50
5.
.ربکهذٌگ َلحار
ٍرّد ،یًبثز یبُ صُّژپ // یسربف ىبثز لبعفا حطس رد یتفبث ییبٌعه نُ َلئسه َث یتخبٌض یدرکیّر
ٍربوض ،مّد
2
ىبتسهز ّ سییبپ ،
1330
ظ .
125
-
115
6.
ٍرّد ،یًبثز یبُربتسج // یسربف ىبثز رد تکره یبُ لعف ةّبٌت ّ ٌَیهز یسبطًبٌعه .یرفص یلع
2
ٍربوض ،
2
ّ ربِث ،
ىبتسثبت
1332
ظ .
39
-
91
7.
لبس ،یتخبٌض مْلع یبُ ٍزبت // یسربف یبٌعهذٌچ لعف کی َث یتخبٌض یدرکیّر .یفیرض لایل
11
ٍربوض ،
4
،
1399
ظ ،
11
–
1
.
8.
وح
ٍربوض ،مْس ّ تسیث ٍرّد .یسربف تبیثدا ّ ىبثز شزْهآ ذضر // لعف یبٌعه رییغت رد رثؤه رصبٌع .یعیثر ذی
2
،
ىبتسهز
1399
ظ ،
50
-
49
9.
لعف ییبٌعه یبضف .مبفلگ ىلاسرا
«
ىذض
»
ٍرّد .یقیجطت تبیثدا ّ ىبثز یبُ صُّژپ // یتخبٌض شرگً :یسربف ىبثز رد
2
ٍربوض ،
4
ىبتسهز ،
1330
.
SYLLABLE FORMATION AND SYLLABLE DIVISION IN ENGLISH
Kurbanbaev Dj.A.
Foreign Languages Faculty, KSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Jumaniyazova Z.K.
Master student, KSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
As stated above the syllabic structure, as a component of the phonetic system, consists of syllable
formation and syllable division which are in close relationship to each other. All theories of the syllable
have more often attempted to explain the syllable formation, but the problem of the division has not been
thoroughly investigated, which is both theoretically and practically important in language description.
Nevertheless, it is possible to formulate some general rules of syllable formation and syllable division in
English [1: 103].
In English a syllable is formed by a vowel (monophthong or diphthong) alone or in combination
with one or more consonants Example: ore [o:], more [mә:], at [әt], [æt], [әt] cap [kæp], consideration
[‗kәnsidә-rei-∫n] etc.
In the English words bottle [bәt-l], batten [bæt-n], rhythm [rið:-m] the final sonorants lateral [n]
and nasal [m], [n] and sometimes [ŋ] may form separate syllables [4: 54].
But the English sonorants [w], [j], [r] cannot form syllables. Thus, we can distinguish syllabic [m,
n, l] and non-syllabic [r, j, w] sonorants. In English a syllable formation and syllable divisions depend on
many factors among which the phonotactic rules, which – determine the combination of phonemes or
clusters and the nature of adjoining them, are regarded very important. The permissible clusters of
consonants are, in part, conditioned by historical but chiefly by physiological factors. These include the
following: 1) whether two phonemes which might adjoin in the same-cluster have the same articulator; 2)
whether they have the same type of articulation; 3) whether they are both voiced or voiceless; 4) whether
the have the same or varying conditions of structure; 5) whether especially in phonemes of the same
articulation type, one is slightly more prominent than the other. Thus [r], an apical consonant, is never
preceded by [s], also apical stops do not combine initially with stops, etc. Syllabic consonants occur when
a syllable ends in [t], [d] or [n] and the next syllable is unstressed and contains [l], [n] or [m]. If the other
consonant clusters except c+[l], [n], [m] occur at the end of words they are regarded to be non-syllabic.
This conditions the existence of the contrast ―no syllable vs. a syllable‖. Example; cattle [kæt-l] –
cats [kæts], battle [bæt-l] – bats [bæts], muttony [mΛt-n] etc. thus, the syllable formation and syllable
division in English have a phonological function. From the articulatory point of view the clusters [t],
[d]+[l], [n] are formed with the tip of the tongue touching the tooth ridge, i.e. they have the similar type of
articulation. Clifford H., Prator Jr. points out two other cases of the occurrence of syllabic-consonants in
rapid conversational speech where stops and continuants have the same points of articulation:
1)
between [p] or [b] and [m] as stop‘em [stopthem] [st p-m];
2)
between [k] or [g] and [n], as in I can go [aikŋgәv].
The English sonorants are not syllabic when they fellow vowels. Ex.Sweden [swidәn], heighten
[haitәn], [lantern], [læntәn]; The following final clusters, in which the second member constitutes
sonorants [m], [n] and [i] may form separate syllable: [-tm], [:m], [sm], [zm], [-lm]; botton [b t-m],
rhythm [ri:-m], blossom [bl sm], film [film]; [p, b, t, d, k, g, dз, f, v, θ, s, z, ∫, l]+[n]; open [әu-pn], ribbon
[ri-bn], eaten [i:-th], garden [ga:-dn], darken [da:-kn], dragen [drae-gn], region [ri-dзn], often [-fn], seven
[se-vn], earthen [з:θn], lesson [le-sn], season [si:-zn]; [p, b, t, d, k, t∫, dз, v, f, s, z]+[l]; people [pi:pl], table
[tei-bl], settle [se-tl], middle [mid-l], cycle [sai-k], bugle [bi:-gl], racial [rei-∫l], rifle [rai-fl], cudgel
[kΛdзl], civil [si-vl], castle [ka:-sl], drissle [dri-zl], special [spei-∫l] [2: 11].
In some cases two syllabic consonants may occur in the derivatives of English words, for
example; national [næ∫nl], regionally [ridзnli] etc.
51
Acoustically the syllabic feature of [n] and [l] may be characterized by relative duration and
intensity, which are interpreted as their prosodic properties. As to the distribution of the non-syllabic
consonants, it is conditioned by the occurrence of [ә] or [i] sounds between the two elements of the
clusters cited above, whereas their omission is necessary for the formation of syllables. None of the above
clusters exist in final position of Karakalpak words. On the contrary, in such Karakalpak word forms as
қалды ―stayed‖, саған ―for you‖, барды ―went‖ etc. combinations of [л, и, н, р]+с appear which are
divided-into two syllables [3: 30-39].
The consonants [л, р, й, в, н, м, п] cannot form syllables in Karakalpak isolately. When they
occur before vowels, they signal the existence of a syllable division before of after them example; бала
[ба-ла] ―a child‖, қә-не [қә-не] ―where‖, барған [бар-ған] ―gone‖, қарда [қар-да] ―on the snow‖, уйге
[уй-ге] ―to the house‖, суўда [суў-да] ―in the water‖, кӛрдинбе [кӛр-дин-бе] ―Have you seen‖ etc.
All Karakalpak vowels are freely used before or after consonants and it is an important factor of
syllable division and none-syllabic character of the consonants [л, м, н]. Thanks to this difference inert
may be cases of syllabic interference. The syllable division may depend on the free-and checked character
of English vowels. All the long monophthongs, two diphthongoids and diphthongs of English are
regarded free, as they occur both in open and closed syllables, while all the checked vowels occur in a
closed syllable. The free vowels may be separated from the word-final syllabic sonorants, when the latter
form separate syllable with the preceding consonants.
For example; cable [kei-bl], people [pi:-pl], garden [ga:-dn].
When we checked the vowels they were separated form other vowel sounds by only one
consonant sound, the exact determination of the syllabic boundary was a moot point. Theoretically this
means that the syllable division can only be either within or after the intervocalic consonant and never
before it, since the vowel is checked by it, and the syllable is closed [2: 247].
Example; matter [mætә], sitter [sitә], manner [mænә], lesser [lesә] etc.
Though after stressed checked vowels of such words as middle, sunny, flannel, the syllable
division regularly occurs before the consonants: [‗midl], [sΛni], [flæ-nl]. In many English words the
syllable division automatically coincides with the morphemic boundary. Example, take over [teik‘auvә],
day time [‗deitaim], overdressed [‗әuvәdrest]. Such a coincidence of syllabic and morphemic boundaries
often occurs in English complex and compound words.
G.P.Torsuyev points out that there are many cases of the variation of phonemic structure of
English words, winch are conditioned by different types of assimilation and reduction. For example;
[mpt]→[mt:] attempt, [kәn]→[kn]: bacon, [nt∫]→[n∫]: bencher, open [әup(ә)n], total [taut(ә)l], etc.
G.P.Torsyev states that the articulatory transition is constant in syllable boundary but all other features of
a syllable may be varied by the influence of different phonetic factors. [5: 90-95].
There are also cases when syllable boundary is within the consonant sound in an intervocalic
position or within the C+sonorant cluster in word-medial position. Example; ever [ev-vә], difficult [dif-fi-
k(ә)lt], sunny [sΛn-ni], middling [midl-liŋ]. A similar case may be noticed in some Karakalpak words:
ала [а-ла], ―black‖. Incidency, such cases appear as the result of metanalysis of syllables into two
syllables which often occur in rapid pronunciation, but, they are theoretically doubtful.
As a conclusion, we may say that the syllabic structure of English is very complex and we have
analyzed some of its general problems of theoretical importance. Also we tried to reveal the comparison
of some elements of in English and Karakalpak, which requires to investigate thoroughly.
REFERENCES:
1.
Connor D.O. and Trim J.L.M. Vowel. Consonant and Syllable Phonological Definition. ―Word‖.
Vol-9. 1953 p.103.
2.
Vasilyev V.A. et al. English Phonetics. M. 2016. p. 11
3.
Вахек И. Несколько замечаний о роли слогообразующий функции при фонологическом
анализе. В кн. «Человек и язык». Москва. 1970, стр. 54
4.
Багдасарян С.А. О фонетический природе сонантной слоговости. Сборник научных трудов.
Москва. 1977. стр.30-39.
5.
Торсуев Р.П. Константность и вариантность в фонетической системе. М., Изд. «Наука»,
1977. стр. 90-95.
