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4. Хамдам У//JAHON ADABIYOTI: MODЕRNIZM VA POSTMODЕRNIZM (O‗quv qo‗llanma)
Toshkеnt – 2020.
5. Холбеков М.Х АСР МОДЕРН АДАБИЁТИ МАНЗАРАЛАРИ. ПОСТМОДЕРНИЗМ АДАБИЁТИ
ТАМОЙИЛЛАРИ
https://kh-davron.uz/kutubxona/jahon/muhammadjon-xolbekov-modern-adabiyoti-
PRAGMATIKA VA INTONATSIYANI FRANSUZ NUTQIY ETIKETIDA QO„LLANILISHI
Dehqonov I.
o‗qituvchi, nemis va fransuz tillari kafedrasi, FarDU, Farg‘ona, O‘zbekiston
tel: +998916770358
Nutqiy etiket formulalari u yoki bu darajada o‗z ichiga olgan, nutqiy harakatning asosiy turlari
boshqalaridan ajralib turadi: direktiv (ko‗rsatma)lar, komissiyalar, ekspressiv (ta‘sirchanlik)lar,
deklarativ(rasmiy)lar, reprezantativ (taqdimot)lar - ma'lumotli nutq harakatlari (xabarlari)ni maqolamiz
doirasida ko‗rib chqishga harakat qilamiz. Har qanday nutqiy aktning asosiy xususiyati; niyat, maqsadga
intilish, kelishuv hisoblanadi. Nutqiy aktlar har doimo so‗zlovchi shaxsi bilan bog‗loqdir. Masalan: ―Allô
, bonjour, Madame! Je suis directeur commercial de la Compagnie Aubert. Je voudrais parler à Monsieur
Laroche.‖ ―– Quel est votre nom?‖
Quyidagi holda nutqiy etiket salomlashish va xayrlashish shakllari bo‗lib xizmat qilishi mumkin
―Au revoir, chère amie, et à très bientôt‖ jumla maktubda ma'lumot beruvchi nutq akti bo‗lib keladi [1; 5].
Nutq harakatlarining har xil turlari (salomlashish, xayrlashish, tasdiqlash, iltimos va boshqalar)
illokutiv harakatlar deyiladi. Perlokutiv harakat - bu harakat, aytilgan gap qaysiki tinglovchiga ta'sir
qiladi. Bu bilan shuni nazarda tutiladiki tinglovchi nutq ma'nosini tushunishigagina emas, balki
tinglovchining holati yoki xatti-harakatlaridagi o'zgarishlar tushunish natijasi hisoblanadi [2; 3]. Nutq akti
modelida gapning ma‘nosi uch komponentga bo‗linadi: 1) aytilayotgan gap (lokutsiya), 2) xatti-harakat
ma‘nosi nimani ifodalaydi (illokutsiya), 3) nutqning samarasi yoli ta'sir natijasi qanday (perlokutsiya) [1;
6]. Ushbu modelni misolda ko‗rib chiqamiz: ―- Bonjour, Monsieur. Vous désirez? – Voila: je n‘ai jamais
fait de ski, j'en ai très envie, mais je n'ai pas tellement de temps‖, bu erda birinchi luqma lokutiv akt
hioblanib, qiziqtirish (illokutsiya) ni ifodalaydi, luqmaga javob perelokutiv akt hisoblanadi. Nutqiy
aktning markaziy momenti(daqiqasi) illokutsiya-nutqiy harakat turi hisoblanadi.
Nutqiy etiket pragmatika doirasida nutq sub‘ekti bilan aloqada, aniq yoki yopiq maqsadni
ifodalashi mumkin (Ostinning fikricha, ―illokutsion kuchlar‖), Ya'ni, nutqiy etiket "illokutsion kuchlar"
bilan tavsiflanadi.
Nutqiy etiket o‗zida, qoidalarini tartibga soluvchi tizimni ifodalovchi nutq odobi o‗rnatish,
tanlangan ohangda suhbatdosh bilan aloqani qo‗llab-quvvatlash yoki to‗xtatish uchun jamiyat tomonidan
qabul qilingan va belgilangan milliy o‗ziga xos stereotipli barqaror aloqa shakllarini ifoda etadi [1; 7],
shaxs nutqining nutq harakati maydoni koordinatini o‗z ichiga oladi; semantik koordinat, har bir aniq til
uchun o‗ziga xos bo‗lgan nutqiy etiket birligi tizimini namoyon qiladi; pragmatik koordinat, berilgan
birliklarni ishlata olish qobiliyatini ifodalaydi; shuningdek, integrativ koordinat tufayli nutq etiket
birliklari yuqori darajadagi konstruktiv element birliklari bo‗lishi mumkin [2; 5]. Nutqiy etiket
integratsiyasi muloqotning umumiy kontekstiga uning visitasida ham asosiy lingvistik (kommunikativ,
kognitiv) ham ixtisoslashgan (tartibga solish, yig‗ish, aloqa o‗rnatish) funksiyalari orqali amalga
oshiriladi. Nutqiy etiketning asosiy ixtisoslashgan funksiyasi - bu ma‘lum darajada aloqa o‗rnatish yoki
fatik
funksiyalar hisoblanib, nutqiy etiketning aniq darajalarida, salomlashuv yoki murojaat vaziyatidan
to xayirlashuv vaziyatigacha amalga oshiriladi. Nutqiy etiket, umuman xuddi etiketdek qandaydir taomil,
"taomillashtirilgan" nutqni muloqot aktining elementar namunasi-o‗zaro nutqiy aktlar yoki ularni tashkil
etuvchi luqmalarni o‗zida namoyon etadi.
Taomillashtirilgan nutqning namunasi quyidagicha tavsiflanadi: muloqot va nutqiy harakatda
suhbatdoshlarning nutqini bo‗lmaslik; Xuddi shunday nutq harakati
nutqiy ta‘sir xarakteriga ega,
qaysiki suhbatdoshni shunga o‗xshash nutqiy harakat bilan javob berishga undaydi (masalan,
salom→salom; xayr→xayr, (ko‗rishguncha) xayr) va boshqalar). Nutqiy etiket formulalarini ishlatishdan
maqsad, xuddi qoida tariqasida, muloqotga kirishish va uni davom ettirishda, hamda to‗xtatishda ham
qulay aloqa ohangini yaratish zaruriyati oldindan belgilanadi. Nutq odobini mos qoidalarda amalga
oshirish zaruriyati va ehtiyojni tushunish motiv bilan belgilanadi. Shunday qilib, nutqiy ko‗nikmalar
darajasida nutqtiy etiket birliklarini amalga oshirish mos vaziyatlarda tayyor nutq formulalarini qayta
ishlatishga olib keladi.
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"Salomlashish", "Murojaat", "Xayirlashuv" vaziyatlarida bir kishi kun davomida qayta-qayta
duch keladi, nutq ko‗nikmalarini avtomatlashtirish nutqiy etiket formulalarini desemantizatsiya qilishga
olib keladi. Biroq shu bilan birga bu erda tanlov amalga oshiriladi, ―nutqni avtomatlashtirish‖ aldamasligi
kerak, chunki bunday nutq mexanik ravishda tanlansada, shubhasiz, til vositalariga faol munosabatni
bildiradi [1; 8].
Sanab o‗tilgan vaziyztlarda nutqiy etiket formulalarinig avtomatik tanlovi, suhbatdoshning
―o'rtacha‖ holatidagina sodir bo‗ladi. Shu bilan birga, sinonimik qatorning stilistik jihatdan neytral,
dominant birliklari mos keladigan intonatsion bezak qo‗llaniladi [2; 16]. Biroq, nutqiy etiket
formulasining bunday ―o‗rtacha‖ intonatsion xususiyatlari o‗rnatilgan aloqa maqsada qarab talaffuz,
salomlashish va murojaat formulalar kabi, yoki bo‗lmasa yakunlash maqsadida xayrlashuv formulasi kabi
o‗zgarib boradi. Shunday qilib, bir mavzu guruhining nutqiy etiket formulasini bir necha bor takrorlash
ma‘lum bir vaziyatda o‗ziga xos talaffuz stereotipini yaratadi, u yoki bu darajada jumla ma‘nosini
o‗zgartirishi, muloyim muloqot ohangidan qo‗pollikka o‗tishi va butunlay muloqotni to‗xtatishi mumkin.
Intonatsiyani biz keng ma‘noda elementlarni o‗zaro bog‗langan xuddi bitta so‗zdek tushunamiz:
ohang, temp, ovoz balandligi, pauzalar va urg‗ular. Intonatiyaning akustik tuzilishi asosiy ohang
chastotasi (AOCH) va o‗z vaqtida tezlashuvi majmuini o‗zida namoyon etadi.
Til va nutqda intonatsiya gaplarning kommunikativ turlarini, gap qismlarini semantik
ahamiyatiga, shakliga ko‗ra ajratadi, gapni ritmik guruh va sintagmalarga bo‗lib, bir butun ifodada
sayqallaydi; aniq his-tuyg‗ularni ifodalaydi, matn osti ifodani ochib beradi, so‗zlovchi va muloqot
vaziyatni tavsiflaydi.
ADABIYOTLAR:
1. Armengaud, F. (2007),
La pragmatique
, Paris, PUF (5
e
éd.)
2. Blanchet, Ph. (1995),
La Pragmatique
, Paris, Bertrand Lacoste, Coll. "Référence".
BACKGROUND
OF
BORROWED
WORDS
IN
THE
ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
AND
THEIR
TRANSLATION
Avezimbetova A.
teacher, NSPI named after Ajiniyaz, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Kaljanova U.
teacher, NSPI named after Ajiniyaz, Nukus, Uzbekistan
In linguistics,
a calque
or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by
literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation. Used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or
phrase from another language while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target
language. "Calque" itself is a loan word from a French noun, and derives from the verb "calquer" (to
trace, to copy). Loan translation is itself a calque of the German "Lehnubersetzung". Proving a word is a
calque sometimes requires more documentation than an untranslated loan word, since in some cases a
similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when
the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the language proposed to be borrowing,
or the calque contains less obvious imagery.
New words.
New technology, new fashions, new problems, new attitudes: the world is changing
all the time and so is the English language. Every year new words are invented. Some become a
permanent part of the language; others fall out of the language again when they are no longer needed.
There's a display to show how far you've drilled down. From this page you can click through to all kinds
of interesting stuff. A completely new verb may be formed by adding the adverb to a noun or an
adjective, for example page through something:
She paged through the report looking for her name. We'll
have to scope out the project before we can estimate the time it'll take.
Phrasal verbs are often turned into
compound nouns and adjectives using a hyphen:
We improved our click-through rate by 30%. We provide
a walk-through (= a guide) to familiarize users with the dictionary [1; 98].
Compounds are the commonest type of new word, when two existing words are combined to give
a new meaning. It is not hard to guess what an asylum seeker is, or home-schooling, if you know what the
elements mean. One new combination inspires another. You probably know hardware and software, but
do you know liveware and wetware, formed on the same principles?
New words can be easier to remember if they rhyme, for example chick flick or shock jock, or
alliterate (= repeat the same first letter), for example pester power and drag-and-drop. These new
compounds are often imaginative or humorous, because they show connections between things that seem
to be very different. Some examples are fashion victim (= someone who takes fashion too seriously),
