29
Масалан:
hareng, brelau, payson,
for
-префикси
Франк тилининг таъсири француз тилининг фонетик тизимига ҳам айрим изларни
қолдирди.
а) Герман тилларидаги сўзлар орқали у тилда мавжуд бўғиз товуши [
h
] ҳам қабул
қилиндики у XVI асргача мавжуд бўлиб келди ва кейин тўла муомаладан чиқди.
б) Герман тилларда мавжуд бўлган лабланган ярим унли [
w
] ҳам француз тилига кириб
келди. Бу товуш ѐзувда gw орқали ифодаланар, кейинчалик w тушиб қолди ва сўзлар ѐзувида
ўзгариш содир бўлди:
garde, guerre, guise
ва ҳк.
АДАБИЁТЛАР:
1.
Жирмунский В.М. Введение в сравнительно-историческое изучение германских языков.
М., Л.: Наука, 1964-316с.
2.
Кулдашева Ш.А. Роль и характер языковых контактов в условиях глобализации. Сборник
материалов III Международной научно-практической конференции «Инновации в образовании:
поиски и решения», 1 том, Казань, Российская Федерация, 2016, стр. 175-178.
3.
Мейе А. Основные особенности германской группы языков. - М.: Изд. иностранной
литературы, 1952. 167 с.
4.
Сергиевский М.В. История французкого языка. М.: Изд. Лит. на иностр. яз., 1947, 280 с.
5.
Kuldashev, Akram (2021) "THE ROLE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF HISTORISM IN
ETHNOGENETIC INVESTIGATIONS,"
Philology Matters
: Vol. 2021: Iss. 4, Article 2. DOI:
10.36078/987654601. Available at:
https://uzjournals.edu.uz/philolm/vol2021/iss4/2
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MODAL WORDS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH
LANGUAGES
Kaharova I.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Philological Sciences
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
tel: 90 174 99 22
Modality is one of the integral functional features of oral speech. The category of modality is one
of the most complex and meaningful aspects of linguistic communication. This category is one of the
problems that of interest not only scholars in the field of natural and social sciences but also linguists,
which is widely used in lexicology, phraseology, word formation, morphology, cognitive and textual
linguistics.
M.A. Abdurazakov explains deontic modality with three components: a) the nature of modality;
b) modal content; c) modality condition. The linguist defines each type of modality as follows: ―The
character of the modality is expressed in terms of the norms of the language in which an action must be
performed, possible or possible to perform or impossible to perform. At the heart of the modal content is
a participant in the situation, that is, a modal subject representing desire‖ [Abdurazakov M.A., 1985; 28].
In his research, J.A. Yakubov tried to reveal the semantic features of the category of modality by
linking logic and linguistics. According to the scholar, ―The category of modality is analyzed, on the one
hand, in connection with the science of logic.On the other hand, this semantic category is represented in
linguistics by language units. The current relationship between logic and language shows that the
convergence of the theoretical concepts of these two disciplines is an important factor in the development
of various languages‖ [Yoqubov J.A., 2010; 62].
When explaining grammatical aspects, it is important to study the category of modality
separately, especially to pay attention to its expression as a grammatical means in tenses of verbs.
In linguistics, tone plays a significant role in the relationship between a speaker and a subject
when expressing this category. The main goal of communication is to influence the listener's psyche and
change his emotional state. For this reason, dynamic interaction is an essential factor in the creation of a
text, in the choice of language units and encourages its interpretation as a cognitive-discursive
phenomenon [Jo'raeva M.M., 2016].
Words that express the speaker's attitude (modal meaning) to the thought being expressed are
called modal words. Modal words include:
афтидан, дарҳақиқат, дарвоқе, аттанг, эҳтимол, афсус,
шубҳасиз, сўзсиз, табиий, албатта, ҳақиқатдан, ниҳоят, бўпти, демак, айтмоқчи, ўз-ўзидан, бор,
йўқ
and etc). For example:
Дарҳақиқат, менинг фикрим тўғри чиқди (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола, 87) –
30
Actually, I was right (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 74);
Дарвоқе, хўжайиннинг айтгани тўғри, олди
қиш, борадиган, ѐтадиган маконимиз йўқ. (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола, 81) – Actually, the boss was
right. The winter was coming and we did not have any place to live (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 70).
Modal words have the following grammatical features:
1. Modal words cannot be terms of reality (they do not mean an object, a sign, an action, etc.).
2. Modal words add additional modal meaning to the thought expressed through speech. Modal
expressions perform the following functions in speech.
1) without syntactic connection with parts of speech, the introduction acts as a word. For example:
Ҳайтовур, поччанг келиб онангни тинчитиб кетибди (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола, 19) – Then your
brother-in-law came and calmed your mother down (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 15).
2) performs the predictable function. For example:
Шу дарѐнинг мурдор тўлқинлари ичида мен
шўрлик нима, битта хас-чўпдек ютилиб кетишим мумкин (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола, 91) – I could
sink in this big river (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 115).
3) may come in the form of a predicate. For example:
Тартиб керак, интизом керак (Ғафур Ғулом.
Шум бола, 5) – Keep the order (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 7).
4) the word serves as a sentence: For example:
Пул сўрайдиган жойига етиб қолдими? – Йўқ. (Ғафур
Ғулом. Шум бола, 137) – Is it reached at this time – No, they don‘t ask about this issue. Then your
brother-in-law came and calmed your mother down (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 115).
Modal words, as mentioned above, give different modal meanings to an idea.
Accordingly, modal words are divided into the following types according to their semantic
properties:
1. Modal words that express modal meanings such as clarity of thought, confidence, approval:
албатта,
шубҳасиз, ўз-ўзидан, ҳақиқатдан, табиий, дарҳақиқат.
For example:
Билет олиб кўришга,
албатта, сенда нақд ақча бўлмайди (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола, 89) – Of course, you won‘t have
money for purchasing a ticket (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 77).
2. Modal words expressing modal meanings such as doubt, uncertainty:
балки, ҳойнаҳой, чоғи,
афтидан, мазмуни, чамаси, шекилли. For example
:
Чамаси, ювғувчи топилмай бир неча кун туриб
қолган бўлса керак, анча ҳидланиб кетган эди (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола, 35) – I think he had laid
there for several days because they hadn‘t found a person who could wash it. There was a bad smell there
(Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 29).
3. Modal words expressing modal meanings such as goal, requirement, condition:
керак, зарур, даркор,
лозим
. For example:
Энди Омоннинг ахволидан хабар олиш зарур эди (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола, 36)
– Now we had cared for Omon (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 30).
4. Modal words denoting existence and assertion:
бор, майли, хўп
(sometimes
тўғри, яхши, тузук
qualities are also used in this sense based on function). For example:
Майли, улгуржироқ пул топсанг,
иккинчи боришда сени ҳам ҳажга олиб бораман (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола, 115) – If I find much
money, I will bring you to Hadj with me (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 96).
5. Absence, denial, objection:
йўқ.
For example:
Пул сўрайдиган жойига етиб қолдими?- Йўқ (Ғафур
Ғулом. Шум бола, 137) –
Is it reached at this time?
(Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 115).
6. Represents an approval value:
дуруст, бўпти.
For example:
Дуруст, – деди Омон (Ғафур Ғулом.
Шум бола, 86) – Well, – said Omon (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 73).
7. Concluding remarks, modal words denoting stress:
демак, хуллас, модомики.
For example:
Хуллас,
мен учун бу ер шикоят қиларли даражада зериктирувчи жой эмас эди (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола,
104) – Thus, this place was not boring for me (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 88).
8. Modal words expressing the meaning of a reminder:
дарвоқе, айтгандай, айтмоқчи.
For example:
Дарвоқе, хўжайиннинг айтгани тўғри, олди қиш, борадиган, ѐтадиган маконимиз йўқ (Ғафур
Ғулом. Шум бола, 81) – Actually, the boss was right. The winter was coming, and we did not have any
place to live (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 69).
9. Sadness is a modal word that means regret:
афсус, аттанг, эссиз.
For example:
Аттанг, бебилиска
пул топадиган касб қўлдан кетадиган бўлди-да!
(Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола, 58) – It‘s a pity that I
gave away the chance to earn money (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 49).
10.
Order of thought:
аввало, охири, ниҳоят
(sometimes this problem also uses sequence numbers like
биринчидан, иккинчидан...
). For example:
Соғман, хўжайин, ўт, аввало, ўғилхонага тушди (Ғафур
Ғулом. Шум бола, 68) – I‘m not crazy, my boss. First, the stable burned. (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy,
57).
Modal words are morphologically integral; that is, they are not divided into morphemes
[Shoabdurahmonov Sh., Askarova M., Khojiev A., 1980]. For example:
Демак, Тошкентнинг қаттиқ
қиши менинг учун чанада шувгандай тез ўтиб кетади (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум бола, 101) – In this
manner, the winter would pass fast (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 86).
31
Борингки, ҳафтада чойчақангизни ҳам бериб турай, илло бошқа пул важидан узр... (Ғафур
Ғулом. Шум бола, 81) – Each week, I‘ll give your money…(Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 69).
Modal words are also pure and carried over from other categories:
1. Purely modal words:
керак, лозим, шарт, даркор, бор, йўқ, демак, албатта, ҳойнаҳой,
хуллас, модомики, дарвоқе, эссиз, ҳайтовур, ажабо, ҳайрият, шукр, хўп, майли, хуллас, модомики,
бинобарин, кошки, шояд, ишқилиб, таажжубки.
2. Modal words moved from another category:
а) from noun:
чоғи, эҳтимол, афтидан, ҳақиқатдан ҳам, дарҳақиқат, чамаси, мазмуни,
афсус, аттанг, назарида, одатда, бахтимизга, эҳтимол, мазмуни;
b) from adjective:
тузук, дуруст, тўғри, яхши, табиий, шубҳасиз, сўзсиз, тўғрироғи, яхшиси,
тузук, рост, бор, йўқ;
c) from numerals:
first, second, primary;
d) from pronoun:
ўз-ўзидан, ҳар қалай, менимча, сенингча, сизнингча, бундан ташқари;
e) from verb:
айтгандай, айтмоқчи, десангиз, айтайлик, кўрасизки, ишонасизми, кечирасиз,
ўйлайманки, биласизми, чиқар, бўпти;
f) from adverb:
ҳақиқатан, аввало, умуман, асосан, зотан, аксинча, тахминимча,
айтишларича, очиқчасига, албатта.
For example:
Бирламчи, Ҳақ таоло ва таборакнинг ўз зотидурким, кулли мавжудот унинг
қудрати билан пайдо бўлибдур ва унинг амри билан жаҳонда барқарордур (Ғафур Ғулом. Шум
бола, 136) – The first, with the order of God, all the nature was created (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy,
113);
Modal words perform a syntactic function but do not function as parts of speech. Although modal
words in syntax enter into a syntactic relationship with parts of speech, they do not enter into a syntactic
relationship.
REFERENCES:
1.
Abdurazakov, M.A. (1985). Semantic structure of the statement (Semantic types of subjects and
predicates).
Dis. abs. doc. phil. sci.
(p. 28). Moscow.
2.
Gafur, Gulam. (2015).
A Naughty Boy
(160 p.). Tashkent: A New Generation.
3.
Gafur, Gulam. (2017).
A Naughty Boy
(Translation) (128 p.). Tashkent: A New Generation.
4.
Juraeva, M.M. (2016). Linguocognitive, national-cultural features of the modality category in
French and Uzbek fairy tales.
Dis. abs. doc. phil. sci.
Tashkent.
5.
Yakubov, J.A. (2007). Features of logic and language expression of the modality category.
PhD
thes. in phil.
(315 p.). Tashkent.
ТРАНСФОРМАЦИОННО-ДИСТРИБУТИВНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОГО КЛАССА
«КТО-ЛИБО ПРОПИТЫВАЕТ КАКИМ–ЛИБО МАТЕРИАЛОМ ИЛИ ВЕЩЕСТВОМ
КАКОЙ-ЛИБО ПРЕДМЕТ» В РУССКОМ И УЗБЕКСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
Абдурахманов Ф.И.
к.п.н., доцент, Узбекский государственный университет международных языков,
Ташкент, Узбекистан
тел:+998998020004
Достаточный и необходимый перевод с русского на узбекский язык должен
эксплицировать каждый из селекционных различителей русского глагола и его актантов, либо
порядком слов формальными принадлежностями глагола и его актантов в предикативной фразе
узбекского языка (при совпадении инвентаря актантов узбекского и русского глаголов), либо, если
этот инвентарь не совпадает, включить в узбекскую предикативную фразу такие словосочетания,
которые корректировали бы инвентарь актантов и соответствующие селекционные различители.
Коррекция селекционных различителей позволяет истолковать способы передачи семантики
падежных (предложно–падежных) конструкций русского языка в узбекском языке.
Сравнение семантики глаголов русского и узбекского языков на уровне глубинных
структур позволяет выявить либо одинаковое количество актантов, либо – различное. При
одинаковом инвентаре актантов один глагол русского языка переводится одним глаголом
узбекского языка и наоборот, ср. Андрей хатни конвертга солди. Поверхностные структуры
узбекской предикативной фразы допускают трансформацию в соответствии с одной
поверхностной структурой русского языка.
