MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–7_ Январь –2025
250
THE CHOICE OF FUEL FOR PRIVATE CARS
Yuldashev Hamzajon Burxonjon o‘g‘li
Teacher at Polytechnic № 1.
Fergana region, Dangara district
Annotation: This article explores the choice of alternative fuels in Gotland
from a quantitative and qualitative perspective, the complex factors that influence
Gotland residents' decisions to adopt alternative motor fuels, in order to better
understand how private transport on Gotland is transitioning from conventional
energy fuels to sustainable energy systems. In addition, this paper explores the issue
of consistency between actions and intentions to adapt and the factors that lead to
inconsistency. The paper also seeks to provide meaningful insights for academics and
administrators seeking to explore the opportunities and address the challenges of
transitioning to sustainable energy options. in order to better understand how private
transport on Gotland is transitioning from conventional energy fuels to a sustainable
energy system.
Keywords: private transport, alternative fuels, limitation, internal combustion,
harmful pollutants.
The aim of this study is to investigate whether the decisions of Gotland
residents regarding private cars are consistent with the goals of a sustainable energy
transition in the transport sector and to identify the factors that influence their
decision-making process. Research questions:
1)
What are the current fuel alternatives for passenger vehicles used by
Gotland residents and what are their preferences for fuel alternatives for their next
vehicle?
2)
What factors influence people when they decide to use fuel alternatives
for cars in Gotland?
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–7_ Январь –2025
251
3)
What can be done to encourage greater alignment between people's
decisions and Gotland's ambitions for a sustainable energy transition in the transport
sector?
The study will cover private transport only, excluding public transport and
freight transport. Firstly, it will present a literature review on the factors influencing
people's choice of alternative fuels, the AFVs currently available and a LCA of the
different fuel vehicles. It will then describe the current distribution of
refuelling/charging stations for private transport and AFVs on Gotland. This will be
followed by a description of the methodology used in this study. Survey was used as
the method to collect data through a questionnaire with both quantitative and
qualitative questions. The data from the survey and analysis will be presented next.
Quantitative data was analysed by univariate analysis and bivariate analysis and
qualitative data was analysed by thematic analysis. Finally, the conclusions and
limitations of this study will be discussed.
1.
Different types of fuels for private cars
The choice of fuel for a private car is a critical decision with significant
environmental, economic, and social implications. In recent years, researchers have
conducted several studies on different types of private car fuels to understand their
advantages, disadvantages, and potential impacts. The following will provide an
overview of previous research into different types of private car fuels, including
petrol, diesel, hybrid, electric and alternative fuels.
2.
Petrol
Petrol is the most commonly used fuel for private vehicles. Previous studies
have shown that petrol has several advantages, such as high energy density, wide
availability and compatibility with existing internal combustion engine (ICE)
technology (Ayres, 2017). However, petrol combustion emits harmful pollutants such
as carbon monoxide, nitrogen 5 oxides and particulate matter, which contribute to air
pollution and climate change (Eia.gov, 2022). Researchers have also investigated the
use of additives and advanced combustion technologies to reduce emissions from
gasoline powered vehicles (Wen et al., 2022).
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–7_ Январь –2025
252
3.
Diesel
Diesel is another popular choice for private cars, especially in Europe
(Ridenowmotors, 2016). Despite a significant drop in sales of diesel cars in the
European new car market, it remains a popular choice for used car buyers
(Autovista24, 2022). Diesel engines are known for their high fuel efficiency and low
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, diesel combustion releases high levels of
nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, which have been linked to respiratory disease
and premature death (Anenberg et al., 2017). Recent studies have also shown that
diesel engines emit higher levels of greenhouse gases (e.g. methane) than previously
thought (Hausberger et al., 2021).
4.
Hybrid Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine an internal combustion engine with
an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Although petrol is
still the main source of power for hybrid vehicles, they can reduce fuel consumption
and emissions compared to conventional cars. Studies have shown that the
environmental benefits of hybrids are more pronounced in urban driving (DriveClean,
2021). Some studies have found that compared to HEVs, plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles (PHEVs) emit less CO2 and certain other pollutants throughout the fuel cycle
when charged from the grid (Sioshansi and Denholm, 2009).
5.
Electric
Instead of an internal combustion engine and a petrol tank, electric vehicles
(EVs) are equipped with an electric motor and a battery. Previous research has shown
that EVs have 6 several advantages such as zero tailpipe emissions, quiet operation,
and the potential to reduce energy consumption (Nanaki, 2021). However, the
environmental benefits of electric vehicles depend on the source of electricity used
for charging and the production of electric vehicles can also have an environmental
impact (Ilgin and Gupta, 2010). Researchers have also investigated the use of
advanced battery technologies and charging infrastructure to improve the
performance and range of EVs (Liu, Placke and Chau, 2022 & Bupesh Raja, Raja and
Kavvampally, 2021) .
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–7_ Январь –2025
253
6.
Biofuel
The raw materials used to produce biofuels in Sweden are mainly from forests,
followed by energy crops as well as sewage sludge and food waste (Ericsson and
Werner, 2016). Biofuels can be blended with or replace traditional fossil fuels,
reducing well-to-wheel GHG emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels
(OECDiLibrary, 2023).
7.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen vehicles include a variety of vehicles that rely on hydrogen as a
power source. The two main types of hydrogen engines are conventional internal
combustion engines (use hydrogen instead of gasoline or natural gas) and fuel cell
engines (Albatayneh et al., 2023). Hydrogen has the potential to be a low carbon
alternative to fossil fuels, producing only water vapour when using hydrogen fuel to
power vehicles. However, the production of hydrogen requires significant energy and
infrastructure. Currently, most of the hydrogen produced comes from fossil fuels and
is accompanied by CO2 emissions (Albatayneh et al., 2023).
8.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
CNG/LPG vehicles are as reliable as conventional diesel vehicles and the newer
the technology, the better the fuel economy results. Studies have shown that
CNG/LPG vehicles have significantly lower emission rates of carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, 7 hydrocarbons, and non-methane hydrocarbons. In addition, CO2
emissions are reduced by 7% compared to conventional vehicles. However, the
limited availability of current petrol station infrastructure is a technical issue that
needs to be improved, which will cause inconvenience to users (Lah, 2019). 2.2
Factors influencing fuel choice for private cars The choice of fuel for a private car is
influenced by a range of factors. These factors can be broadly categorised into
economic, environmental, social, and cognitive factors (Ulmer et al., 2004; Knez,
Jereb and Obrecht, 2014; Achterberg et al., 2010; Chng et al., 2019; Dutta and Hwang,
2021; Johansson-Stenman and Martinsson, 2006; Engström, Algers and Beser
Hugosson, 2019; Achterberg et al., 2010). A study by Asadi et al. (2020) applied the
theory of planned behaviour (TPB) method to examine the factors that influence
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–7_ Январь –2025
254
consumers' intention to use EVs in Malaysia. The authors found that attitudes,
subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control were important factors in
consumers' adoption of EVs. Furthermore, the authors found that environmental
issues play an important role in shaping attitudes towards EVs, which in turn
influences willingness to adopt EVs. Additionally, a study by Kowalska-Pyzalska et
al. (2022) using a survey of 1,002 AFV buyers found that safety, price and type are
the characteristics that a good AFV should have. In this chapter, various studies
examining these factors in detail will be reviewed and how this study relate to earlier
studies will be identified.
In order to draw valid and reliable conclusions about human behaviour, a more
scientific approach is needed when measuring people’s beliefs and behaviours (Nardi,
2018). Surveys are a widely used research method in social science, to gather
information from the sample through individual responses to the questions (Ponto,
2015). Surveys can be divided into two main types: qualitative surveys and
quantitative surveys. Each type of survey has its own unique characteristics, strengths,
and limitations, which make them suitable for different research purposes and
questions.
Qualitative surveys usually involve open-ended questions that allow
participants to express their thoughts, opinions, and experiences in their own words
(Holm, 2021). The data collected from qualitative surveys is usually subjective and
interpretive, providing insight into participants' views, perceptions, and behaviours
(Austin and Sutton, 2014). Therefore, doing qualitative survey research is a way
which contributes to gain a deeper understanding of how and why humans think and
act as they do (Nardi, 2018). Quantitative surveys, on the other hand, usually involve
closed-ended questions with predetermined response options that allow statistical
analysis and generalisation of results to larger populations (Holm, 2021). According
to QuestionPro (2019), the data collected from quantitative surveys is structured,
standardised and numerical data from a large number of participants.
Quantitative surveys are often used to test hypotheses, establish
relationships between variables, or make comparisons between groups or populations.
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-18
Часть–7_ Январь –2025
255
Both qualitative and quantitative surveys have their strengths and limitations, but
fortunately their strengths and weaknesses are complementary. Qualitative surveys
provide rich and detailed data that capture the subjective experiences and perceptions
of participants (Holm, 2021). This can compensate for the lack of depth and detail in
quantitative surveys, which are limited to pre-determined answer options.
Quantitative surveys, on the other hand, allow for large-scale data collection and
statistical analysis, 23 which can provide robust and generalisable results (Holm,
2021). This can compensate for the non-representative nature of qualitative surveys.
REFERENCES
1.
100% RENEWABLE ENERGY ATLAS. (2019). GOTLAND, SWEDEN –
100% RENEWABLE
2.
ENERGY ATLAS. [ONLINE] AVAILABLE AT: HTTPS://WWW.100-
PERCENT.ORG/GOTLAND-SWEDEN/ [ACCESSED 21 MAR. 2023].
3.
ACHTERBERG, P., HOUTMAN, D., VAN BOHEMEN, S. AND
MANEVSKA,
K.
(2010).
UNKNOWING
BUT
SUPPORTIVE?
PREDISPOSITIONS, KNOWLEDGE, AND SUPPORT FOR HYDROGEN
TECHNOLOGY IN THE NETHERLANDS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
HYDROGEN
ENERGY,
35(12),
PP.6075–6083.
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2010.03.091
4.
ALBATAYNEH, A., JUAIDI, A., JARADAT, M. AND MANZANO-
AGUGLIARO, F. (2023). FUTURE OF ELECTRIC AND HYDROGEN CARS
AND
TRUCKS:
AN
OVERVIEW.
ENERGIES,
16(7),
P.3230.
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.3390/EN16073230.
