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THE PERSONALITY AND STATE GOVERNMENT OF AMIR
TEMUR IN HISTORICAL SOURCES
Finnish Pedagogical Institute of Uzbekistan
Faculty of Pedagogy and Physical Culture
History major students of the 4th stage
Kholiknazarov Ismail
Phone:+998(50) 070 29 20
Shodiev llhom
Phone: +998(93)147 77 01
Abstract: This article analyzes historical sources on the personality and state
administration of Amir Temur. Amir Temur appeared as a great commander,
distinguished by his military-political activity, justice and a strong state
administration system. The study reveals his personal qualities, including a style of
governance based on justice, his role as a patron of science and art, and his
contribution to the development of international trade and economy. It highlights how
the centralized management system and military strategies created on the basis of the
"Temur regulations" served to strengthen the state at that time and its global
recognition. Also, information about Amir Temur in Eastern and Western sources is
comparatively studied and his role as a statesman is assessed. This work aims to show
that Amir Temur is not only a historical figure, but also an example for today's state
administration and strategic planning.
Keywords: Transoxiana, military activity, state, governance, economy,
justice, diplomacy, politics.
Text:
Amir Temur established a strong and powerful state by introducing a
new system of governance in the history of Uzbek statehood and implementing it.
This can be explained not only by the fact that he achieved high results not only in
strengthening the process of state governance, but also in the relations of his country
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with other countries in various fields. We can see this through the works of historians
and poets who lived during the reign of Amir Temur, or in the commemorative
documents and correspondence left by ambassadors as a result of embassy relations
with the state of Temur. They recorded many information in documents about the
administration of the state of A. Temur, his internal and foreign policy, as well as the
activities carried out in the socio-economic, political and cultural spheres of the
country, by recording real events and processes that they saw with their own eyes or
directly participated in, and by recording many information in documents. This not
only provided us with more objective and reliable sources about the empire founded
by our grandfather A. Temur and its administration, but also opened a wide path for
our historians to achieve high scientific results in analyzing it. The personal qualities
of our grandfather Amir Temur were also reflected in his fair policy in state
administration. Amir Temur was a great figure who could appreciate and distinguish
a person. In Islam, there is a wise saying that “both hands of the best person are
straight, he does good not only with one hand, but with both hands.” Amir Temur did
good to both his friends and enemies with such two hands. He encouraged others to
do the same. This can be clearly seen in the "Tuzukot", in the works of the authors of
historical works such as Ibn Arabshah, Nizamiddin Shami, Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi,
Abdurazzok Samarkandi, Davlatshah Samarkandi, and in the diary of de Clavijo. The
kings of countries such as France, England, Genoa, Byzantium, and Spain sought to
establish political, economic, and trade relations with the Sahibkiran. Therefore, they
regularly sent ambassadors to the Sahibkiran. The memoirs and correspondence
written by the ambassadors of that time also serve as important sources for revealing
the internal and foreign policy of the Amir Temur's reign based on real facts. Unlike
other rulers in terms of strengthening the power of the state and elevating the country,
Amir Temur spent the acquired wealth on the development of society and building a
spiritually high and powerful state. As quoted in Sharafiddin Yazdiy's "Zafarnoma",
Amir Temur's speech to scholars and fuzalos states: - "My goal is to establish justice
in the country, strengthen order and peace, improve the lives of citizens, strengthen
construction in our country, and develop our state. You should help me with your
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advice in implementing these works. The situation in the country, such as the
oppression of ordinary people by local rulers, is clear to you more than anyone else.
It would be good if you provided information about these and suggested measures to
eliminate such unjust acts and in accordance with Sharia and laws. If earlier our
attention was focused on military campaigns to occupy other countries, now our main
task is to implement measures aimed at establishing peace in the country." From these
thoughts, it can be concluded that Amir Temur relied on the knowledge and
experience of scholars, philosophers, and intellectuals in establishing justice in the
country, strengthening order and peace, improving the lives and well-being of
citizens, and strengthening the development of the country. He managed to mobilize
the most intelligent and skilled strata of society for the work of elevating the country.
One of the famous historians, Nizamuddin Shami, in his work "Zafarnama", writes
about the personality of Amir Temur: "... in the days when his justice and policy were
established, merchants from not only the most remote places of Transoxiana, but also
from the borders of Khotan to Delhi and the vicinity of Kanbayit, from Babylon to
the territory of Egypt and Rome, would settle there, children, widows, and women
would bring and take away silk fabrics, gold and silver, and the most necessary
commercial goods. No one could spare a single grain of theirs and would not waste a
single dirham. These boundless blessings and endless blessings are the result of the
policy and justice of Amir Sahibkiran. Amir Temur's deep involvement in economic,
especially financial issues, was widely recognized by the famous economist Ibn
Khaldun, who was called the Arab Montesquieu in Europe. The questions Amir
Temur asked Ibn Khaldun showed that he had great depth and rich experience in the
field of economic science. The former Soviet historian H. Vamberi, who critically
covered the personality of Amir Temur and the history of Temur, provides important
information in his work "The History of Bukhara or Transoxiana". For example,
"Although the court of Temur was full of foreign scholars and craftsmen, the official
language of the country was always Turkish, even during the Mongol and Uyghur
periods of Christianity, Buddhism, and paganism - which were very poorly viewed
by fanatical Muslims - it was preserved. Timur himself wrote in a clear and frank
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Turkish dialect. The "Tuzukot" mentioned here proves our point. However, when he
met with the official editors and poets of his time, he strictly listened to their
suggestions and words.... " . M. Weber also described it this way: "Timur was terrible
in his anger, but he was superior to Bayazid both as a person and as a ruler. Bayazid
thought only about conquest, did not care about any other business, entrusted the
management of the state to his prime minister Ali Pasha, who was famous for his
greed and corruption, and gave the provinces to corrupt, treacherous judges and
governors." Although these descriptions of Timur are critical, we can know how high
his human and managerial qualities were. As the European scholar L. Keren described
it: "All that we have written is insufficient to explain the incredible influence that the
Great Amir had on his subjects; simply put, he was the master of his subjects, for he
possessed the innate, but incomprehensible, natural and ingenuous qualities of
leadership." Historical sources also confirm how true these expressions are. Scientists
who have studied the Timurian statutes, which contain a lot of information about the
administration of the empire of our grandfather Amir Timur, have tried to shed light
on the justice-based essence of his state political system in one way or another based
on historical sources. Especially during the years of independence, many works were
created related to the activities of Amir Timur and the development of our national
statehood. The available sources from Shujihat also allow us to draw appropriate
conclusions about the skills and methods of governing a vast empire. Among many
sources, we witness that the political principles of Amir Temur's activities and state
governance were based on high moral principles. Ibn Arabshah's thoughts are
noteworthy as an important source in this regard. He says: The pattern of Temur's
tamga is true, which means that if you are truthful, you will find salvation. The tamga
on his horses, the mark on his coins and gold, also consisted of three such rings. Often,
there were no shameless words, bloodshed, captivity, or even plundering and
forbidden insults in his meetings. Temur was fearless, courageous, and able to
command brave people, and he liked courageous people, brave and courageous
people. With their help, he conquered the fortresses of terrible places, he preyed on
the lions of men, and with his blows he conquered the peaks of high mountains. He
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was a man of unerring judgment, of wonderful insight, of incomparable happiness, of
firm and decisive speech in accordance with his greatness, and of truth even when
adversity befell him. "If we systematize what Ibn Arabshah said, we can see in
Sahibkiran the presence of all the political and moral qualities characteristic of a ruler.
One of the great scientists of our time, T. Alimardonov, within the framework of his
scientific research, expressed the following scientifically based thoughts by revealing
the ethical relations in state administration and the political ethics processes in the
administrative system of that period in his scientific research in a broad and complete
way: He focused on understanding the introduction of moral values that served as the
basis for the development of the state of Amir Temur into the administrative system
and what were its political features that led to effective and high results, including
how he was able to harmonize the interests of various groups of society, or rather, the
ruling class. Through these thoughts, he explained in his scientific works how much
the norms of political ethics of our great Temur in state administration led to great
achievements in his time, and how they are also practical for today. It is known from
historical sources that many countries sought to study and master the political
administration practices he carried out during the lifetime of Sahibkiran. Tales, odes,
operas, and works have been created about Amir Temur.
Conclusion.
Amir Temur is one of the greatest figures of his time, and his personality and
style of state governance have left an indelible mark on history. The justice,
determination, interest in science, and respect for religious values of the ruler brought
his leadership qualities to a higher level. Amir Temur established a strong centralized
system in state governance, and through the "Temur Regulations" he established the
basic rules for governing the state. He successfully pursued a policy in the economic
and military spheres, and was able to enter his empire into history not only as a
political but also as a cultural center. Amir Temur's principles of statehood were
directly formed on the basis of a firm belief in the power of his own thinking, the
correctness of his own ideas, the potential of his intellect, and the thoroughness,
vitality, and viability of his tactics and strategies. This directly demonstrates his full-
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fledged image as a statesman and politician, his unique talent as a unique person, his
character, will and ability to see far. During Timur's time, cities such as Samarkand
and Shahrisabz rose to the pinnacle of world culture and architecture. Historical
sources glorify Amir Timur for his military campaigns as a great strategist, his just
rule and his contribution to culture. His legacy serves as an important example not
only for his time, but also for modern principles of management and leadership.
REFERENCES:
1. Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy "Zafarnoma". T.: "Sharq" publishing house. 1997. 53 p.
2. Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy "Zafarnama". That work, 78 pages.
3. Vamberi Q. History of Bukhara or Movarunnahr. T.: "Literature and Art named
after Gafur Ghulam", 1990. - 56 p.
4. Keren L. The reign of Amir Temur. T.: "Ma'naviyat", 1999, - 170 p.
5. Nizomiddin Shami. Zafarnama. Tashkent. Uzbekistan, 1996., -123 p.
Ibn Arabshah. History of Amir Temur. 2 volumes. - T.: Mehnat, 1992.
6. Lucien Keren. The reign of Amir Temur. - T.: Ma'naviyat, 1999.
7. Stars of Spirituality: (Famous Central Asian figures, scholars, writers). - T.: A.
Kadiriyyada Halk Merosi Publishing House, 2001.
