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Turks got it and in that time some people from al-Shash were with them. In the
caliphate time of amir al-mu’minun al-Mu‘tasim billah this palace was captured
by Nuh ibn Asad. Then he built a wall that surrounds people’s fields…”
1
.
We can met also some other information about al-Shash in Ibn A’tham’s book.
For example he described event that happened in 123 A.H. like this:
“… Hisham sent Nasr ibn Sayyar to Khurasan as a governor. Nasr bin Sayyar
arriving there decided to begin a war to the places behind the river which were
not joined the caliphate. He captured al-Shash and Farghana. He made easier to
pay hiraj (type of tax in Islamic counties) for people in this cities. As a result
people’s attitude to him changed and they treated him good…”
2
.
At-Tabari also described this event like this:
“…Nasr ibn Sayyar came and captured cities of al-Shash. He was busy with war
and he made easier hiraj (the taxes). And the nation treated him like a friend…”
3
.
As a conclusion we can say that Ibn A’tham al-Kufi’s “Kitab al-Futuh” plays
significant role to get new information about the history of Central Asia and to
compare with another books. The source is necessary because of the historical
names which are not met in other books. Study of this book fully gives us
opportunity to research history of Central Asia in more details.
BEKMURADOV SANJAR
Researcher, TSIOS
Jamal al-Qarshi and his composition
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh” is important source to study
Central Asian history during XIII
–
XIV centuries
Abstract.
The article is devoted to work of Middle Asian scientist of XIII
–
beg. XIV
century Jamal al-Karshi “Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh” (“Addition to As-Surakh voca-
bulary”). The article deals primarily with the relevance of the work and the level of
its study and its translation, as well as research that will be made in the future.
Keywords and expressions:
mongols, khakan, Jamal al-Karshi, “Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-
Surakh”, Chighatay, Khaydu, Chapar, Kistay, Ghuyuk, Kutan, Sartak, Menku-Temur,
Alghuy, Khara-Khulagu (Khudaghu).
Аннотация
.
Мазкур
мақола
Жамол
ал
-
Қаршийнинг
XIII–XIV
аср
бошлари
тари
-
хини
баён
этувчи
“
Ал
-
Мулҳақот
би
-
с
-
Суроҳ
” (“
Суроҳ
луғатига
иловалар
”)
асари
,
яъни
унинг
долзарблиги
,
унинг
ўрганилганлик
даражаси
ҳамда
тар
-
жималари
ҳақидадир
.
1
Liber Expugnationis Regionorum auctore imamo Ahmed ibn Jahja ibn Djabir al-Beladsori / Ed.
M.J. de Goeje. Lugduni Batavorum, 1866.
−
P. 322.
2
ﰲﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺜﻋﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ
.
ﺡﻮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ
.
ﺀﺍﻮﺿﻻﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ
.
ﺕﻭﲑﺑ
–
ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻟ
.
1991
ﻡ
.
283
ﺹ
.
3
ﻞﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ
ﻱﱪﻄﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺟ ﻦﺑ ﺮﻔﻌﺟ ﰊﺃ ﻡﺎﻣﻺﻟ ﻱﱪﻄﻟﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﻑﻭﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﳌﺍ ﻭ
.
ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ
.
1985
ﻡ
.
192
ﺹ
.
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Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
мўғуллар
,
ҳоқон
,
Жамол
ал
-
Қарший
, “
Ал
-
Мулҳақот
би
-
с
-
Су
-
роҳ
”,
Чиғатой
,
Қайду
,
Чопар
,
Қистой
,
Гуюк
,
Кутан
,
Сартак
,
Манку
-
Темур
,
Алгуй
,
Кара
-
Хулагу
(
Худагу
).
Аннотация
.
Статья
посвящена
труду
среднеазиатского
ученого
XIII –
нача
-
ла
XIV
века
Джамаля
ал
-
Карши
«
Ал
-
Мулхакат
би
-
с
-
Сурах
» («
Прибавление
к
словарю
ас
-
Сурах
»):
ее
актуальности
,
степени
ее
изученности
,
переводам
данного
труда
на
другие
языки
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
монголы
,
хакан
,
Джамал
аль
-
Карши
, «
Аль
-
Мулхакат
би
-
с
-
Сурах
»,
Чагатай
,
Кайду
,
Чапар
,
Кистай
,
Гуюк
,
Кутан
,
Сартак
,
Манку
-
Тимур
,
Ал
-
гуй
,
Кара
-
Хулагу
(
Худагу
).
Scholars who lived in medieval ages created many works devoted to different
disciplines of sciences such as history of sciences, astronomy, physics, geography,
chemistry, medical sciences, agriculture and etc. Investigating them and to make
research in every possible way are main case for contemporary scholars and
researchers. In order to work in the field it is difficult to imagine them without
medieval manuscript sources.
If we examine XIII–XIV centuries we have many geographical and historical com-
positions which provide valuable information about that period. As an example we may
recite following works:
Djuvayniy
“Tarikh-i Jakhongushoy”
(“History of conquering
of World”),
Fazlullokh Rashid al-Din “Djome’ al-Tawarikh”
(“Collection of Histo-
ry”),
“Tawarikh-i Guziyda
–
Nusratnamah”
and
Khamidullakh Qazwiniy’s “Nuzkhat
al-Kuluvb”
(“The Enjoyment of souls”) and etc. These works witness that to compose
historical works became developed during this period of time in
Iran
and
Minor Asia
.
Scholars can investigate enough regarding Mongol’s ruling in Iran by these works.
However we can apply this case to the history of Central Asia. According to
V
.
Bar-
thold
clashes among Chighatay’s descendents did not allow to develop literature and
sciences. Also Persian culture did not dominate in this region. In spite of this here Ara-
bic and Turkish culture was widely spread. Even we can see Turk
kotib’s (secretary)
till
the time of last Temurid king. They were called as
bakhshi
in their court. These sec-
retaries were much closer to
Chighatay
khans
than the Islamic clergies and moreover
all historical documents were preserved under their authority. For this reason we do not
have any single work regarding Central Asia as per
Chighatay Khans
’ order
1
.
Until now we have only one composition
“Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
(Appendix for
Surokh’s
dictionary) by
Abu al-Fadl Mukhammad ibn Omar ibn Khalid
which descri-
bes history of Central Asia during XIII–XIV centuries. In sources we came across this
name as
Jamal al-Karshi
. His book is considered as one of the historical and historical-
encyclopedic books written in Arabic-Persian language
2
. There are many information
1
Barthold V. Turkestan in the era of the Mongol invasion. Works. T. I. – Moscow: Nauka, 1963. –
P. 98–100.
2
Halidov A. Arabic manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Studies. A brief catalog. Part 1.
–
Moscow: Science, 1986. – P. 422.
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regarding history and geography, history of Islam, Muslim dynasties in
Mavaraun-
nakhr
and
Kashgarh
, Sacred Koran readers, history of prophets, autobiographic notes,
also information about contemporary scholars of author and essay regarding Arabic
language grammar (e.g. lexicography and dual rules) in his book.
It is important to mention that
Jamal al-Karshiy’s “Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
was
written during
Chapar
1
heir of
Qaydu
’s (
Khaydu
) reign, who was descendent of
Chighatay
shrine (1227–1370), included many historical and geographical informa-
tion. For this reason this manuscript-source is valuable for investigating history and
cultural life of Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan during Mongol period.
Till now we have three copies of
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
and they were pre-
served at St. Petersburg branch of Oriental Studies Institute under Academy of Sciences
of Russia and the Namangan copy was in private library of Sh.Kh.Vakhidov. Recently
the fourth copy of this book has been found in “Spiritual heritage centre named
Makhmud Vosiliy” in Markhamat district of Andijan region by Doctor M.Khasanov
and it was given for our research. Jamal al-Karshi’s this book is the only historical
source book written in the territory of
Chaghatay’s
descendents kingship. This book
helps us to investigate some of abstract and unknown period of history of our region.
The first information regarding this source we can find in
“Tarikh-i Rashidiy”
by
Mirzo
Khaydar
(905/1499 – 958/1551)
2
. There he provided information about
Jamal
al-Qarshi’s
work
“al-Surokh min al-Sikhokh”
(The lightness of truth)
devoted to
Al-
Javkhariy’s “al-Sikhokh”
and as an additional work of this composition he wrote
“Al-
Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
. The author of
“Tarikh-i Rashidiy”
affirmed that this work is
very rare with its content of much vital historical – literary information. These data
awoke interests of N. F. Petrovskiy. He particularly described
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-
Surakh”
, which was counted as an appendix for
“Al-Surakh min al-Sikhokh”
reminded
in
“Tarikh-i Rashid”
,
as a historical – geographical source in his researches. Russian
oriental studies scholar
V.R.Rozen
commented N.F.Petrovskiy’s article regarding that
these appendixes given in Ete’s catalogue of Oxford copies mentioned in it. However in
1895 V.Barthold while examining list of manuscript sources given in commentary of
Rozen for Petrovskiy’s article, composition in this list did not have any relevance to
“Appendixes”
of
“al-Mulkhaqot”
mentioned in
“Tarikh-i Rashidiy”
.
V.Barthold gave short description about
“al-Mulkhaqot”
and its author’s life and
contents of work in his special article devoted to
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
3
. Also
while investigating this source he mentioned that it contains important information for
research of Central Asian history as well as geography. In the conclusion part he fini-
shed that maybe after sometime we might have another copies in Central Asia.
1
Chapar bin Khaydu bin Kistay bin Uktay – sitting on the throne in 1302.
2
Barthold V. Turkestan in the era of the Mongol invasion. Works. T. I. – Moscow: Science, 1963.
– P. 52; Mirza Khaydar. Mulkhakat al-Surakh. Mirza Muhammad Haidar. Tarikh-i Rashidi /
Introduction, translated from the Persian Urunbaeva A., Jalilova R., Yepifanova L. – Tashkent:
Fan, 1996. – P. 662.
3
Bartold V. Mulhakat al-Surakh. Works. T. VIII. – Moscow: Nauka, 1973. – P. 98–102.
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Another copy of source was discovered by Barthold in the meeting of Marghe-
lan’s assembly interpreter
Y. Kazbekov
during his trip to Central Asian in 1902. The
scholar had selected two manuscripts for Asian Museum and one of them was Jamal
al-Karshi’s
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
. Later Barthold investigated some parts of
this work and described it shortly in his articles and researches
1
.
In the end of 80’s researcher from Leningrad (St.Piterburg) R.Sharafutdinova
translated
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
into Russian. Although she had a chance to
create critical text on the basis of two copies of “
Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
in Lenin-
grad, she confined with Barthold’s investigation. In 1989 she has published another
translation with short introduction and some additions in Tashkent
2
. According to
Sh. Vakhidov A. Saidov’s work, scholar from Tadjikistan was based on V. Barthold’s
materials and for that reason it does not have any adequate facts
3
.
Likewise other European scholars Charles Rieu
4
, K. Brokleman
5
, A. Mikhay-
lova
6
and A. Khalidovs
7
limited themselves giving only short description of
“Al-
Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
in their catalogues.
The third copy of manuscript source was discovered and investigated by
Sh. Vakhidov and it was translated in 2005 with the collaboration of B. Aminov
8
.
These authors mainly made scientific translation of this source and commented
some important facts. However Sh. Vakhidov admits that there are many things to
be investigated scientifically for analyzing unsolved issues.
The main aim is to research Jamal al-Qarshiy’s “
Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
in
terms of source studying and investigate information related to Central Asian
history, culture, art and geography. Beside this we would like to compare the la-
test copy of work which was found from “The Fond of Spiritual Heritage centre
named Makhmud Vosiliy”.
We should to find out:
–
To investigate Jamal al-Qarshi’s life and his scientific activities;
–
To investigate the degree of researches of
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
;
1
Ibid.
– P. 205–206. The manuscript nomber – C 286 (430b).
2
Materials on the History of Middle and Central Asia X–XIX centuries // Sharafuddinova R. Mul-
hakat Al-Surakh // – Tashkent: Fan, 1988. – P. 100–131.
3
Saidov A. Jamal Qarshi information about Fergana and Shash / late feudal city in Central Asia. –
Tashkent: Fan, 1990. – P. 28–34; Saidov A. Mulhakat al-Surakh of Jamal Qarshi as a historical
source. Diss. ...PhD. – Dushanbe, 1988. – P. 254.
4
Rieu Ch. Supplement to the Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the British Museum. Vol. II.
– L., 1881.
№
507a.
5
Brockelmann C. Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. Supplementband I. – Leiden, 1937.
№
A 1.
– P. 196.
6
Mikhailov A.I. catalog of Arabic manuscripts of the Institute of the Peoples of Asia Academy of
Sciences of the USSR. Vol. 3. – M., 1965.
№
31.
7
Halidov A. Arabic manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Studies. A brief catalog. Part 1. – M.:
Nauka, 1986. In the number 514 (430a); With the number 286 (430b). – P. 422.
8
Jamal al-Qarshi. Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh. Introduction, translated from Arabic, Persian, com-
ments, text, facsimile by Sh. Vahidov, B. Aminov. History of Kazakhstan in the Persian sources.
T. I. – Almaty: Dyke-Press, 2005. – P. 409.
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73
–
To compare all copies of composition and to analyze them with regard to
their contents.
–
To investigate the latest copy of
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
which was
found in Andijan and comparative analyze them;
–
To explain composition and its chapters;
–
To translate chapter named
“The Mongol kingship and concept of their
history”
and compare them with another sources describing same period of time
1
;
–
To translate information regarding history, culture and cities of Central Asia into
Uzbek (also into Russian), comment them and historical – comparative analyze;
As the main sources we would like to include
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
s
Namangan and Andijan copies. Also we use Sh. Vakhidov and B. Aminov’s col-
laborative translation copy together with historical sources providing information
regarding Jamal al-Qarshi’s life and work.
Beside this, while translating and analyzing
“The Mongol kingship and
concept of their history”
chapter and data’s about Central Asian cities we would
like to use other sources such as
Djuvayniy
“Tarikh-i Jakhongushoy”
(“History of
conquering of World”),
Fazlullokh Rashid al-Din “Djome’ al-Tawarikh”
(“Col-
lection of History”)
2
,
Izzuddin Ibn al-Athir
“Al-Kamil fi-t-Tarikh”
(“Full set of
stories”)
3
,
“Tawarikh-i Guziyda
–
Nusratnamah”
4
and
Khamidullakh Qazwiniy’s
“Nuzkhat al-Kuluvb”
(“The Enjoyment of souls”).
The scientific novelty of investigation and its practical value:
–
The full information about Jamal al-Qarshi will be collected;
–
The historical fact of the latest copy of composition will be investigated
comparatively;
–
To introduce information related to Central Asian history and culture given
in
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
. Especially we would like to find out historical
facts which can not be seen in other works.
–
The information regarding major cities such as
Khojand, Ferghana, Osh,
Shosh, Barchkent, Jand and Qoshghar
will be presented;
Jamal al-Qarshi’s
“Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh”
is not only useful for invest-
tigating history; also it covers much necessary information regarding other sub-
1
The translation into the Uzbek (or into the English) of the themes like as "About the concept of
the history of the Mongol Khanate" and the cities of the Central Asians separated from the "Al-
Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh" will be carried out on the basis of Sh. Vahidov and B. Aminov’s Arabic
text which was done before; Djamal al-Qarshi. Al-Mulkhaqat bi-s-Surakh. – P. 117–126.
2
Rashid ad-Din. Collection of Histories / translated from the Persian by O.Smirnov, notes by
B. Pankratov and O.Smirnov. Edited by prof. A. Semenov. T. I–III. – M. –L.: Science, 1956–1963;
Fazlallah Rashid ad-Din. Jami 'al-Tawarikh / Critical text A.Romaskevich, A.Khetagurova, Ali
Zadeh. T. I. Part 1. – Moscow: Science, 1965.
3
Ibn al-Athir. Al-Kamil fi-t-Ta'rikh (Full set of stories) / translated from the Arabic, notes and comments
P.Bulgakov, additions to the translation, notes and comments, and the introduction of pointers
Sh.Kamoliddin. Edited by Doctor of History, Professor M. Iskhakov. – T.: Uzbekistan, 2006. – P. 790.
4
Tawarikh-i-Nusrat guzida-name / study, critical text, annotated table of contents and summary table of
the table of contents of the candidate filol. Sciences A. Akramova. – Tashkent: Fan, 1967. – P. 644.
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74
jects. That is why not only historians can use it; also it can be used by Islamic
studies scholars, linguists together with other disciplinary researches.
The result of investigation can be basis for creating monographs, textbooks,
manual books and lecture books.
To publish scientific articles as per investigation title and topic; to prepare
lectures and presentations in order to participate in scientific conferences and
seminars; to prepare textbooks for students who are studying at universities are
the works planned to do as per the plan.
PULATOVA MALOHAT
Researcher, TSIOS
Handwritten copies of “Arba‘in” works
Abstract.
This article gives the information about handwritten copies of “Arba’in”
works in which there were collected 40 hadiths together and given them a poetry expla-
nation and which were very popular in Eastern Islamic classical literature.
Keywords and expressions:
Arba‘in, Koran, Hadith, “Chihil Hadith”, manuscripts,
poetic explanation.
Аннотация
.
Ушбу
мақолада
Шарқ
мумтоз
адабиётида
анъана
бўлган
, 40
та
ҳадисни
бир
ерга
жамлаб
,
унга
шеърий
шарҳ
берадиган
арбаъин
асарларининг
қўл
-
ёзма
нусхалари
ҳақида
маълумот
берилган
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
Арбаъин
,
Қуръони
карим
,
ҳадис
,
қирқ
ҳадис
,
қўлёзмалар
,
бадиий
шарҳ
.
Аннотация
.
В
данной
статье
рассматриваются
рукописные
копии
произведе
-
ний
,
написанных
в
традиции
Востока
«
Арбаъин
»
–
собрание
40
хадисов
в
одном
пргоизведении
с
поэтическими
комментариями
к
ним
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
Арбаъин
,
Коран
,
хадис
,
сорок
хадисов
,
рукопись
,
поэтический
комментарий
.
It was tradition to write “Arba‘in” – “Chihil Hadith” works in Eastern Islamic
classical literature which means collecting forty hadiths in one place, explaining
their meaning to ordinary people, writing comments on them. The observations
show that every time has its “Arba‘in”, which put forward a clear theme and
purpose. According to Hadith, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him),
“Whoever memorize forty hadiths, follows and teaches them, he will be under my
intercession on the Day of Resurrection”. According to this hadith people tried to
memorize forty hadiths and deliver them to people. The lexical meaning of
“Arba‘in” is forty. In addition, to be in chilla for forty days means the prayers’
purifying and praying in the nook for forty days, forty days after the death. These
forty days are called as a period of “cleansing”
1
.
1
Mukhammad Giyosiddin. Giyos ul-lugat. 1-tom. – T., 1997.
