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geopolitical vagaries also affect access to protection. Protection in the context of
crises may need to comprise access to territory, obligations on the part of states
not to return persons to serious harm, and physical safeguards as well as access to
humanitarian assistance and durable solutions.
KURBANOVA MUYASSAR
Researcher, TSIOS
Developing innovation activity as a factor of competitiveness
in the National Economy of Uzbekistan
Abstract.
The article
reviews the position of innovation in the national economy, the
development prospects of innovation activity and the issues of formation and development
of innovation infrastructure in enhancement of competitiveness of national economy.
It
substantiates the importance of the acquisition of foreign technology in the innovation
policy of the countries with transition economy. Analyzed the leading direction of crea-
ting a national innovation system
and there are given suggestions for development and
effective management of innovation infrastructure.
Keywords and expressions:
national innovation system, innovation policy, R&D,
competitiveness, human capital, innovation economy.
Аннотация
.
Мақолада
миллий
иқтисодиётда
инновацияларнинг
ўрни
,
инновацион
фаолиятни
ривожлантириш
истиқболлари
,
миллий
иқтисодиёт
рақобатбардошлигини
оширишда
инновацион
инфратузилмани
шакллантириш
ва
ривожлантириш
масалалари
кўриб
чиқилган
.
Ўтиш
иқтисодиёти
мамлакатларида
инновацион
сиёсатда
хорижий
технологияларни
фаол
ўзлаштириш
муҳимлиги
асосланилган
.
Миллий
инновация
тизи
-
мини
шакллантиришнинг
устувор
йўналишлари
таҳлил
этилиб
,
инновацион
инфрузил
-
мани
ривожлантириш
ва
самарали
бошқариш
юзасидан
таклифлар
берилган
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
миллий
инновацион
тизим
,
инновацион
сиёсат
,
илмий
-
тадқиқот
ва
тажриба
конструкторлик
ишлари
,
рақобатбардошлик
,
инсон
капи
-
тали
,
инновацион
иқтисодиёт
.
Аннотация
.
В
данной
статье
рассмотрены
место
инноваций
в
национальной
эко
-
номике
,
перспективы
развития
инновационной
деятельности
,
вопросы
формирования
и
развития
инновационной
инфраструктуры
в
повышении
конкурентоспособности
на
-
циональной
экономики
.
Обоснована
важность
приобретения
зарубежных
технологий
для
инновационной
политики
стран
с
переходной
экономикой
.
Проанализированы
веду
-
щие
направления
создания
национальной
инновационной
системы
,
даны
предложения
по
развитию
и
эффективному
управлению
инновационной
инфраструктурой
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
национальная
инновационная
система
,
иннова
-
ционная
политика
,
НИОКР
,
конкурентоспасобность
,
человеческий
капитал
,
инно
-
вационная
экономика
.
Knowledge and innovation, new generation ideas, creation of new technolo-
gies and materials are key factors, which assure economic growth and competiti-
ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
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veness. Innovation is the product of interaction of scientific-research, experimen-
tal design organizations, research centers and universities with the consumers of
their products in the face of industrial enterprises, small and medium-sized bu-
sinesses and companies. Complex process of interrelations between science and
production, phased development and implementation of innovations in the form of
the finished product introduced on the market requires special attention and crea-
tion of special conditions.
In each country it develops in their own way, according to the specific econo-
mic system. But it is clear that these complex interactions must be adjusted in the
frame of the state policy aimed at the creation of a national innovation system. In
its innovation activities partners mentioned above do not work separately from
each other, but in the frame of its programs various levels, from the branch, regio-
nal to national ones. Therefore, the development of the national innovation system
and infrastructure innovation requires careful consideration of all the factors
which can affect the effectiveness and efficiency.
The main tasks of staidly developing the economy of Uzbekistan are structural
modernization of economy, supporting and promoting innovation activity, and for-
mation innovation economy. In the XXI century the science progress become the main
factor of social-economic development. The science progress develop through science
and education and it provides the competitiveness of the national economy.
Innovation policy in Uzbekistan is aimed at increasing the contribution of
science and technology to the development of the economy, ensuring progressive
structural and technological changes in the industry, strengthening the interrela-
tionship of science, education and industry of work.
Nowadays, the industries emerged with their products on the world market
(fuel and energy complex, metallurgy, automobile manufacturing, chemistry),
need to improve the efficiency of production capacity. In these cases, national in-
novation policy in key sectors of the economy is primarily aimed at accelerating
the development of domestic and foreign technological achievements.
Although the market plays an important role in stimulating innovation activity, it
can not ensure the dynamic development of national innovation systems. The signi-
ficance and the role of the government formulating a long-term strategy for the de-
velopment of these systems, and implementing specific measures supporting and
managing innovations is great. Innovation policy of the state mostly determines the
long-term economic development. Significant physical and moral deterioration of the
productive machinery, the obsolescence of accumulated amortization in the case of
the absence of protectionist measures promoting its rapid renewal makes it impossible
to compete with foreign producers, even in the domestic market, which requires a
sharp increase in innovative activity of the country. The main methods of imple-
mentation of the innovation policy is the formation of institutional and legislative
conditions for positive changes in the area of innovation. The scale of introduction of
advanced technologies and high-tech industry products at a large extent is determined
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by institutional reforms that ensure the development of new progressive forms of
innovation activities and business in the field of economy.
In our country while creating the concept of the commercialization of research
and innovation five key elements of the innovation system have been identified.
The development of these elements is necessary for more active involvement of
science in economic development sphere
1
:
• legal framework of innovation;
• innovation financing institutions;
• information complex;
• scientific and educational basis of innovation;
• structure of technology transfer.
As the experience of developed countries show, public policy, focused on an
innovative model of economic growth, objectively involves the development of the
financial infrastructure, which is one of the main prerequisites for the transition to
innovative development. Only under these conditions there can be activation of
investment activity and the reorientation of investment flows from the primary sector
to the manufacturing industry, and then
–
in the sphere of high technologies.
Unlike traditional investment projects the credit risk associated with the deve-
lopment and implementation of innovative projects is much higher. When the private
sector objectively considers the risks of innovation as excessive, the government
should take some risks and invest in new innovative projects. But in the imperfect
market, public and government institutions targeted state support has often led to the
selection of inefficient projects, which were closed with the end of government
support. Despite this, the experience of China, South Korea and some other countries,
indicates the possibility of significant reducing these risks through sound financial
sector liberalization and the development of specific financial instruments for inno-
vative projects. As these tools and mechanisms are used2:
–
Mechanisms for financing risky projects through the stock market, venture
financing, syndicated loans;
–
Reduction of investment risks by diversifying the portfolio of the investor, on
the one hand, and a stable source of financing due to the diversification of sources, on
the other hand. Countries having achieved considerable progress in the innovative
development in recent years actively use both direct and indirect sources of financing
innovation. The main ones are budgetary funds, extra budgetary funds, own funds,
loans, innovative investments, special funds, innovative foreign loans, grants, insu-
rance funds (direct sources), tax benefits and discounts, credit facilities, equipment
leasing, customs and depreciation benefits (indirect sources).
1
Рашидова
Г
.
Финансирование
стартового
этапа
инноваций
//
Экономическое
обозрение
,
№
3 (126), 2010. –
С
. 32–36.
2
Эффективное
использование
социально
-
экономического
потенциала
и
привлечение
новых
источников
экономического
роста
.
Материалы
VI
Форума
молодых
ученых
-
экономистов
/
под
общей
редакцией
д
.
э
.
н
.
Садыкова
А
.
М
./
Ташкент
: IFMR, 2014.
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2017,
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In developed countries, the main sources of financing are their own funds of
organizations. This is due to the interest of the producers themselves in comple-
ting research and development to produce new products.
Generalization of global trends shows that the higher the level of development
of the country, the lower the state's share in the structure of funding sources of
innovation is the higher the level of autonomy of the innovation process. The US
and Japan have a high level of autonomy (the state's share of less than 15%).
China and India have an average level (15
–
30%). On average in OECD countries
over 50% of the cost of innovation falls on the companies' own funds. Countries
implementing technical upgrading and modernization, as a rule, are characterized
by a low level of autonomy of the innovation process
1
.
It should also be noted that at the initial stage of formation of the national
innovation system, as demonstrated international practice, the state was the main
initiator and source of funding for large-scale innovative projects. In this way in-
novative sector of South Korea and China were established. In the US Silicon
Valley
–
Innovation Center is also formed in a condition where the state was the
main investor and the customer of innovative companies.
In the transition to innovative development small and private enterprise can play
an important role, which has become one of the priority areas in laying the founda-
tions of a market economy in Uzbekistan. Small business in the republic has become
one of the most important sectors of the crucial tasks of social orientation
–
creating
new jobs, providing employment, training of the workforce. Increase in the number of
actors resulting in employment to 75% of the economically active population. To
date, the sector as a whole is characterized by dynamic growth of qualitative and
quantitative indicators, the increase in the contribution to the national economy. It
became possible thanks to the continuous improvement of conditions of doing busi-
ness and the positive changes in the business environment
2
.
Small businesses in our country has the potential to increase innovation acti-
vity. One of the most important areas is to strengthen cooperative ties with big
business and the involvement of import-substituting production of component
parts and materials for large enterprises. Thus, the effective interaction with the
major automakers gave advantages to small businesses and companies to deepen
development towards improving the quality of products, the application of inno-
vation, thereby increasing the demand for their products.
Accelerating the development of small businesses in the innovation process
and the formation of small innovative enterprises and companies is necessary to
improve the business environment and create the necessary infrastructure. It is
1
Рашидова
Г
.
Финансирование
стартового
этапа
инноваций
//
Экономическое
обозрение
,
№
3 (126), 2010. –
С
. 32–36.
2
Чепель
С
.
В
.
Системный
анализ
и
моделирование
перспектив
устойчивого
развития
нацио
-
нальной
экономики
Узбекистана
. –
Т
.: IFMR, 2014.
ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ
2017,
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vital to strengthen state support for further developing and widening innovative
enterprises in the following directions
1
:
• financial support by providing large tax breaks and long-term loans,
incentives in research activities, development of guarantee funds and guarantee
loans similar to the current Korean Credit Guarantee Fund (KODP);
• creating an effective innovation infrastructure: the development of informa-
tion, marketing services, international trade fairs, exhibitions, etc.;
• technical assistance in technological developments. It is advisable to consider
establishing a specialized center in the country, or the Institute of Industrial Tech-
nology, such as in the localization of machine parts, materials, which are mainly
produced by small businesses. Of great importance for the development of new
industrial technologies and their application in the industry will be the training of
national specialists abroad.
Thus, government support and promotion of small business and private
entrepreneurship activity will increase the effective development of this sector in
the innovation sector of the country.
In conclusion, we note that the main objective of innovation policy in Uzbe-
kistan is the development of science achievements in the production for the
modernization of the national economy, ensuring progressive structural reforms
increase in the international competitiveness of the country.
The interrelationship of innovation and science and technology policy
promotes to hold a unified set of measures to ensure continuous innovation pro-
cess to move to a path of sustainable growth in GDP. Of particular importance in
this case becomes not only development of innovative strategies, its focus on the
formation of progressive technological structure, but also the ability of using the
whole range of direct and indirect control, focusing organizational resources on
priority directions, competitive research and development.
To improve innovation policies in terms of legislation, measures for the
development of legal acts, regulations on urgent measures for the development of
the intellectual property market and commercializing the results of scientific and
technical activities, as well as government support and encouragement of invest-
tors who invest in high-tech, high-tech manufacturing should be provided. It me-
ans creating the conditions for the formation of joint ventures with foreign part-
ners, organizations producing domestic high-tech products and their implement-
tation on foreign and domestic market, providing advertising of domestic innova-
tions abroad, improvement of exhibition activity, participation in international
information system for the exchange of information on innovative projects the
development of high technology unique equipment leasing. These methods will be
1
Батурина
В
.
В
.
Создание
деловой
среды
для
развития
малого
инновационного
предпри
-
нимательства
.
В
сб
.
Макроэкономические
и
региональные
аспекты
моделирования
устойчи
-
вого
экономического
роста
.
Материалы
Форума
экономистов
Узбекистана
. –
Т
.: info-
COM.uz, 2011.
Ч
.1. –
С
. 329–334, 388.
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applied taking into account changes in market state and the specific content of
innovative projects and programs.
The modern development of economic relations and the state of the business
requires a clear definition of the place and value of intellectual property rights as
an important part of the company's assets. After studying of international expe-
rience, following forms of commercialization rights to ITN can be offered: ITN
use in their own production for sale on the domestic and foreign markets in the
form of specific innovative products; the implementation of rights by granting
licenses for the use or concession of rights in OIC; Rights to the OIC by intro-
ducing the value of their rights to patented technologies to the charter capital.
Finally, to accelerate the formation of an effective national innovation system
it is necessary take the following measures:
–
To study the mechanism of financial support for specific innovative projects
involving the development of new technologies and industries, production of
competitive products that have commercial perspective, approved at the Repub-
lican fair of innovative ideas and technologies;
–
To determine the range of products with a potentially high demand in the
new conditions, the formation of target markets and positioning strategies for
them, i.e. to create an effective marketing structures, taking into account the fac-
tors developing the demand for innovative products of Uzbekistan;
–
To analyses current barriers preventing private investment from in taking in
high-tech industries, i.e. long-term investments in the form of high technologies in
exchange for finished high-tech products, ways and measures to overcome them;
–
To strengthen networking among industry enterprises, universities and research
institutes as the main participants in the innovation process of modernized economy.
Industrial and educational cooperation should be developed to encourage such
cooperation to intensify activities of the Agency for Technology Transfer as a center
coordinating researchers and facilitating the commercialization of their results;
–
to increase the intensification of industrial and technological cooperation and
cooperation on the international level and, moreover, to set up an accessible
information base (local area network) as a new form of exchange of knowledge
and R&D results, as joint R&D are more effective than competitive ones;
–
To increase the mobility of skilled manpower in the field of R&D and Indus-
trial innovations, provide continuous training of employees occupied in the eco-
nomy, as well as to interest young people in technical, engineering degrees due to
the creation of new training places in universities for the above mentioned areas
and contracting with the future place of employment after graduation.
