RESTORATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF LATE 19
TH
– EARLI 20
TH
CENTURY IN SAMARKAND
HIDIROV MUKHSIN, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of History and Cultural “Silk Road” International
University of Tourism and Cultural Heritage
ESIRGAPOV FARKHOD, candidate of science, senior lecturer of the "Urban Planning" department of
Tashkent University of Architecture and Construction
Abstract
: The article is devoted to the formation and development of architectural eclecticism in Central Asia,
as well as to the conservation and restoration of the architectural heritage of the late 19th - early 20th centuries on the
example of the cities of Uzbekistan.
Annotatsiya
: Maqolada Orta Osiyoda eclectic arxitekturaning shakllanishi va rivozhlanishi, shuningdek XIX
asr oxiri - XX asr boshlaridagi arxitekturaviy merosni Uzbekiston shaharlari misolida konservatsiyasi va restavratsiyasi
masalalari ko’rib chiqilgan.
Аннотация
: Статья посвящается вопросам становления и развития архитектурного эклектизма в
Средней Азии, а также вопросам реставрации и восстановления архитектурного наследия конца ХIХ - начала
XX вв. на примере городов Узбекистана.
Key words
: Architecture, eclecticism, restoration, repair, restoration.
Kalit so’zlar
: Arxitektura, Eklektizm, restavratsiya, ta’mirlash, kayta tiklash.
Ключевые слова
: Архитектура, эклектика, реставрация, ремонт, восстановление.
In the last third of the 19th century, the Russian Empire conquered most of the territory of
Central Asia. As a result, significant socio-economic and political changes have taken place in the
region. The first railway in the history of the region was built to deliver cotton grown in the region
and other agricultural products to the central cities of Russia for their further processing. In such cities
as Tashkent, Samarkand, Kokand, Margilan and others, according to the projects of Russian architects
and engineers, the so-called "new cities" were designed and built, according to the radial-beam
scheme. In the center of the new town-planning structure, on the border with the old "Asian city",
there was a fortified fortress with a military garrison of the Russian army. The radial - beam structure
of cities allowed the Russian administration to keep the entire city under its control, and if necessary,
the military had the opportunity to quickly respond to threats from the local population.
In the cities, the design and construction of railway stations, plants for the primary processing
of agricultural products and minerals, buildings for banks and other commercial enterprises, printing
houses and schools of a new type began. Russian architects and engineers designed residential and
public buildings according to Russian standards, taking into account local natural and climatic
conditions, as well as the cultural traditions of the region. At the same time, the new administration
and the advanced part of the Russian population who resettled in the region began to study and restore
the rich architectural and cultural heritage of the region [1].
When determining the features of the architecture of buildings and complexes erected in the
late 19th - early 20th centuries by Russian engineers and architects in the cities of Central Asia,
special attention should be paid to stylistic features. These features allow us to determine the methods
of restoration work on these monuments today. It is known that during the restoration of architectural
monuments in European countries, comparative modeling and graphic methods were often used. With
this method, the reliability of the restoration work was based on archival research. Factual methods
in the form of a practical study of the object and the study of historical sources make it possible to
apply a systematic approach to restoration objects [2].
The analytical method of research involves different ways of comparing restored objects and
methods for their restoration. Some of the research methods also focus on the religious approach
when considering the buildings of the two main religions - Islam and Christianity. The reconstruction
of architectural monuments in Central Asia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century
developed in the presence of a new Christian religion in the region, during a period of change in
traditional methods of placement and construction of residential and public buildings. The foregoing
was taken into account when determining the features of Russian architecture in Uzbekistan.
Examples of a number of architectural monuments that were restored and renovated in the late
19th and early 20th centuries, such as madrasahs, mosques, banks, palaces, traditional residences, as
well as various shrines, reflect the methods that were known to local craftsmen. For example, in
Samarkand during the time of the Russian Empire, during the restoration of buildings, the main types
of space-planning schemes of the architecture of the dwelling were taken into account according to
the following criteria [3]:
-closed type of house with a square plan;
- gallery type house;
- courtyard house;
- a house with a central hall;
- combined house.
In 1865-1891, during the reign of the Russian administration, local architectural monuments
were studied and reviewed as a whole. For example, when studying architectural monuments in
Samarkand, political, social and economic conditions for construction activities were taken into
account. These conditions were also reflected in the architecture of the 1900-1930s, which was more
artistically multifaceted.
Architects of the early twentieth century often combined architectural styles - European
classics and baroque with national traditionalism and the use of oriental motifs. A number of
architectural examples can be cited on the example of buildings and structures erected in the cities of
the Ferghana Valley, Tashkent, Samarkand and other cities. An analysis of architectural monuments
and their fragments in historical cities shows that many buildings and structures in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries do not have a specific stylistic orientation, but they have eclectic features. An
example is the Russian-Asian Bank in Kokand, the Palace of the General Governor in Tashkent, the
Russian-Chinese Bank and the Women's Gymnasium in Samarkand. These buildings are dominated
by eclectic forms, which are manifested primarily in decorative elements - arched windows,
balconies, cornice elements, etc. [4].
In the European part of the cities of Tashkent, Kokand, Samarkand and others, it is difficult
to find two buildings similar in style. The main factors in the formation and development of the
architecture of this period are:
- political (relations with the Muslim world.);
- economic (growth of trading activity, road construction, organization of a construction base);
- social (demographic changes);
- training of professional personnel of builders and restorers in cities.
In order to determine the organization of restoration and repair work, certain studies were
carried out at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Restoration and repair methods
have been defined and systematized as follows [2]:
1) general and special requirements for restoration and repair;
2) engineering and constructive method of restoration and repair;
3) space-planning method of restoration and repair;
4) methods of restoration and repair of small architectural forms.
The development of design documentation was carried out in two stages: a preliminary design
and the stages of a working design (or an adaptation project). In this case, it was necessary to comply
with the conditions for carrying out restoration and repair work. Common workflows considered
were:
- the basis for the selection of restoration and repair objects (taking into account the historical value
of the objects);
- multifactorial assessment and its objectivity - the basis of research;
-requirements to preserve the historical conformity of the object of restoration and repair;
-requirements for structural integrity;
- requirements of functional variability;
- requirements for maintaining methodological diversity;
- project documentation of the main stages of repair and restoration work;
- methodological foundations for the design of buildings with a given layout;
- engineering approach to the repair and restoration of architectural monuments of the established
period;
- constructive methods of restoring the lost parts of buildings;
- the practice of strengthening walls, foundations and domes.
- development and implementation of repair projects.
Figure 1. An example of the restoration of a building from the end of the 19th century.
Above - before restoration. Below - after restoration.
Thus, in conclusion, the following recommendations can be made:
- when considering the architectural heritage of the late XIX - early XX century, it is necessary to
determine the importance of their protection, restoration and repair, as well as rational use in modern
conditions;
- it is necessary to organize restoration and restoration activities according to the generally accepted
methodology;
- the specifics of the historical development of architecture in the late XIX - early XX century requires
a special study and proves its value. This is due to the socio-economic, political and cultural situation
in Central Asia, associated with the coexistence and equality of two religions - Islam and Christianity;
- characteristics of urban planning activities with architectural features (urban planning, volume-
spatial, architectural and artistic) of individual buildings and structures
- eclecticism in the architecture of Central Asia was formed under the influence of architectural trends
in the Russian Empire.
SOURCES AND LITERATURE:
1
.
Archive of Vyatkin V.L. Manuscript No. 232. Central State Institute of Arts of Uzbekistan, pp. 24-27
2. Kryukov K.S. "Organizational forms of protection and restoration of architectural monuments of Uzbekistan".
Architecture and Construction of Uzbekistan. No. 8, 1990, pp. 34-37.
3. Zasypkin B.N. "The results of studying the architecture of Uzbekistan for 25 years." Personal fund F-2406. Case No.
212, - 1942 Central State Archive of Architecture of Uzbekistan.
4. Zasypkin B.N. "Study, protection and restoration of architectural monuments of Uzbekistan". Personal fund F-2406.
Case No. 230, p. 6,. Central State Archive of Architecture of Uzbekistan.
