The general condition with stomatitis, as a rule, does not suffer. But if the ulcers
become deep and appear in large numbers, the div temperature may rise. Then an
adult or child complains of general weakness, headaches. The lymph nodes on the
neck and under the lower jaw increase in size and become painful. An unpleasant odor
from the mouth may appear.
Types of stomatitis . Depending on the course of the disease, stomatitis can be
acute or chronic. Acute stomatitis is usually defined as inflammation in the oral cavity
that is detected for the first time. When the situation repeats itself over and over again,
it may be a case of chronic recurrent stomatitis. As a rule, at first its symptoms are
not very pronounced. There may be discomfort and dryness in the mouth, burning.
Then an itchy blister or ulcer appears in the oral cavity, which gradually becomes
painful. The pain intensifies when chewing hard food, drinking hot drinks and
brushing teeth. In severe cases, it does not even allow drinking regular water. Then
the wound heals, and the person forgets about the problem for a while.
The causes of inflammation in the oral cavity are not fully understood. Among
those known to doctors, the most common are infection, trauma, or allergy.
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–4_ Январь –2025
249
Sometimes all three of these factors act simultaneously, or
is superimposed
on allergic or traumatic stomatitis. We will discuss these causes in more detail below.
The oral mucosa is damaged by very hot or rough food, poorly fitting dentures
or chipped teeth. Traumatic stomatitis is a common occurrence in those who are used
to constantly holding a pen or pencil in their mouth, biting their lips, cheeks or tongue.
Signs of inflammation usually disappear within a few days.
Allergic stomatitis can be caused by medications, cosmetics, food products,
and acrylic dentures (a type of plastic). Typical manifestations of allergy are redness
of the oral mucosa and gums, itching, and burning.
The oral mucosa has different levels of protection against infection - it is
resisted by saliva, immune cells, antibodies, enzymes. Various microorganisms take
advantage of the weakening of this protection, causing inflammation and ulcers in the
mouth.
Stomatitis is a frequent companion of colds and can occur simultaneously with
a cold.
or after some time. In the second case, the pathogens are most often herpes
viruses. These viruses have a feature - they usually enter the div in childhood and
remain there. When the immune system is weakened, there is a local injury,
hypothermia or overheating, the viruses are activated and cause herpetic stomatitis.
In this case, a rash appears in the mouth, consisting of small blisters. They burst,
turning into aphthae, but soon heal, leaving no traces.
Bacteria usually worsen the course of stomatitis, which is caused by other
reasons - trauma, viral infection or allergy. So, if plaque gets on the ulcer, its healing
slows down, which can be used by bacteria that constantly live in the oral cavity.
Bacteria play an important, although not the main role in the development of chronic
inflammation. There may be few bacteria, but the immune system, which becomes
very sensitive to microorganisms, begins to attack not only pathogens, but also
healthy cells.
Fungi of the genus Candida are present in the oral cavity, which usually cause
stomatitis when the immune system is weakened. Children, the elderly, pregnant
women and people with diabetes are at risk. Oral candidal lesions often occur if a
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–4_ Январь –2025
250
person wears dentures or takes antibiotics without consulting a doctor. When infected
with fungi of the genus Candida, white coatings similar to cottage cheese appear in
the oral cavity and on the tongue. Pain when swallowing, burning and an unpleasant
taste in the mouth are disturbing. Candida biofilms albicans develop in three stages.
The first occurs within 1-11 hours: fungi attach to the surface within two hours,
microcolonies appear after 3-4 hours to 11 hours. The second stage occurs within 12-
30 hours. Candida biofilms appear as a bilayer consisting of yeast, germ tubes and
young hyphae with an extracellular polymer matrix. The last stage is the maturation
process, which occurs within 38-72 hours. Dietary habits can also affect the
resistance of fungi in the biofilm to antifungal agents and the formation of biofilm on
acrylic surfaces of dentures, promote more active formation of the extracellular matrix
and metabolic activity. At the first signs of this disease, it is necessary to promptly
contact a specialist at a dental clinic
. He will determine the severity of this disease
and prescribe the correct treatment. When studying the dynamics of free-radical
oxidation and lipid peroxidation in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis before
treatment, an increase in the intensity of free-radical oxidation, progression of
oxidative stress, and excessive accumulation of end products of lipid peroxidation
were noted in all groups. After the complex therapy, the greatest positive changes in
free-radical oxidation and lipid peroxidation were noted in the group of patients with
recurrent aphthous stomatitis who received combined local and systemic treatment
with hyaluronic acid-based drugs. If necessary, the doctor will suggest taking tests.
There are several important rules for treating stomatitis:
1.
It is necessary to change the toothbrush. The old one may contain traces
of infection, and the fight against the disease may be ineffective. After the course is
over, the previous toothbrush is also disposed of.
2.
Rinse your mouth with antiseptic solutions several times a day, up to 6-
7 times. This procedure will speed up the div's recovery.
3.
Diet. Doctors recommend not to eat foods that irritate the oral mucosa.
The best option would be food prepared with low acidity, salt and hot spices. Dishes
with solid ingredients are postponed until the symptoms of the disease disappear.
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–4_ Январь –2025
251
Puree-like consistencies, broths, herbal teas, unsweetened compotes without berries
are suitable.
A relevant and effective way to treat stomatitis in an adult on the tongue is the
use of modern drugs. Any means for irrigating the throat, having a bactericidal,
antiseptic effect, will give a positive effect.
Treatment of stomatitis with folk remedies
Folk remedies are a good addition to the main therapy. In order not to harm
your health with home treatment, consult a doctor.
Lubrication of rashes. Applying aloe or Kalanchoe juice with a tampon,
lotions with rosehip, sea buckthorn, and tea tree oils.
A decoction of oak bark or chamomile. Heals wounds and aphthae.
Dissolve a tablespoon or a bag in a glass of boiling water, then cool and rinse, repeat
4-6 times a day.
Propolis infusion. For rinsing, the alcohol solution is diluted with water
1:1, and can also be applied to ulcers.
Salt/soda solution. Rinsing solution: 1 teaspoon of salt per 200 g of warm
water (a pinch of soda).
Home treatment of stomatitis in adults lasts on average from 5 to 10 days. It
is very important to stop the inflammatory process at the first stage, to prevent an
increase in temperature and other complications.
In addition to local treatment, vitamin therapy is recommended to strengthen
the immune system. It is not necessary to buy expensive drugs. Prepare a rosehip
decoction, it is a storehouse of useful vitamins and minerals.
To treat mouth ulcers you can use:
aloe or Kalanchoe juice – helps relieve inflammation;
garlic – has a powerful bactericidal effect;
rosehip oil, peach oil, linseed oil – reduce pain, accelerate epithelial
regeneration;
calendula tincture - in diluted form is used to disinfect the oral cavity;
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–4_ Январь –2025
252
Chlorophyllipt oil solution is an extract from eucalyptus cones, which
has a strong antibacterial effect;
Boric valesin is a good epithelializing agent.
It is highly not recommended to cauterize wounds with concentrated hydrogen
peroxide or brilliant green - this can lead to a burn of the mucous membrane.
The arsenal of home remedies for treating stomatitis in children is not that
large. For infants, you can lubricate the wounds with a soda solution. For children
over 6 years old, apply compresses of mashed raw vegetables (potatoes, carrots,
cabbage). The gruel is wrapped in gauze or bandage and applied to the wound for half
an hour.
What to rinse your mouth with for stomatitis?
The following are excellent for rinsing your mouth:
natural decoctions of medicinal plants - chamomile, sage, succession,
yarrow, burdock root;
strong green tea – contains tannins and anti-inflammatory substances;
soda solution - one teaspoon per glass of water is enough;
alcohol tincture of propolis - the same dose per half glass of water;
antiseptics from the pharmacy - miramistin, chlorhexidine.
In case of severe pain, itching and redness of the mucous membrane, rinsing
should be done very often - 5-8 times a day. If the symptoms are minor, 3-4 times is
enough. Decoctions should be at room temperature, hot liquid will further injure the
mucous membrane.
REFERENCES:
1.
Abbasova, D. B. Features of the treatment of chronic recurrent aphthous
stomatitis / D. B. Abbasova, I. Z. Utesheva. - Text: direct // Forum of young scientists.
- 2018. - No. 3. - P. 9-12
2.
Main diseases of the oral mucosa: atlas / S.I. Borodovitsina [et al.]; FGBOU
VO Ryazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian
Federation. ‒ Ryazan: OTSiOP , 2019. ‒ 316 p.
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–4_ Январь –2025
253
3.
Timofeeva N.V. Analysis of the effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori
eradication therapy for chronic gastroduodenitis in students / N.V. Timofeeva, D.A.
Borovinsky , T.V. Bolotnova // University Medicine of the Urals. - 2018. - V.4. - No.
4 (15). - P. 35-38.
4.
Lankarani , K. B. Oral manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease : A review
/ K . B. Lankarani , G. R. Sivandzadeh , S. Hassanpour // World journal of
gastroenterology . - 2013. - No. 19 (46). -P . 8571-8579.
5.
Gorbacheva I.A. Unity of systemic pathogenetic mechanisms in diseases of
internal organs associated with generalized periodontitis / I.A. Gorbacheva, A.I.
Kirsanov, L.Yu. Orekhova // Dentistry. - 2014. - No. 3. - P. 25.
6.
Kabirova M.F. Clinical and immunological parameters of oral fluid in patients
with chronic gastroduodenitis / M.F. Kabirova, S.R. Karimova, L.P. Gerasimova //
Clinical Dentistry. - 2018. - No. 1 (85). - P. 24-26.
7.
Huh, JB Effect of denture cleansers on Candida albicans biofilm formation over
resilient liners / JB Huh, Y. Lim, HI Youn, et al // J Adv Prosthodont . - 2014.- No. 6.
- R. 109-114 ; Petrovic, M. Therapeutic alternatives of natural compounds in the
treatment of Candida-associated denture stomatitis / M. Petrovic, M. Kostic, M.
Kostic, et al // Acta Med Medianae . - 2014.- No. 53. - R. 73-79 .. ).
8.
Petrovic, M. Therapeutic alternatives of natural compounds in the treatment of
Candida-associated denture stomatitis / M. Petrovic, M. Kostic, M. Kostic, et al //
Acta Med Medianae . - 2014.- No. 53. - R. 73-79.
9.
Darwazeh , AMG What makes oral Candidiasis recurrent infection a clinical
view / AMG Darwazeh , TA Darwazeh // J Mycol. - 2014. - ID: 758394.
10.
Isanina Svetlana Olegovna INCREASE EFFICIENCY TREATMENTS
RECURRENT APHTHOSIC STOMATITIS DRUGS ON BASIS HYALURONIC
ACIDS . Specialty 14.01.14 – Dentistry . Nizhny Novgorod 2020
11.
Rasulova Mohigul Matyakubovna . (2022). Modern view on the
etiopathogenesis of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Eurasian medical research
periodical
journal,
2022;15:35-39.
Retrieved
from
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–4_ Январь –2025
254
12.
Mokhigul Matyakubovna R. (2022). Morphological features of chronic
recurrent aphthous stomatitis lead to surgical intervention in the oral cavity. //
Education News: Research of the XXI century, 2022; 1 (5): 1097-1102. extracted
http :// nauchniyimpuls .ru / index . php / noiv / article / views /2565
13.
Matekubovna , R. M. (2023). Diseases of the oral mucosa caused by
prosthetics with removable dentures. // Scientific, research and educational-
methodical journal, 2023; 2 (3): 84-86.
14.
Rasulova M. (2023). Results of treatment of chronic recurrent herpetic
stomatitis. // Science and technology in the modern world , 2023; 2 (5): 42-43.
https://www.inacademy.uz/index.php/zdift/article/view/994
15.
Rasulova Mohigul Matyokubovna . (2023). Diseases of the oral mucosa and
methods of their treatment. // Scientific impulse, 2023; 2 (13): 437-441.
http://nauchniyimpuls.ru/index.php/ni/article/view/ 11814
