81
3.
Имена собственные становятся как бы опорными точками в межъязыковой коммуникации
и, тем самым, в изучении иностранных языков.
ИС сегодня – неотъемлемая часть жизни людей, плод коллективного творчества,
отражение мировоззрения, критического восприятия действительности. Это явление,
существующее со древних времѐн Каракалпаков, представляет собой уникальную возможность
глубокого изучения менталитета, системы ценностей процесса их исторического изменения и
других составляющих безграничной науки о Человеке.
Многие учѐные считают, что имени собственному в лингвистике уделяется мало внимания.
Имя собственное – важное звено в межъязыковой коммуникации. О них почти ничего не
говорится в учебниках по языку. Имена собственные, действительно, помогают преодолеть
языковой барьер и служат для особого, индивидуального обозначения предмета безотносительно к
описываемой ситуации.
Проведенное исследование позволяет сделать вывод о важности изучения ИС, многие из
которых существуют в языке десятки и сотни лет и являются отражением мудрости народа.
Таким образом, в разноструктурных английском и каракалпакском языках имеются свой
собственные особенности в сфере антропонимов, которые помогают осознать культуру разных
народов, проявляющиеся вопреки их территориальной разобщенности, это позволяет говорить о
том, что антропонимы – это часть истории народа, его культуры.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА:
1.
Ермолович Д.И. Имена собственные: теория и практика межъязыковой передачи – М., 2005 –
416 с.
2.
Елисеева, В. В. (1998). Анализ литературного текста (пособие по спецкурсу для студентов
английского отделения). Издательский Центр «Академия»
3.
Хожалепесова Ю.Н. Прозвищ в системе каракалпакской антропонимий. Дисс.канд.филол.наук.
– Нукус, 1995
4.
Сайымбетов О.Т. Қарақалпақ тилиндеги меншикли адам атлары. Нӛкис «Билим» 2000. 12 стр.
5.
Потапова С.Ю. Номинация лица в обиходном дискурсе. Ярославль, 2003. -267стр.
6.
Лосев А.Ф. Философия имени. –М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1990. -269с.
7.
Donnellan K. Proper Names and Identifying description// Semantics of Natural language. –Dordrecht,
1972.-p.32-45
8.
Reaney P.H. The origin of English Surnames. –London, 1967. -415p.
ON THE LINGUISTIC STATUS OF PHRASAL VERBS IN MODERN ENGLISH
Erejepova J.U.
Assistant teacher, Theory and Practice of Translation Department,
KarSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
tel: +998933610330
Annotation:
The article deals with the linguistic status of English phrasal verbs and determines the
linguistic status of lexical units. Consideration of the status of phrasal verbs will help to identify their
linguistic features, without which it is impossible to develop a scientifically based methodology for
teaching phrasal verbs.
Key words:
phrasal verb, technology, approach, component, functioning.
Stable combinations like make up, find out, get up are widespread in modern English: the
Longman Phrasal Verbs Dictionary contains over 5000 units. In addition, phrasal verbs are extremely
common. Thus, according to The Bank of English, the occurrence of the phrasal verb give in is 60
occurrences per 1 million words. Approximately the same frequency of use has such words as address,
adopt, airline, airport and appearance.
The study of linguistic works shows that the field of study of phrasal verbs is expanding, they are
considered from a variety of positions: contrastive linguistics (N.A. Lvova 1990), the speech approach to
establishing the functional features of PG (E.A. Dolgina 1991), the diachronic approach (L .V. Shvedova
1997, T.A. Bakhanskaya 2001), the theory of semantic types (G.E. Belaya 1995), a complex, multi-level
approach to the study of FG (N.N. Skomoroshchenko 1995), the functioning of FG at the super-segment
level (A. Yu. Grigoryan 1999), pointing theory (A.V. Kravchenko 1987, S.Yu. Bogdanova 1997),
cognitive approach (E.E. Golubkova 1990, 2002, I.A. Yatskovich 2000).
82
Such a great interest of linguists in PV is explained not only by their wide use, but also by the fact
that the topical issue of determining their linguistic status has not yet received an unambiguous solution.
The linguistic phenomenon has a number of names in domestic and foreign linguistics, reflecting the
different views of researchers on the nature of verb combinations: compound verb (E. Kruisinga, V.N.
Zhigadlo, I.L. Pluzhnik), intermittent verb (A. Live) , two-word verbs (A. Taha), a verb with a postverb
(N.N. Amosova, I.A. Kliyunayte, N.A. Lvova), a verb with a postposition (I.E. Anichkov, N.N.
Skomoroshchenko), a complex ( I.V. Nogina), verb complex (E.E. Golubkova), verb-adverbial
phraseological
unit
(A.I.
Smirnitsky,
S.B.
Berlizon,
L.A.
Chinenova),
verb-adverbial
combination/complex/lexeme (A Kennedy, M.P. Ivashkin, T.A. Bakhanskaya, Zh.G. Songolova), phrasal
verb (L. Smith, D. Bolinger, K. Sroka, R. Hiltunen, G.I. Akhmanova, E.A. Dolgina, L.V. Shvedova,
S.Yu. Bogdanova, A.Yu. Grigoryan, I.A. Yatskovich), verbal analytical lexeme (G.E. Belaya).
The term "phrasal verb", which is preferred to many other terms and is widely used at the present
time, was first introduced into linguistic literature by L. Smith in the book "Words and Idioms Studies in
the English Language" (1948): "... Even more numerous are idiomatic combinations of verbs with
prepositions or prepositions used as adverbs. Phrasal verbs of this type, you might call them "phrasal
verbs" like keep down, set up, put through and thousands of others, are not only one of the most striking
features of our language, ... they are also included in a huge number of idiomatic anomalies - phrases, the
meanings of which are not derived from the meanings of the words that make them up‖ (translated by
Bohach N.).
The linguistic status of units of the "take off" type is debatable. The dialectical contradiction
between the form and content of these nominative units still causes heated debate, especially on the issue
of classifying them as units of syntax, word formation or phraseology. Different views on the status of the
studied formations can be represented in the form of two opposite points of view: [Kobozeva, 2000; 352].
1) formations like "take off" are phrases (free or phraseological),
2) formations like "take off" should be attributed to words.
Proponents of this point of view interpret PV as phrases of varying degrees of freedom (A.I.
Smirnitsky, V.N. Makeenko, I.E. Anichkov, N.N. Amosova, SE. Gursky, M.P. Ivashkin, etc.). To
substantiate this point of view, such a feature of PV as its separate design becomes decisive. Perhaps,
because of this, the supporters of this point of view on PV as a phrase are not unanimous in assessing the
part-speech belonging of the second component of these formations. A significant number of scientists
believe that these formations are phrases of the verb and adverb (I.V. Arnold, S.B. Berlison, SE. Gursky,
M.P. Ivashkin, etc.). This approach to the status of the second components of PV, in which they are
included in the number of adverbs or prepositions, I.A. Kliyunayte singles out as "undifferentiated".This
traditional point of view is based on diachronic data, which quite convincingly testify to the adverbial
origin of the second components of phrasal verbs (see, for example, the works of A.S. Nenyukova 1950,
M.P. Ivashkin 1988). In addition to historical data, the following facts of the modern English language,
cited in the work of G.E. Belaya (1995):
1) all verbs of motion participate in such formations, verbs of state relatively rarely function as
the first components of the units under consideration;
2) it is possible to use adverbs that wedged between the components. The most frequently wedged
adverbs are "right", "back", "straight": "But just as surely the stock will go back up within a week...",
however, other adverbs can also be wedged: "Ceci sat silent, drink in hand , staring impassively out into
the shadows";
3) formations like to take off can correlate with prepositional phrases, cf.: "She came in with a
rack of hot toast" and "She came into the room with a rack of hot toast";
4) the combinations under consideration can correlate with combinations of the verb and adverbs
like "downwards", "upwards", "inwards", "onwards": "The golden ball of opportunity had been thrown up
for you, my boy", said Mr.Leadbetter in a last touch of poetical fancy". Compare: to throw the ball
upwards;
5) the second component and the prepositional phrase can be homogeneous members of the
sentence: "Amos looked at the top of the tent then back down at Dune";
6) the second component can function as a preposition: "They went out the door to their bikes".
[Galskova, 2004; 336].
As methodological techniques, tests for splitting (She went down - She went. She was down.) and
transformation of adjectivization (He moved the lever up and down. - His up and down movement of the
lever) are offered, (examples from [Belaya 1995; 12-13].
However, as G.E. Belaya notes, with the exception of the diachronic data on the adverbial origin
of the second components, all other arguments given to argue this point of view do not apply to all cases
of the speech functioning of the formations under consideration:
83
1) the proposed tests for substitution and splitting are often impossible: "You're being tiresome",
her father cut her off. —* Her father cut her. She was off;
2) with the exception of cases when several second components are used, the transformation of
adjectivization is impossible (Not came up -* His up coming);
3) wedged adverbs often refer to the entire education, rather than defining the second component:
"Already she had passed smoothly over to unquestioning delight";
4) inversion, wedging, the use of several second components with one verb also do not apply to
all formations of this type;
5) with an ellipse of the verb, the second component does not turn into a regular adverb, but
represents the whole formation: "Its advantage tonight was that its windows faced out the front of the
house, not out the rear";
Consideration of the status of phrasal verbs will help to identify their linguistic features, without
which it is impossible to develop a scientifically based methodology for teaching phrasal verbs.
REFERENCES
:
1. Bakhanskaya, T. A. The development of subsystems of English prefixed verbs and the corresponding
verb-adverbial combinations of the type overcome - come over: author. diss. Cand. Philol. Sciences / T.
A. Bakhanskaya. - N. Novgorod, 2001. - 18 p.
2. Galskova, N. D. Theory of teaching foreign languages: Linguodidactics and methodology/ N. D.
Galskova, N. I. Gez. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004. - 336 p.
3. Golubkova, E. E. Phrasal verbs of motion (cognitive aspect)/ E. E. Golubkova. - M.: GEOS, 2002. -
175 p.
4. Kobozeva, I. M. Linguistic semantics: textbook / I. M. Kobozeva. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2000. - 352 p.
5. Popova, N.P. Structural and semantic characteristics of derived names from stable verb combinations
such as "break down", "fall out", "pick up" in modern English: author. dis.... Cand. Philol. Sciences / N.
P. Popova. - Odessa, 1984. - 16 p.
REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT “TIME” IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PAREMIAS
Suraganova A.M.
USUWL Master‘s student, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
tel: +998913709031
Cognitive linguistics occupies a central place in the study of the relationship between man and the
world, because language acts in it both as a tool and an object of research, and as the source material on
the basis of which scientists draw conclusions about the work of consciousness. The concept of "time",
being one of the key concepts, is an important part of the conceptual system, which is reflected in
different ways in all languages, which allows us to talk about temporal perception, ethnic temporal
mentality, temporal universals, and, in general, about the temporal picture of the world.
In "Essays on Cognitive Linguistics," Z. D. Popova and I. A. Sternin examine the problem of
concept verbalization in depth [
Popova Z.D., Sternin I.A. 2001: 49
]. Language means are required simply
for the concept's expression, not for its existence. Furthermore, only the most important thoughts have
linguistic expression; the majority of concepts exist exclusively in the human mind, and their translation
to a vocal form is discretionary. There are several ways to verbalize a concept in a language: ready-made
lexical units and stable expressions of the language's lexico-logical system (words do not fully convey the
concept; rather, they express a set of individual features of the concept required to convey a specific
message); free phrases, sentence schemes (or syntactic concepts); and texts or sets of texts (for complex,
abstract, or individual author's concepts) [
Popova Z.D., Sternin I.A. 2001:49
].
As forms of proverbs, proverbs and sayings reflect the nation's experience as well as every day,
social, historical, and spiritual meanings and ideas that are essential to this people. Because of their direct
relationship to people's lives and historical events, proverbs are frequently evaluative and have
implications that emerge based on people's experiences. "A positive or negative evaluative element is a
defining component of connotation and is determined not only by the centuries-old system of moral
culture of each people, but by the political and ideological platform of a particular state at a certain stage
of its development," writes A.V. Vestfalskaya [Vestfalskaya, 2015: 1].
All this makes proverbs and
sayings a good material for analyzing the verbalization of concepts and complex concepts in the
language.
