Energy and Fuels

Электр таъминоти тизимлари реактив қувватини носимметрик уч фазали токларини ўлчов ва назорат тизимларида қўлланиладиган IoT технологияли уч фазали электромагнит ток ўзгарткич датчиклари ва уларнинг тармоқга улаш моделларини тадқиқ этиш қўлланилиши тавсифлари келтирилган.

Радиационное излучение - это феномен, с которым человечество сталкивается с самых ранних времен существования нашей планеты. Оно несет в себе как потенциальные блага, так и риски. Однако в последние десятилетия наблюдается тревожная тенденция к росту фонового радиационного излучения, что вызывает серьезные обеспокоенности среди ученых, экологов и общества в целом.
Эта статья посвящена исследованию этой важной проблемы. Мы рассмотрим причины, которые приводят к увеличению уровня фонового радиационного излучения, и проанализируем возможные последствия этой тенденции для здоровья человека и окружающей среды. Важно понимать, что радиационное излучение имеет как положительные, так и негативные аспекты, и нашей задачей является оценка баланса между ними и поиск способов минимизации рисков.

In this article, due to the formation of the investment environment involved in the network of alternative energy from solar panels, increasing the level of provision of the population with renewable energy and related financial reporting, activating modern management mechanisms based on modern innovative ideas, developments and technologies, the methods of state management, organized on the basis of organizational and legal foundations.

Jahonda energiya ta’minoti manbalari monitoringida axborotlarni taqsimlashning turli signal o‘zgartgichlarini keng qo‘llash, ular yordamida doimiy monitoring jarayonlarini amalga oshirishda elektr energiya istemol qiluvchi obektlarning uzluksiz va sifatli ishlashini ta’minlash bo‘yicha signallar bilan ta’minlovchi apparatlar, qurilmalar, vositalar hamda algoritm va dasturiy vositalarini takomillashtirishga qaratilgan qator ilmiy tadqiqot ishlari olib borilmoqda. Energiya ta’minoti tizimlarining ishonchli ish holatlarini ta’minlashda ishlab chiqarilayotgan energiya miqdori va sifatini manbalar quvvatini monitoring qilish asosida rejalashtirish, dasturiy vositalar va texnik yechimlarni ishlab chiqishga alohida e’tibor qaratilmoqda. Shu bilan birga elektr energiya manbalarining kattalik va parametrlarini ikkilamchi signallarga o‘zgartirish apparatlari tuzilish tamoyillari hamda ularning dasturiy vositalarini yaratish dolzarb masalalardan hisoblanmoqda.

This article provides information about the process of electrifying the Uzbek SSR in the 1940s and 1950s.

The relevance and demanding of the dissertation the theme. Today, the world's countries with different level of provision of electric power, the average power consumption is 37% in the industry, including mining and metals industry accounted for 12 In connection with the depletion of easily recoverable reserves of mineral resources and the involvement in the exploitation reserves localized in more difficult geological conditions, energy consumption for mining industry is constantly growing. According to statistics, the annual consumption of electrical energy in the mining industry in the world is 913.2 TWh. By results of researches by 2030 the growth of electrical energy consumption will be average 1.8% per year. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of measures to ensure the needs and requirements of industry, energy saving and efficiency of the process, optimization of electric energy consumption.
Mining and metallurgical industry is one of the largest energy consumers in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in which special attention is focused on the organization of effective measures for the implementation of high-performance technologies. In this regard, notable progress has been made in creating high-performance process control systems, standardization of electric energy consumption, improvement of management systems of technological process on the based of intelligent systems.
Acquired issues of particular importance to reduce energy intensity of process ore beneficiation process and energy efficiency technologies for processing mineral resources in view of its inherent characteristics. In this area, the implementation of targeted research is a priority, while highly relevant research in the following areas: the development of a rational law of variable frequency drive, identifying energy-saving modes of operation of the induction motor with static and dynamic processes and the creation of its mathematical model, the development of the wear pattern of the pump unit, the development of a mathematical model of the process and electricity rationing electricity consumption, taking into account the definition of the significant factors influencing the process, to develop an algorithm of forecasting of electric energy consumption. Ongoing scientific research on research areas above indicated is the actuality of the dissertation topic.
This dissertation research is to a certain degree perform tasks provided for in the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the rational use of energy" (1997), Decree of the of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PD No. 2343 on May 5, 2015 "On the program to reduce energy consumption measures, the introduction of energy saving technologies in the fields of economy and social sphere for 2015-2019 " and the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 333 on November 28, 2012 "On additional measures to reduce manufacturing costs and reduce production costs in the industry", as well as in other regulatory documents adopted in this area.
The aim of the research is to develop technical solutions based on the variable speed drive with electricity rationing parameters that provide energy efficiency enrichment processes.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
identified the most important factors affecting the wear of pump components, developed a mathematical model of wear as a function of the main factors influencing it in the course of operation;
developed energy- and resource-saving operation of variable frequency drive system, "asynchronous motor - pump pumping pulp";
depending on the efficiency of installed electric power consumption of the degree of loading of the balls of the mill second-stage grinding the orc;
developed a comprehensive method of valuation and modeling of energy consumption parameters for the evaluation of energy saving efficiency;
developed a model for predicting the electrical energy consumption of the basic technological parameters of the function.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Owing to decreasing of reserves of oil and gas and also increasing of their cost on the world market, the role of solid fuel in fuel and energy balance of Uzbekistan has increased. However, ecological problems, rising at using of coal fuels have demanded for elaboration and introduction of new ecologically pure coal-fuel technologies. The same developed technology connected with coal using as fuel in form of water-coal fuel suspension (WCFS) has been advanced manufacturing recently in world practice. Combustion of coal in form of WCFS has some economical, ecological and operational advantages in comparison with powdered and layered combustion. Using of WCFS has allowed to increas effectivity of coal combustion, to utilize coal slimes, to decrease of explosion - danger of coal dust in energy boilers, decreases amounts of sulfur and nitrogen oxides emissions into the atmosphere. Introduction of relative cheap WCFS in practice promoted saving of energetical and material resources and limiting of environment pollution.
Taking into account above mentioned of WCFS advantages in comparison with modern types of fuel and also availability for it creation of cheap and local raw materials, development of new stable WCFS obtaining on the basis of Anhren and Shargun coals, as well as them rational combustion in different furnace aggregates instead mazut and natural gas can be used one of the perspective trend of energetic elaboration and coal industry of Republic.
The present dissertational work is focused on the implementation of the resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan the NPR-1442 dated December 15, 2010 «On the priorities of industrial development of Uzbekistan for 2011-2015» also Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated October 30, 2013 N292 «Development economy and management by coal industry rising qualitative level of developed new produce for account of design and exploratory and research works, dated June 6, 2013 year, N161 «Growth of coal industry for account of realization of priority investment projects directed to meet the growing population needs in coal industry for 2013-2018» which directed to accelerate implementation of modern scientific achievements and progressive innovative technology of WCFS based on Uzbekiston’s coals in the manufacture fields.
Purpose of research is consisted in development of technology of new types of fuel - WCFS based on coals of Uzbekistan; and their using in furnace aggregates of industries.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research consist in the following:
physico-chemical properties (humidity, ash content, volatile substance content, carboxylic and hydroxyl groups, heating capacity) of Angren brown and Shargun black coals, were determined rheological properties of WCFS obtained based on low-ash and high-ash coals such as Angren brown and Shargun black coals were defined;
optimal amounts of stabilizing and plasticizing additions (NaOH, Са(ОН)з, SAS) for WCFS were found. When addition of stabilizers NaOH and Ca(OHh in the ranges 0,5-2,0% from initial weight of fuel, its viscosity increased, but dynamic stress of displacement is reduced, the viscosity of WCFS decreased in 1.5-2.0 times, and dynamical strain of displacement is increased in 2.0 times at rising of temperature from 20°C to 60°C respectively;
it was reveiled that viscosity the WCFS obtained based on brown coals is several more than the WCFS obtained based on black coal, e.g. if this value for WCFS, obtained based on sort of 2BPK is 2.52 MPa s, as WCFS from black coal sort of 1SSKOM will be 1.84 MPa s;
for fuel, dispersion phase which consist of particles up to 50 pm (80%), the influence of dispersion phase content to structural viscosity values, stability and burning was found. It is established that solid phase content is 38-40, 44-46, 49-51 and 52-55%, respectively in the WCFS obtained coals based on 2BPK, 2BOMSCh-Bl, 2BOMSCh-B2, and 1SSKOM;
stable and high caloric WCFS were obtained by mazut modification (which is contented 4-16% from initial weight of fuel) of Angren brown coals, sorts of 2BPK, 2BOMSCh-Bl and 2BOMSCh-B2. It was shown that heating capacity of WCFS based on 2BPK in optimal condition is 2900 kcal/kg;
the optimal regimes of technology proportional and full combustion of WCFS were worked out basis of the using new jumbo burner allowed delivery of heat pretreatment fuel and compressed air in the furnace aggregates.
CONCLUSION
1. For the first time possibility effective using low-and high-ash brown coals from Angren and Shargun deposits of the Republic of Uzbekistan has been sounded with purpose obtaining instead liquid fuel oil the alternative water-coal fuel suspension (WCFS), as well as existing optimal regime technology has been tested for normal and full their combustion with using new jumbo burner with pretreatment heating of fuel and compressed air.
2. Technology of WCFS obtaining based on of Angren coals of sorts 2BPK, 2BOMSCh-Bl, 2BOBSCh-B2 in complex with stabilizing and plasticizing additions NaOH, Ca(OH)2, SAS and by mazut modification was elaborated. It was shown that heating capacity of WCFS based on sort of 2BPK. make 2900 kcal/kg (12,2 MJ/kg), and it is increased as well as values of sedimentation stability and fluidity of WCFS at them modifying with mazut, stabilizers and plasticizing agents.
3. The correlation dependence of the main colloid-chemical parameters of WCFS was established rheological characteristics from physic-chemical properties of coal (ash content, water-absorbing capacity, heating capacity, volatile matter content, carboxylic and hydroxyl groups) their quantity in the fuel suspension, dispersion degree, stabilizing additions, and pH of dispersion medium. It was shown that in processed fuel suspension by established optimal quantity of stabilizing and plasticizing additions NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and SAS their values as stability, viscosity and fluidity are kept constant.
4. It was determined that structural viscosity of WCFS obtained based on brown coals is higher (2.52 MPa s in suspension obtained from brown coal sort of 2BPK.) than obtained based on black coal (1.84 MPa s in suspension obtained from black coal sort of 1SSK.OM) that connected enough with high of carboxylic and hydroxyl groups content in the macromolecules of brown coals.
5. It was established that at addition of NaOH, Са(ОН)г stabilizers in the range 0.5-2.0% from weight of fuel, its rheological parameters is practical constant with time; the structural viscosity of WCFS is decreased more than in 1.5-2.0 times, and dynamical strain of displacement is increased in 2 times at rising of temperature from 20°C to 60°C respectively.
6. It was shown the structural viscosity and stability of WCFS dependence on content in it the fraction of solid phase with size of particles is less than 50 pm. The values indicated suspension parameters are enhanced with increasing the content this fraction in the total mass of coal. Moreover, the suspension with optimal of viscosity values and stability are formed at content this fraction is not more than 80% in coal mass can be reached by regulation of grinding time of coal. It is found that the solid phase content is 38-40, 44-46, 49-51 and 52-55% respectively in the obtained coals based on 2BPK, 2BOMSCh-Bl, 2BOMSCh-B2, and 1SSKOM.
7. It was shown possibility of combustion of obtained stabilized WCFS in furnace aggregates with using new jumbo burner. It was determined that the process them combustion is characterized by high full burning of coal (98.0-99.7%) should be said with known mention the effect oxygen containing in the dispersion medium of fuel plays role as intermediate oxidizing agent at all stages itself combustion. In addition oxygen activates surface on the solid phase of fuel. The result burning of its sputtered particles is began but this fact is not carried out by combustion of coal-volatile matter, it is performanced on the surface where heterogenic reaction of oxidizing formed. It was determined WCFS with normal rheological properties can be obtained at using is not only main water with hardness 2.5 mg-eq./l) and also it meets requirements of LPC (limited permissible concentration) of industrial sewage (4.4 mg-eq./l) which is more reasonable and economically benefit.
8. Technological schedule, and instructions of obtaining and combustion of WCFS based on brown and black coals of Uzbekistan are developed, experimental - industrial tests (from 18.07.2013 to 20.07.2013 and from 14.11.2014 from 17.11.2014) of obtained WCFS at their combustion in furnace of driving chamber of Angren were carried out and at this economical effect at substitution of mazut on proposed in this dissertation WCFS has been equaled 291,6 ml. sum per year, only without the depreciation charges. It is shown that at substitution of existing types of fuels at present (mazut, natural gas and other) on WCFS at enterprises of stock company «Almalyk МСС», then in industrial scale at state stock company «Uzbekenergo», economic performance is sufficient increased. WCFS obtained is recommended as alternative fuel for wide application on a number of heat and power aggregates, agricultural and communal spheres of Uzbekistan.

Topicality and relevance of the theme of the dissertation. In Uzbekistan, using of solar energy (SE) is relevant, like to ensure energy security, and to improve the social and living conditions of the population. One of the most prepared area for large-scale using of solar cells in Uzbekistan is the system of hot water supply. For further expand the scale of the using of SE in this area in the first stage, it is necessary to have scientifically grounded information on their specific heat output and other technical, economic and environmental indicators.
The aim of the research is to development solutions for increasing the efficiency of using flat-plate solar collector (FSC)s in hot water supply systems (HWSS), optimizing their main thermal and engineering parameters, modeling the processes of thermal transformation of SE in them.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of following: - for the first time an approximate expression was found for determining the effective reduced coefficient of heat losses of the LAHP; - for the first time proposed and used in the calculation of a non-contact method for determining the average working temperature of LAHP; - proposed and implemented the methodology of complex optimization of the intertubular distance of sheet-paped LAHP.

The aim of the research work The aim of the research work is to ensure the reliability of the primary measurement and secondary production and technological information circulating at various levels of the hierarchy of information management systems.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
developed methods and algorithms to ensure the required reliability of the measurement information;
the errors of multichannel analytical devices are analyzed, including the method for determining the error of measuring devices as a whole through the error parameters of the measurement channels and the achievement of the required reliability of the measurement information in the IMS;
an algorithm for controlling the reliability of information based on the existence of data redundancy and consisting of program blocks of preliminary control, conversion of communication levels and calculation of corrected values of controlled data;
solving the problems: ensuring the reliability of accounting for the operation of equipment and calculating current production capacity to determine the projected capacity at the required time interval of scheduling and operational management, calculation of the stability of production processes of the technological unit of the production site.
The outline of the thesis. The thesis consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusion, list of used literature, applications. The volume of the thesis is 124 pages.

Elektr energiyasi boshqa turdagi energiyalardan bevosita yoki oraliq o'zgartirish yo‘li orqali olinadi. Buning uchun tabiiy organik energetik resurslardan va yadroviy yoqilg‘i, shuningdek, qayta tiklanuvchan energiyalardan, ya’ni daryolaming oqimi, sharshalar, okean oqimlari, quyosh radiatsiyasi, shamol, geotermal massalar va boshqalardan foydalaniladi. Elektr energiyasidan sanoat va qishloq xo‘jalik sohalarida, transportda, aloqa tizimlarida, fanda maishiy xizmatda kcng foydalaniladi. Elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish va uni tarqatish energetika sohasiga tegishli hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun energetika xalq xo‘jaligining asosiy tarmog‘i hisoblanadi.

The article discusses the design features and advantages of energy-efficient buildings. Problems in the field of energy saving were identified and recommendations were given  to improve energy efficiency, both individual elements and the entire building as a whole.

The aim of the research is to improve the methods of mining analysis based on electromagnetic fields and to develop energy-saving technologies and devices for processing rocks.
Tasks of the research:
substantiation of the dependence of electromagnetic fields on the process of primary and secondary processing of materials;
improvement of methods for obtaining high-quality cement and ultrapure materials by dividing them on the basis of electromagnetic fields;
development of a multifunctional control device for technological processes of grinding, separation, enrichment and obtaining ecologically clean composite materials;
the development of a control system for an electromagnetic field device to reduce the energy consumption of technological processes for the enrichment of materials.
Object of the research are devices for processing technogenic and mineral resources in industrial enterprises, leading to energy and resource saving.
Scientific novelty of the research is as following:
the dependences of the interaction of charged particles in the electro magnetic field for the separation of the necessary elements from composite materials are justified;
methods for constructing equia-energy surfaces for grinding composite materials on the basis of the properties of the electro-magnetic field have been improved;
improved methods for obtaining high-quality cement and ultra-pure materials by means of the device, by enriching materials based on electromagnetic fields;
a multifunctional control device has been developed to improve the technological process of obtaining environmentally friendly materials, their grinding, separation and enrichment.
The structure and volume of the research work. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of literature, and applications. The volume of the thesis is 114 pages.

The relevance and demanding of the subject of the thesis. Today, in the world practice, in the sphere of ensuring the stable operation of electric power systems (EPS), pride of place goes to the creation of high-performance control systems of power generation and consumption processes, involving intelligent technologies. One of the most crucial tasks of rapidly developing modem EPS is ensuring its steady-state stability based on real-time operational data processing and analysis. In this area, the leading countries of the world focus on the improvement of control systems to ensure the stability of electric power systems, taking into account fluctuations of mode parameters. «Expenses for the creation of intelligent electric systems, including Smart Grid, arc as follows: USA - 7.1 trillion, China -7.3 trillion, Japan - 0.8 trillion US dollars. The use of the Smart Grid system in 2020 will allow the USA to save about 1.8 trillion US dollars»1.
Large-scale activities on the effective organization of power generation and improvement of the EPS stability arc held in the Republic of Uzbekistan. A number of research works arc carried out in this area, including high-performance reequipment of the steam-gas and gas-turbine technology, providing electricity generation, the development of effective control system of technological objects and improvement of methods and algorithms of research of control systems.
The world's attention is paid to the development of more advanced methods for determining the stability of electric systems, in particular, matrix methods and algorithms that allow to more deeply explore the modal properties of electric power systems, taking into account modem control devices. The implementation of targeted research is a priority in this field, while researches arc more relevant in the following areas: the development of matrix methods and algorithms for determining the stability of the electric power system based on automatic generator field regulators; the development of simplified criteria for determining the limit mode for the stability of complex EPS; the development of a model of synthesis of automatic field regulators on the basis of the system inclusion technology. Ongoing researches in the above-mentioned areas show the relevance of the subject of this thesis.
This thesis research is designed, to a certain extent, to perform the tasks stipulated in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan ПП-2343 dated 5 May 2015ycar “On the Program of measures to reduce energy consumption, to implement energy saving technologies in the fields of economy and social sphere for 2015-2019 yy.”, in the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.238 dated 13 August 2015 year “On approval of the regulation relating to the republican commission on energy efficiency and development of the renewable energy resources”, as well as other legal documents adopted in this area.
The objective of the research is to develop matrix methods and algorithms of analysis of steady-state stability of complex EPS, to develop simplified methods of estimation of steady-state stability limit and synthesis of controller models based on the systems’ embedding approach.
Scientific innovativeness of the dissertation study consists in the following:
on the basis of Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic form, the simplified criterion of steady-state stability of the electric power system was obtained, which consisted in positivity of the first major minor of the quadratic-form matrix (<7n > 0), ensuring necessary and sufficient conditions of the EPS stability;
the combined use of the method of Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic form and node voltage equations was developed, which allowed for reducing studies of steady-state stability of a complex electric power system to the circuitry of a simple electric power system, or the “generator-bus” system;
a promatrix of the complex unregulated and regulated electric power system was developed on the basis of the system’s embedding method, which allowed for the study of dynamic properties of EPS;
the algorithm of pole transfer from the spectrum of the matrix of own dynamics of the electric power system was developed, which ensured stability and damping of fluctuations of the operation condition parameters at small oscillations in electric power systems;
mathematical model of the class of regulators of the complex electric system was constructed on the basis of the system’s embedding method, which ensured stability and damping of fluctuations of the operation condition parameters at small oscillations in EPS.
CONCLUSION
The theoretical and computational-experimental studies of steady-state stability of complex electric systems, carried out on the basis of the developed matrix methods and algorithms, using Lyapunov’s functions in the quadratic form and system’s embedding method, allow for the following conclusions.
1. Lyapunov’s functions in the quadratic form arc recommended as the effective method for studying the linear dynamic systems, including the electric power system described with the help of linear zed differential equations.
2. Adequacy of conditions of the steady-state stability loss of the electric power system, obtained on the basis of positivity of major minors of the quadratic-form matrix of the Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic from, to the same conditions provided by Hurwitz criteria, was proven.
3. Obtained theoretical and computational results allow one to investigate the stability of EPS “in the small” by means of analysis of the positivity condition of the first major minor of the Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic formq11; > Oand consider it to be the practical (simplified) criterion of steady-state stability of EPS, providing for both its necessary and sufficient conditions.
4. The combined use of Lyapunov’s functions in the quadratic form and nodal equations allows one to reveal the generator (station), operating in the complex EPS, which is coming to the limit in terms of steady-state stability. The mathematical condition of this proposition is dqnj /dFl -» max, i.e. the maximum of the derivative of the first major minor of the quadratic-form matrix by the regulated parameter for the j-th generator. It is evident that in this case, the study of the steady-state stability limit of the complex EPS turns into the study of the “generator-bus” circuit.
5. On the basis of the systems embedding method, promatrices of the unregulated and regulated complex EPS arc developed, which provide a full description of all kinds of characteristics of transitional processes, including the possibility of studying dynamic properties of electric power systems at small oscillations of their operation condition parameters.
6. The model is proposed, in which the regulator of the complex electric power system has been synthesized on the basis of the systems embedding theory to describe analytically the class of regulators ensuring stability and damping of oscillations of the studied EPS.
7. The conducted computational-experimental studies aimed at analysis of steady-state stability of complex EPS on the basis of the systems embedding method have shown the qualitative match of the obtained results with the results, checked in the course of practical running of electric power systems on the basis of Classical Methods that confirms the adequacy of the models developed to the already existing ones.
8. The mathematical model of the electric power system, resolved relative to deviations of absolute angles of synchronous generators, is developed, which can be used autonomously for the study of small oscillations of complex EPS. This model of small oscillations must be used together with node voltage equations, determining voltage modules of nodes and their arguments, representing absolute angles relative to the balancing node.

The aim of research work is the development of physical mechanisms and new technical solutions for increasing the efficiency of photoelectric energy conversion in silicon-based structures, determining the features of promising widc-gap and environmentally pure structures.
Scientific novelty of research:
a new efficient design of a photoelectric module consisting of photoconverters with a vertical pn junction was developed. The photoelectric properties of the module have been substantially improved and a nearly threefold increase in economic efficiency has been justified;
scientifically justified to increase the photoelectric efficiency of a two-sidcdly sensitive photoconverter by balancing the flux density of light incident on the front and back surfaces with asymmetric light reflectors, and a new design of the photoelectric module is created;
the possibility of increasing the efficiency of obtaining photoelectric energy by forming nanoscalc structures in the emitter layer of silicon photoconverters is established;
the technology of obtaining promising hetcrostructurcs CujZnSnfSi-xSeJj/Si for the creation of photoconverters was first developed the elcctrophysical and photoelectric properties of the obtained samples were analyzed.

Research objective is improvement methods of rationing and forecasting parameters of power consumption, taking into account electric modes at the enterprises of ferrous metallurgy for increase efficiency of using electric power.
Research problems:
research electric modes and analysis the state of rationing and forecasting the parameters of electric power consumption at the objects electric steelmaking production enterprises of ferrous metallurgy;
improvement of the method for calculating scientifically based energy consumption standards for the release of finished products, taking into account the specifics of manufacture;
analysis of energy indicators and estimation of energy saving reserves;
the development of a method for calculating the optimal operating conditions for the main equipment of the electric arc furnace shop, taking into account the analysis of energy characteristics.
Object of the research is an electric steel smelting shop of JSC "Uzmetkombinat".
The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
improved multilevel structure of the rationing of power consumption, taking into account the electric modes of steel smelting;
the methodical manual is developed, allowing to establish definition norms of expenses on kinds of energy at manufacture of metal rolling;
the scheme defining the predicted value of the specific expense of the electric power taking into account technology factors is improved;
developed an algorithm and a method for definition the optimal operating modes of the equipment of an electric steelmaking shop on the basis of the analysis of energy characteristics.
The structure and outline of the research work. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of literature, and applications. The volume of the thesis is 108 pages.

Subjects of research: rectification processes in an exhaustive string.
Purpose of work: increase of efficiency of process of rectification нефтегазоконденсатной mixes in an exhaustive column by replacement перегретого the water steam applied as the heat-carrier (the steaming agent), on steams heavy faction.
Methods of research: at determination physical and chemical and thermal properties of hydrocarbon raw standard methods of application are used, and at learning of its fractional composition - vehicle. Measurings of temperature, stress, raw and heat carrier discharge rates and other indexes are held by traditional methods. Treating of results of studies is held with use of methods of similarity theory and modelling.
The results obtained and their novelty: for the first time the dodge of an intensification of a mass-transfer is substantiated at rectification of a petrogas condensate mixture for the account of decrease of thickness of boundary films between contacted by phases at use of hydrocarbon steams of in the capacity of steaming agent instead of overheated steam; possibility of an intensification of process of heat change between the steaming agent and a distilled mixture by comparison of coefficients of a convective heat exchange vapour-phase with application of methane, ethane, propane and butane in relation to analogue - water steam is demonstrated; the effective method of rectification of a petrogas condensate mixture in an exhaustive string with application of steams of a high-gravity naphtha in the capacity of the alternative steaming agent allowing is tendered to augment culling of propellant distillates from raw.
Practical value: the elaborated optimum flow diagramme of heat input of steams of a high-gravity naphtha in a bottom part of an industrial fractionation tower allows to increase culling of light distillate fractions from composition of boiler oil on the average on 2,7 % and to diminish the discharge rate of steaming heat carrier on 11,7 %.
Degree of embed and economic effictivity: the technological operating instruction on application of steams of a high-gravity naphtha in exhausting a fractionation tower part is prepared. The elaborated recommendations, on the basis of solution it is production - operating personnel Bukhara petroleum refinery from October, 10th, 2011, are taken over to adapting jointly with specialists of factory to working conditions with the further implementation in production. Expectational annual economic benefit for the account application of a new method of pyrogenic distillation of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures in an exhaustive string Bukhara petroleum refinery compounds 1,3 mlrd. soums per year.
Field of application: the petroleum-refining industry.

The mining industry plays a decisive role in meeting the ever-growing global demand for Natural Resources. However, this sector is also considered important for its significant energy consumption and environmental impact. Widely used in mining operations in the industry, the improvement of the efficiency of the electrical istemol of grinding equipment is considered one of the most relevant. In this article, we will consider strategies to improve the energy efficiency of grinding equipment and solve the problems faced by the mining industry.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Today around the worldbroad application of cold in food, chemical the industries, etc. allows to provide to medicine, pharmaceutics rhythm of production, it is more rational to use fixed assets, to keep quality of foodstuff, drugs, etc. In recent years, according to the International institute of cold, about a third of world production falls to the share of perishable goods. The general losses of all food in the world make ~25%, fruit and vegetables ~35%, perishable goods because of a lack of refrigerating capacities ~20%.In this regard construction new and reconstruction of the operating refrigerators arc inseparably linked with technical progress in area of production, application of artificial coldandisone of important tasks.
For years of independence special attention is paid on production of refrigeration and climatic units of different function. Essential results on increase in productivity and efficiency of the compressors entering them and the hcatexchange equipment arc achicved.lt is possible to note especially reduction of power losses in devices.
Todayimprovement of schemes of the produced installations, conservation by use of the ozone-safe and not creating greenhouse effect coolants arc one of important tasks.Carrying out purposeful research works, in particular, development of safe mixes of coolants, effective hcatexchange devices, programs of calculation of refrigerating cycles and selection of componentsis one of importanttasks.
This dissertation research to some extent serves performance of the tasks provided by the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of April 7, 2011 No. PP-107 "About measures for development and strengthening of material and technical resources of storage of fruit and vegetable products for 201 l-2015"and also in other standard and legal documents accepted in this sphere.
The aim of research work is development of scientific and methodical bases of process of boiling of multicomponent mix of coolants on a surface with cross and ring flutes and of the hcatexchange device from pipes with cross and ring turbulizers.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
the heat exchange model at vesiculate boiling of hydrocarbonic coolants and their ncazcotropny mix R290/R600a/R600 on pipes with cross and ring turbulizers is created;
on the basis of the carricd-out tests skilled data on refrigerating capacity, energy expenses in the one-stage and cascade refrigerators equipped with the effective condenser, the evaporator and the condenser evaporator arc obtained;
dependence of refrigerating capacity, the spent power on a type of coolant, the place of application of effective pipes is revealed (in the condenser, the evaporator and the condenser evaporator);
semi-empirieal models of a thermolysis when cooling, heating, boiling, condensation arc offered;
on the basis of the analysis efficiency of hcatexchange devices with the pipes having ring flutes outside and smoothly outlined diaphragms inside is shown.
Application of knurled pipes in the evaporator thermodynamic is favorable, the efficiency of the condenser with cross ring turbulizers made of pipes 1,06 + 1,25 in an interval;
on the basis of the analysis efficiency of vapor-compression refrigerators with the hcatexchange devices manufactured of pipes, having ring flutes and ledges is shown. The best mashines on power characteristics with pipes No. 3 in the condenser and with pipes No. 4 in the evaporator have, respectively, efficiency and 0,59 at To. Application of knurled pipes in the condenser evaporator practically docs not influence efficiency of the refrigerator;
the criterion for assessment of power efficiency of hcatexchange devices is offered;
the technique of the eksergetichcsky analysis of the one-cascade vaporcompression refrigerator is developed. The technique is based on the sequence of the analysis of one-stage machinarics.
CONCLUSION
The main results of dissertation operation arc as follows:
1. The technique of processing of experimental results of the cascade refrigerator with the intensified hcatexchange pipes is developed.
2. Changes arc entered into a method of calculation of density of a thermal stream at vesiculate boiling taking into account parameters of surfaces with ring flutes.
3. Fall of temperature of condensation in the top branch when using all options of pipes with ring diaphragms and flutes as hcatexchange surfaces in the condenser is revealed.
4. The non zeotrop mix R290/R600a/R600 offered as the alternative agent to ozonoaktivny R12 has almost identical power indicators with R12.
5. Arc defined efficiency on refrigerators with condensers from effective pipes. Application of a pipe No. 2 in the condenser lowers efficiency of the mashine, and pipes No. 4 - does not influence on. The best surface of heat exchange is the surface from pipes No. 3.
6. Under equal conditions the refrigerating coefficient of the cascade mashine on pure propane is more, than on mix. With growth of temperature of boiling £ raises. The mashine with d! D- 0,945 pipes in the evaporator is most effective.
7. The criterion for evaluation of efficiency of hcatexchange devices is offered. The criterion of efficiency is based on a concept of an exergy. It is convenient to them to use for definition of the best options of the hcatexchange surfaces operating and selection thermodynamic of the naivygodny designed devices. The technique of the ekscrgctichcsky analysis of the one-cascade vapor-compression refrigerator is developed. The technique is based on the sequence of the analysis of one-stage mashincs.
8. Operation of the cascade refrigerator by means of the developed technique in the range it is analysed by 213 < To < 233 A?. r)e kritcry of efficiency served. The best mashines on power characteristics with pipes No. 3 in the condenser and with pipes No. 4 in the evaporator have, respectively, efficiency/^, =0,60 and 0,59 at To =213. Application of knurled pipes in the condenser evaporator practically docs not influence efficiency of the refrigerator. The maximum efficiency of the machine is reached at TO<213A’. In all cases atTo, exceeding 213 K, sharp reduction of efficiency is observed. Power characteristics of compressor and condenser knot of the refrigerator with the device equipped with effective pipes arc calculated. The size of losses of energy is reduced by 5190,5 kW ■ h/year at the 7000th hour of work in a year.

Dunyoda energiya rcsurslami qimmatlashib borishi, ishlab chiqarishning barcha sohalarida energiya tejamkorlik masalasini yechimlarini topishni ilgari suradi. Bu vazifani hal qilishning asosiy yo‘nalishlari elektr energiya iste’moli samaradorligini nazorat va boshqarish shuningdek, energiya iste’molini raqamlashtirish va avtomatlashtirishdir. Elektr energiya iste’moli samaradorligini oshirish vositalaridan biri ishlab chiqarish ko‘rsatkichlari va iqlim omillari hisobga olgan holda, qayta tiklanuvchan energiya ta’minoti manbalarini amaliyotga keng joriy etish hamda korxonalaming energiya iste’molini va energiya ta’minotini masofadan uzluksiz monitoring qilib borishni talab etadi. Hozirgi davming talabidan kelib chiqqan holda sohalarga arzon energiya ta’minoti manbalami joriy etish bilan bir qatorda ulami boshqarish va monitoring qilishda raqamli texnologiyalarni keng joriy etishni dolzarb hisoblanadi.

The aim of the research work. Obtaining nanoscale structures and multilayer systems based on Mo and Si single crystals by epitaxy and ion implantation, studying regularities and elucidating the physical mechanisms of their formation
The object of the research work. Monocrystalline Mo and Si samples implanted by ions in a wide energy range (0,2 - 40 keV) and doses (D = 1014 - 101 cm").
Scientific novelty of there search work. The physical mechanisms for the formation of intermetallic compounds of the Nb + Mo type in the near-surface Mo layer during the implantation of Nb + ions in combination with annealing have been established and it has been experimentally proved that the formation of an intermetallic compound leads to the formation of the Mo subband of 4d electrons Nb below the Fermi level of Mo, which leads to a change in the density of the valence electron state Mo.
It has been experimentally established that the intermetallic compound is not formed in the implantation of Ba’ ions in Mo, but as a result of the decrease in the work function and the increase in the atomic density of the near-surface layer, the emission efficiency of secondary and photoelectrons increases 2 or more times, the main regularities of the formation of nanoscale phases and MeSi2 layers in the near-surface region of Si in the process of ion implantation and subsequent annealing are established, and methods for estimating their dimensions and determining the parameters of the energy bands based on studying the change in the intensity of transmitted light are developed;
The technology of obtaining homogeneous polycrystalline nanofilms of SiCb of various thicknesses (d~20-100A) and with a bandgap width of ~ 8.5 * 9 eV by the implantation of O2+ ions on the Si surface has been developed;
It is justified that the presence of several percents of accelerated ions (Eo = 1-2 keV) in the stream of sputtered metallic substances (Al) leads to the complete destruction of a thin oxide film on the Si surface and to the creation of a transition layer leading to an increase in the adhesion of metal to silicon substrates and a sharp decrease in the contact electrical resistivity;
a method for obtaining nanoscale two-layer systems of the MeSi2/Si/MeSi2/Si (Me-Co, Na) type with an integrated thickness not exceeding 40-50 nm; the thickness of the CoSi2 surface film is 3 * 5 nm; the thickness of the near-surface film is 10 * 12 nm, and the thickness of the Si film between these layers is 10-20 nm.

The aim of the research work: The development of energy-saving modes of pumping machines of chemical enterprises - pumps and pumping stations, fans and compressors with adjustable electric drives..
Tasks of research:
development of energy-saving technologies of liquid transport by pumps and pumping units with frequency-controlled asynchronous electric drives;
development of energy efficient modes of operation of centrifugal turbo compressors with high-voltage synchronous motors, as well as techno-logical fans and their electric drives;
creation of energy-saving electric drive for fan load, providing the required value of the magnetic flux of the motor to minimize power losses in the electric drive;
development of methods for assessing the energy performance of pumping machines with adjustable electric drives, providing economical modes of their operation.
Objectives of the research arc regulated electric drives and pumping machines of chemical enterprises.
Scientific novelties of the research are following:
energy-saving modes of operation of pumps, fans and compressors, structural circuits for controlled electric drives and control algorithms have been developed;
the dependences of the power losses of a group of pumps on the frequency and the ratio of the number of pumps have been determined on the basis of ensuring the balance of water transmission in order to create an efficient pump station structure;
the scheme of energy-saving frequency-regulated asynchronous electric drive with an extreme control system for fan load has been improved;
the analytical dependence of the magnitude and frequency of the motor voltage, based on frequency control, has been developed to reduce the heating of the engine during the starting acceleration of the fan with a large inertia.
The structure and outline of the research work. The dissertation consists of following sections: introduction, four main chapters, conclusion, list of references, appendices, volume of the work is 110 pages.

Actuality and demand of the theme of dissertation. Present stage of social and economic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan reflects the nature and the depth of economic reforms in economic complex of the country, the state and prospects of formation of the structure of market relations objects, diversity of property forms, including agricultural sector.
Engineering provision of agro-industrial complex (AIC) presents a principal growth factor in agriculture. At the same time in transition period from planned economy to a market one the activity of farm producers was hampered by negative factors, occurring in technical maintenance and services. In addition, maintenance of electrical installations in agro-industrial complex is at a low level; certain forms of maintenance and repair works were lost due to the lack of spare parts and elements and high-quality professionals. For example, Association "Agropromcncrgo", being previously a reliable energy supplier for villages, for various reasons, has ceased its activities on repair and maintenance of complex electrical equipment and electrical installations.
Under these conditions of undergoing restructuring of some branches of economy, effective organization of energy service in agriculture would allow to reduce: - material consumption, necessary for repair and operation works; - energy intensity of production process due to organizational and technical measures; - and to ensure high-productive utilization of energy equipment and hence - effective use of labor resources.
All this gives us the grounds to consider scientific study in organization of energy service in conditions of restructuring and improvement of activity of AIC enterprises as actual and urgent one.
The demand in dissertational investigation is connected with the development of energy service enterprises which would carry out the works on repair and modernization with efficient use of electrical equipment in conditions of development of farming in Uzbekistan and organization of local small enterprises, private and other companies and firms with different forms of property. The system of energy service, regardless of the form of property and the type of activity of enterprise-consumer, provides design, installation, assembly and startup of energy equipment and realization of all necessary processes of its operation, beginning from the stage of equipment introduction into operation. This is expressed in fulfillment of reliable operation of electrical equipment, provision of its long-term exploitation and realization of the complex of organizational and technical measures to render technical maintenance and eliminate refusals in equipment operation as quick as possible.
This investigation has great importance in connection to the Guidelines and Recommendations of I.A.Karimov - the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, stated by him while visiting on 25th of October, 2006 an exhibition «Uzbekistan Agrominitech - 2006» in Uzexpocenter, specialized in mini-technologies and equipment for agriculture, and to the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № ПП 2343 on 5th of May, 2015 «On program of measures to reduce energy intensity, to implement energy-saving technologies in the areas of economy and social sphere in 2015-2019».
The aim of research - is to develop scientific and methodological practically important bases to improve efficiency and operational reliability of electrical equipment, methods and forms of organization of energy services in agricultural sector of AIC.
Scientific novelty of the research consists in the following:
features of energy service enterprises have been analyzed;
scientific methods and practically important bases to improve the efficiency and operational reliability of electrical equipment, energy services organization in AIC have been worked out;
advanced scientific and methodological bases of energy services in conditions of AIC restructuring have been developed;
location points and the structure of energy service enterprises have been substantiated
new results of experimental studies and estimation of financial efficiency of energy service enterprises in AIC sphere have been obtained;
financial problems of realization of worked out principles of energy service organization have been substantiated.
Conclusion
Theoretical generalizations and practical solutions of actual scientific-technical problem to substantiate organization bases of development of energy in agriculture and energy service in conditions of AIC restructuring arc fulfilled in the dissertation. On the basis of carried out complex of scientific investigations the following results have been obtained:
1. By analysis of functioning of fuel-energy complex and system of agricultural electrification it was stated that power supply of rural energy consumers has its specific features, namely: rural consumers have relatively small but different characteristics in capacity, load, they arc located from each other over long distances.
In conditions of market planning with diversity of ownership forms and management one of the most important reserve of higher efficiency of AIC is an organization of proper maintenance service in this sphere.
It is also shown that one of the most important reserve of AIC efficiency is an organization of proper energy supply service which should be complex and include technical, technological, economic, organization and staff components.
2. It is shown that theoretical and practical problems of electric equipment operation should cover its use, maintenance and repair, as well as organization of high productivity and mobile electric technical service. Here the most important issue is the choice of the form of organization of energy service in AIC, structure principles and the level of technical equipment of its enterprises, organized with consideration of world and domestic experience.
An original program of mathematical and computer modeling of energy service has been worked out, a certificate of the Republic of Uzbekistan № DGU 02848 on 20.11.2014 was received, which facilitated solution of practically important problems of modeling of energy service system.
3. Investigation of refusal occurrence in electrical system of AIC has shown that the need for a more thorough supervision of each element, and constant monitoring of its mode of operation is necessary. During normal operation the regularity of electric equipment cannot be violated as this is increasing the intensity of refusals and wear probability. Electric equipment should be directed for capital repair or taken out from operation at initial period of failure of wear detection.
4. It is stated that concentration of available means and staff in the system of energy service leads to reduction of maintenance duration; production capacity of energy service enterprises should correspond to load amount, which is proportional to a number of equipment units in maintenance zone and intensity of maintenance requests flow.
Efficiency of implementation of measures on energy service depends on reduction in cost prices due to true rate setting, provision of optimal modes of equipment operation.
5. It is shown that to account expenses in cost prices of energy service it is necessary to consider average distance of transportation and configuration of energy equipment, by introducing correction coefficient -r|T.
6. Optimal location of all sectors of energy service enterprises is defined; it should strictly correspond to technological process of service by accepted scheme of movements, including electric repair shops.
7. Parameters of functioning of energy service enterprises arc optimized in conditions of transition to market economic relations; this includes: - process and tariffs instability, - dimensions of farmer’s peasant’s and shirkat households, -characteristics of electric equipment operation in conditions of breaking up of large farms, - number and state of obsolete electric equipment, - occurrence of once-only cutoffs in the system of centralized power supply.
8. Worked out pilot project of organization of energy service enterprises is implemented into the management of agriculture and water resources in Tashkent region of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2013), and in machine-tractor fleet (MTF) of Karmanin, Kiziltepa, Navbakhor and Khatirchi districts of Navoi region (2009).
9. Carried out calculation of economic efficiency of investment project of organization of energy service has shown that in net discount profit (NDP) and in profitability index (PI) this project is profitable. Here profitability index is 4,278, the value of internal norm of profitability - 2,651 or 265,1%, payback time - 42 monds.
10. Worked out scientific methodical bases of energy service in AIC arc recommended for: the use in elaboration of scientific bases of prediction of power consumption; realization of organizational technical measures to increase an efficiency of utilization of energy resources, including renewable ones; development of scientific principles of application of automated systems of complex management by energy resources (ASCMER) in AIC spheres.
Total annual economic profit from implementation of study results, algorithms of software product and 9% increase in coefficient of readiness , 33% elimination of shutdowns due to two times limitation in duration of damaged equipment repair and due to increase in labor efficiency and labor resources economy is 142 million 91 thousand soum.
So, on the basis of theoretical generalization and practical realization, given in the dissertation, a major problem on efficiency increase in electric equipment operation has been solved; this problem has a considerable economic importance.

The aim of the research work. Comprehensive study modification mechanisms and features forming nano-dimensional structures in the surface layers PdBa, CoSi2 and GaAs at low energy ion bombardment, followed by heat and laser treatment.
Scientific novelty of the research work. A structural model of the surface of Pd-Ba activated in high vacuum and in an oxygen atmosphere was proposed and a technique for uniformly activating the surface of Pd-Ba alloys of a cylindrical shape by laser ablation and implantation of Ba’ ions was developed;
It was shown that the shape and size of the nanocrystallinc phases formed on the surface of Pd and Pd-Ba at irradiation densities D < 1015 cm" depends mainly on the surface microrelief, and does not depend on D > 5 • 1015 cm’2 at high doses; The most likely mechanism for the formation of areas with a crystalline structure under the effect of implantation of large doses of ions is the heating of the target in the region of the thermal peak, leading to melting of the material;
homogeneous regularly located nanoscalc phases and epitaxial nanofilms of Si and CoSiO on the surface of CoSii/Si (111) were obtained by the ion bombardment method (Ar+ and O’) in combination with annealing, and also the dependences of nanocrystallinc phase dimensions on energy and ion dose were determined;
mechanisms for the formation of one-component nanoscalc structures on the surface of materials of various types (metal alloy Pd2Ba, semiconductors CoSi2 and GaAs) and the type of chemical bond (intermetallic, covalent and ionic-covalent) in the bombardment with Ar+ ions;
Optimal conditions for ion bombardment and subsequent annealing of the Si-CoSi2-Si, CoSiO-CoSi2-Si, Ga-GaAs-Gc, GaAlAs-GaAs multilayer structures were determined and their energy band diagrams were constructed.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Nowadays, in world the development of fundamental research in the field of microwave devices is one of the important scientific problems in the physics of semiconductors. The research aimed at studying the influence of the microwave field in the forming of an electromotive force in the p-n-junction and the processes of deformation effects in semiconductors, modulation and receiving of microwave signals are prospective.
In the field of development and investigation of microwave diodes main attention is focused on the manufacturing of microwave monolithic integrated circuit structures based on GaAs and InP, and modules based on them. Studies are carried out on manufacturing technology and supply of electronic components, discrete semiconductor devices. In order to expand their functional characteristics research of the effect of simultaneous exposure of RF electromagnetic field, deformation and light on the current characteristics of diode structures are relevant.
Research of the diode structure with an asymmetric concentration p-n-transition by giving to the charge carriers conditions of warm and hot electron allows to receive significiant information about the dynamics of its current characteristics depending on external influences such as deformation, thermal radiation, which are demanded in this time.
Therefore the study of the influence of the effects arising in semiconductor structures with simultaneous deformation and light in the microwave field in conjunction with changes in the cunent-voltage characteristics of the diodes serves as the basis for solving the problems raised in the dissertation.
Purpose of research is to study the influence of microwave electromagnetic field, deformation and light on the cunent characteristics of asymmetrical concentration pn-junction.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time it is proved that the open circuit voltage and short circuit current in asymmetric concentration p-n-junction placed into a microwave field occurs not only due to high temperature charge carrier, but also due to less hot carriers with a high concentration;
the dependences of CVC, short circuit current and open circuit voltage are considered for asymmetrical concentration p-n-junction in a microwave field in three-dimensional space, the dynamics of change by the third parameter are analysed;
it is shown that the non-ideallity ratio of cunent-voltage characteristics of p-n-junction in a microwave field is determined by the electron temperature Te, and holes Th, at a predetermined bias voltage U and described by the expression, taking into account the concentrations of electrons and holes, as well as their temperature coefficient and diffusion length, temperature of phonons, applied voltage and perturbations of potential barrier height;
it is revealed that the forming of EMF and current in low heating of charge carriers due to deviation of the electric field vector of the microwave inside the asymmetric concentration p-n-junction and Frenkel's effect and their increase at a strong heating of charge carriers due to the simultaneous perturbation of the potential barrier height;
the CVC is calculated at nonuniform heating asymmetric p-n-junction in a microwave field, showing the occurrence of curl currents lead to a reduction in the total current associated with the heating of the electrons and holes, and high-frequency disturbance potential barrier;
it is shown that the increase in the concentration of cunent asymmetric p-n-junction, caused outrage potential barrier height and an increase in recombination current in a strong microwave field, is inhibited by light to generate photocarriers, leading to the displacement of current-voltage characteristics of p-n-junction in the direction of smaller current values;
it is established that the deformation of asymmetric concentration of p-n-junction in a strong microwave field increases the generated cunent, and simultaneous exposure to light it causes its decrease.
CONCLUSION
1. The theoretical research shows that at low capacity of the microwave field dependence of the mobility not only hot, but warm electrons significantly perturb the height of the potential barrier, and lead to high-frequency EMF and the current. At high powers, the microwave heating of the electrons and the perturbation potential barrier height lead to an increase in active current, including short-circuit current and open circuit voltage.
2. The theory of three-dimensional CVC has been established of which a microwave field has been obtained for asymmetric p-n-junction short-circuit current and open circuit voltage. Three-dimensional CVC allowed to get a visual representation of the process of heating of electrons and holes of the microwave field.
3. Firstly, we calculated the CVC of p-n-junctions in a microwave field, taking into account warming up major carriers not only n - region (electrons) and p-region (holes). It was found out that the CVC of the diode depends on the temperature of the charge carriers that carry the primary current through the pn-junction.
4. It was found out that the occurrence of EMF and current in low heating of charge carriers are due to deviation of the electric field vector of the microwave inside the asymmetric concentration pn-junction and Frenkel's effect, and with a strong opening act - a significant change in the parameters of a potential barrier to the emergence of results in both EMF and currents as well as their growth.
5. The theory has been worked out of inhomogeneous heating of electrons and holes with simultaneous high-frequency disturbance potential barrier asymmetric pn-junction. CVC corresponding calculation shows that with eddy currents that are able to reduce the magnitude of the total cunent through the p-n-junction are excited.
6. It is shown that light generated photo carriers lead to displacement of CVC pn-junction towards negative values of the current, which, in its turn changes some effects of a strong microwave field on the asymmetrical pn-junction (suppressed recombination currents)
7. The mechanism of simultaneous influence on the asymmetrical pn-junction of three actions: the deformation, the strong of the microwave fields and light was determined. If the deformation and the microwave field increases the generated by a pn-junction current, the effect of the light, conversely, leads to its reduction.
8. It is established that reducing the amplitude and increasing the frequency of deformation lead to a change in the excessive concentration of electrons. The specific characteristics of the strain effect in semiconductors allowed to determine the change in the concentration of recombination centers in the sample.
9. Taking into account the concentration, temperature coefficient, diffusion length of the carriers of both signs, the temperature of the phonons, the applied voltage and perturbation potential barrier height, the universal expression for the imperfection was obtained.
10. In the study of phenomena related to the participation of non-equilibrium charge carriers, in particular, the calculation of ballistic photovoltage arising in thin films, there can be used mathematical tools applied in the calculation of the impact of the microwave field in the semiconductor structure. It follows from the calculations that the ballistic photovoltage is directly proportional to the light intensity and the determined speed of the photoelectrons, the time and the mean free path of excited carriers, and its magnitude (voltage) can prevail over the bulk of the electromotive force only in samples with a large mean free path with a strong absorption of light.

The aim of research work is to develop scientific proposals and practical recommendations on economic-ecological development of coal-mining branch of fuel and energy complex in the context of modernization.
Scientific novelty' of the research work is as follows:
proposed a step-by-step mechanism for improving the integrated economic and environmental activities of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex;
an integration system for integrating interactions between environmental programming subjects and the environment in the coordination of activities of integrated economic and environmental activities was improved;
a model for interaction of ecological, economic, social factors and maximization of economic-environmental efficiency of the complex usage of coal resources has been elaborated;
the organization-economical criteria for the development of the energy-chemical-resource complex was introduced.