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BARBARISM IN THE EYES OF LINGUISTS
Khatamova Zulaykho
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13897127
Inter-linguistic interactions are a natural phenomenon that occurs in the languages of
each world and is characteristic of itself. During periods, certain words come into one language
from other foreign languages under the influence of various factors. Such words are called
barbarisms. Currently, there are several interpretations of the concept of" barbarism". Some
linguists say the term is derived from the Greek word “barbarismos”, while others say it comes
from the Latin word “barbaris”. In both cases, it means “foreign, alien". Thus, in the dictionary
of foreign words (I.V. Lyoxin and F.N. Edited by the Petrov) barbarism in a broad sense: "given
as a word or phrase derived from another language and borrowed from another language" [7,
p. 120].
A. Reformatsky interprets the concept of barbarism as “foreign words denoting
colorfulness in describing alien realities and customs that are self-centered” [4, p. 137–138]. In
the 1960 N. Golovina gave barbarism such a definition:” barbarism is the use of foreign words
or phrases into speech without necessity" [3, p. 19]. The scientist brings savagery closer to
lexical tools that block speech and disrupt its purity: dialectisms, jargon, vulgarisms, suffixes,
complement words and clericalisms [1, p. 18–19]. An important aspect noted by linguists (a. V.
Bride, N. M. Shansky, I. B. Golub, V. N. Suzdaltseva) is that there are other words that replace
the existing barbariani words in one language, thus, due to the use of barbarism, words that
already exist in one language are repeated, such as coffee-coffee, fast food - fast food – fast food,
cadre-worker, etc.
T. V. Novikova considers barbarism to be "any units of a foreign language that have
entered functionally in a stylistic direction, adapted and in the same language , but have not yet
entered the language system, do not have full rights, are not recorded in normative academic
dictionaries", [Novikova, 2003, V. 58].
I. G. Dobrodomov mentions the following signs of barbarism:
1) Words whose origin is foreign, i.e. barbarisms, are appropriated words;
2) Words in which frequently used by young people who have entered the new URF and
are “in harmony with the Times” [2, p. 158].
To understand what barbarism is, there received different definitions from different
sources. Barbarisms are words in other languages used in conversation or writing, but not at
all assimilated, even if there are equivalents in the language. Nevertheless, since these words to
some extent "adapt" to language norms, their origin from a foreign language is very clearly felt.
Barbarism is a foreign word or phrase that is famous for being used in certain situations
that have entered a language and are not mastered.
Barbarism is a foreign word or phrase that is not fully mastered by the language,
perceived as foreign as a violation of the norm of the language.
Barbarisms are derived words used by the people of the United Kingdom, often not
assimilated and assimilated, such as addio (Italian), tete - a tete (French), dolce vita (Italian),
duende (Spanish), etc.
N. Golovina, barbarisms are words or phrases in a foreign language that are included in
speech without any need [3, p.19]. The scientist brings barbarisms closer to lexical tools that
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disrupt speech in its purity: dialectics, jargon, vulgarism, swear words, parasitic words and
chancellorisms. [Pp. 1, 18-19].
D. E. Rosenthal and M. A. Telenkova's dictionary-reference barbarism signs include weak
assimilation of words, and often due to grammatical difficulties, words or phrases in a foreign
language are incompletely absorbed by another language in such a way that " [Page 5, 189] has
been defined.
Thus, barbarisms are foreign derived words that exist in a language that retain a foreign
form, i.e. foreign pronunciation and spelling.
Such words have synonyms in the general dictionary layer. Barbarisms are not inclined
to develop meanings, they are monosemantic lexical units.
It should be noted that barbarisms were recorded and used in dictionaries, mainly in the
fiction or journalistic style. They often play the role of stylistic devices by conveying the local
atmosphere or by emphasizing that this is happening in another country.
To know the difference between barbarisms and simple words entering from real foreign
languages, it is necessary to prohibit that barbarisms, unlike foreign words, will be included in
the dictionary even if the meaning of the original word is around, while foreign words are not
recorded in dictionaries at all, while barbarisms have found their place in full English
dictionaries. Usually foreign words and barbarisms in works of art will be written in italics.
From the analysis of definitions, it can be seen that barbarisms (derivations)are given by:
1. They can be described as neologisms if they represent new concepts.
2. They can be described as egotisms if they represent cultural reality.
3. They can be described as jargon if they belong to a certain social or professional group.
4. Foreign jargon (suffixes in the language (foreign language in the form of embedded
phrases).
Some linguists promote the non-use of barbarian terms because it can also convey
negative connotations such as ignorance, uncivilization, and rudeness. In our study, the term
"barbarianism" has no negative connotations; we use this term to distinguish between
pronouns.
In connection with the emergence of new pronouns in the language, in some cases, we
consider it justified to highlight new layers of the dictionary and explain the definition of new
names.
Words of the language derived from other languages present in the vocabulary can be
classified as follows:
Source of acquisition from another language, assimilation by what side of the word is
borrowed and by level. I want to dwell on the last aspect. To do this, first of all, it is necessary
to understand what assimilation is. I. V. In Arnold's lexicology of the English
language:"Assimilation of words from other languages-these words can be partial or complete
according to the phonetic, graphic and morphological standards of the language and its
semantic system. »
The degree of assimilation depends on the duration, frequency of the word and its use.
Arnold proposes the following classification:
Words from other languages:
1. Fully assimilated
2. Partly from other languages
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3. Not assimilated at all or barbarisms - will be in the state.
Fully assimilated barbarian words are found in all languages. Examples include barbarian
words (cheese, wall, street) entered from Latin TII, barbarian words entered from Scandinavian
TII (husband, root, gate; verbs: call, take, want, and adjectives: happy, ill, wrong). These
barbarian words are subject to all morphological, phonetic rules of tilling, which they come into,
and are actively involved in making a word form according to the spelling standards of the
English language. They cannot be separated phonetically.
Arnold groups partially assimilated barbarian words into four:
a.) semantically unassigned barbarian words because they are things or phenomena
specific to the country from which they are derived.
b.) ungrammatical barbarian words, such as nouns derived from Latin or Greek, as well
as a proper form of plural.
c.) phonetically completely unassuming barbarian words, such as French words: machine,
police.
d.) graphically incomplete barbarian words. Barbarian words, which are part of this
group, are very numerous. Among them are French words, in which the finite consonant is not
pronounced: ballet.
3.) Unlimited barbarian words.
The suction process can be very deep. The origin of such barbarian words is not noticed
by English speakers and is determined only with the help of etymological analysis.
In linguistics, the most common understanding of the term "barbarism" is that it is built
in contrast to the foreign elements it is assimilated. Among the concepts, the main thing that
defines barbarianism is that the lexeme is not developed in the receptive language (L. P. Krysin,
N. M. Shansky, M. I. Fomina, V. V. Kolesov, I. B. The opinion of Golub et al); as well as the lack of
rigor in dictionaries (A. A. Bride, I. B. Golub, L. I. Rahmanova's opinion), the use of a foreign
word both in a foreign language and in other language graphics (A. A. Reformatsky, L. P. Krysin,
M. I. Fomina), low frequency and use only in a specific context (L. P. Krysin), use in separate
groups of speakers (D. N. Shmelev); occasional use (L. P. Krysin, I. B. Golub) are the basic
concepts that define barbarism.
The opinions of scientists about the future fate of barbarisms are divided, some of which
say that due to occasional use, they may completely disappear, others say it is possible (D.N.
Shmelev), or, conversely, prohibits the eventual recognition of a foreign language as an original
lexical compound (N.M. Shansky, I.B. Golub).
