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PRAGMATIC POLYFUNCTIONALITY OF WORDS
Djurayeva Shahlo Gulom kizi
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
The teacher of the “Department of English history and grammar”
shahlodjurayeva2@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15480896
Abstract:
the article deals with the analysis of the context determined functional
polysemy of discourse markers which help communicators during the processes of discourse
generation, actualization and perception. The research is based on Russian and English
academic speech and the materials of the National Russian Corpus. Functional polysemy, a
characteristic feature of many discourse markers both in Russian and English, is realized on
two levels – beyond the pragmatic functions of these words and within them.
Key words:
discourse markers, polysemy, functional polysemy, Russian language,
English language, desemantization.
The text includes the language means of transmission is the main one for the
implementation of the speech idea of informations and language aids to this to perceive the
information. Auxiliary function conjunctions, prepositions, particles – service women's words;
recently, special attention
is also applied to those means performed in language not only a
purely service function, but also used in text to express logical connections (however, after all,
in general), the order of presentation thoughts (firstly, further), the degree of their reliability
(of course, apparently), the author's relationship to his soby tiyu, expressed, specific word
(interesting, it is important to take into account, in short), etc. Such funds are called discursive
words [1; 2], or discour sivami.
Discoursives are verbal modes of expression auxiliary function in communication. To
these include special lexical units: words, collocations and stable speech revolutions (inog yes
sentences), the function of which is to assistance to communicants in the process of creating
discourse, its implementation and perception. Discursives wear transcategory harakter: these
include particles, interjections, introductory words and expressions, conjunctions, as well as
the words "banners" full parts of speech (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs). Unification
criterion all these heterogeneous units in one discourse class sives is their general function
related to regula by casting and organization of the communication process. We believe that
this function should be considered a support genial in relation to the main function, holy zannoy
with the expression communicative units factual, propositive information. For us discursives
are units primarily function of a nalo pragmatic level. Discursive functions differ significantly a
manifold. They can be conditionally divided into two groups: regulatory and organizational of
character. Regulatory functions are related to the expression of different degree of reliability of
the statement ( as if surely, perhaps), additional meanings (even, only, even, just), of one's
opinion (on my opinion, I think, I think, I believe), assessments of soder burning (important,
interesting, that's important, it's significant) and speech (so-called, in short, in other words,
metaphorically speaking), emotion o attitude (fortunately, hopefully), by perfection speech
actions (we are talking about, I am now calling you. Organizational functions are manifested at
the level of not sentences and at the level of text and discourse. On the level of the discursive
sentence connects several to sentences or their parts are signals of logic relationship (however,
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however), introduction of example (for example, for example), adding information (also, in
addition), word search (well, means well). At the discourse level, discoursives point to its
components: the beginning (well, let's start with the first process, we'll start with), transitions
from theme to theme (now, as for; now; then), conclusion (so, on this we are finishing, to sum
up), sequence and the consistency of topics, ideas (first, finally, one part is, fi nally), referred to
fragments of the same text (as noted, as I've been shown) or of unknown information (as you
know, as we all know). Discursive analysis in Russian and English scientific speech showed the
dependence of many parameters moat of their use (total frequency, frequency the nature and
peculiarities of the use of individual sub types) from oral or written form of speech, in dividend
preferences and the attitude of the author, the level of spontaneity/preparedness of the text (in
oral speech), a type of scientific discipline. Are noted and some national-cultural features use
of discoursives in Russian and English speech [3; 4].
One discursive can have several different or similar pragmatic functions that retare licked
either simultaneously or one at a time (isoli even) in different contexts, and this testifies to
about ambiguity or, more precisely, polyfunctionalti discursive units. Many linguists tend to to
distinguish between the polyfunctionality of the two types [5–7]. In case of simultaneous
expression of two or more functions we are talking about syncretism discourse of the
sycophantic word. (exactly, I emphasize, actually, in fact), regulation by speech contact (so, well,
here we are are, right).
For example: The fact is that I cannot to say that I limit/do not take all other spheres which
is distinguished by, say, Skalkin/there were seven spheres of communication. In this fragment,
dialogs which scientific speech discursive say syncretic: he functions simultaneously as an
authorizer discursive, as an estimate of speech inaccuracy, as a signal administration of the
example and as a hesitant. Syncretism is a case of ambiguity that is not allowed context - the
plural value of the discursive remaining coming. J. Buzzanella calls such a polyfunction
syntagmatic salinity [5]. When discoursives have different functions in different situations, we
can talk about contextually space stitched or paradigmatic polyfunctional discursive
information. For example, discursive and here can be used in the function of accent and
hesitativa, like can be a marker of someone else's speech, highlight the main thing is to fill in
pauses. However, each of these possible functions are used in a specific context as the only one.
This is the type this article is devoted to multifunctionality.
Let's analyze the functions that some have Russian and English discoursives in different
contexts, and their distribution between the main and auxiliary communication levels.
The material for our research is whether the texts are Russian and English oral scientific
speech.
Russian speech is represented by a dialogic form records of the meeting of the sector staff,
preliminary full discussion and defense of the dissertation, opub jubilant in the collection
"Modern Russian Oral scientific speech "[8].
Problems of ambiguity of the linguistic sign freely widely discussed in modern linguis tike.
Researchers talk about the ambiguity of the tongue cue and speech, syntactic, lexical and lexical-
grammatical, regular and irregular, ambiguity and homonymy, intonation multisignificance,
syncretism, enantiosemia and diffusion etc. [9-11].
Note that the terms "polysemia" and "ambiguity" is traditionally considered synony mami.
However, as A. A. Zaliznyak notes, under only lexical is usually understood by lysemia the
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significance of the paradigmatic character, then how meaningfulness is understood more
broadly, and it can to be syntagmatic as well. Mentioned above syncretism is a manifestation of
syntagmatic ambiguity. In addition, it can be multi-valued be not only a single word, but also an
expression or statement [10]. However, since we consider disitalics by units functionally and
pragmatically th level, and the values of these units are studied by the main image through
theirPolyfunctionality of discursive words, undoubtedly recognized as their integral feature [1;
2; 5; 7; 10; 12; 13]. Some linguists claim, that no discursive marker is mono functional [7].
Interpretation of functions of disitalics depends on many factors: on the general context and
meaning of the statement, on the place in the structure tour utterances, from intonation.
Polyfunctionality of discours this is at different levels. First, some discursive words do not
are capable of performing non-discretionary functions: they can transmit actual information
and information use as primary (not auxiliary communication units, and therefore perform the
role of a sentence member: cf. Russian by the way as discursive and as a member of the sentence
Dates converged by chance, but very handy; or English you know as discursive and as subject
and predicate in pre. Do you know what I did? (BNC). In this way call, some of the functions of
such tokens and combinations come out outside the auxiliary fieldSecond, discoursives can
demonstrate exclusively pragmatic or discursive context-resolvable polyfunctionality, lying
directly in the field of auxiliary units. So, in different contexts, English discourse siv well can be
a hesitative inside a replica one speaker, marking a search for a word or someone else's speech,
preface the listener's reaction or response to words of the speaker, express some emotions
(surprising laziness, anger, disappointment, doubt), stand in nain the final replica, used as
accentuating; very well can express consent .In the texts of the English we analyzed well
lectures were not met very often - 27 repo-
Tremenia (cf.: so used 105 times). Although a lecture is a monological scientific genre,
most -the use of well turned out to be more frequent here, prefacing the answer to the question.
The lecturer is often tasked- questions and answers them himself: How do you measure the effi
ciency of a radiation chemistry process? Second, discoursives can demonstrate exclusively
pragmatic or discursive context-resolvable polyfunctionality, lying directly in the field of
auxiliary units. So, in different contexts, English discourse - siv well can be a hesitative inside a
replica one speaker, marking a search for a word or someone else's speech, preface the
listener's reaction or response to words of the speaker, express some emotions (surprising
laziness, anger, isappointment, doubt), stand in in the final replica, used as accentuating; very
well can express consent and sub. In the texts of the English we analyzed well lectures were not
met very often - 27 repo- Tremenia (cf.: so used 105 times). Although a lecture is a monological
scientific genre, most - the use of well turned out to be more frequent here, prefacing the answer
to the question. The lecturer is often tasked- questions and answers them himself: How do you
measure the effi ciency of a radiation chemistry process? The main reason for
multifunctionality discursives should probably be considered deseman- tiling. J. Andersen
writes that discursive markers on the path from unambiguous to multivalued pass the
intermediate stage of grammaticalization - of their propositional and non-propositional
propositional values are superimposed on each other on a friend, as a result of which units
appear, combining the properties of a full-fledged word and discourse siva [15]. R. I. Babaeva
notes that "as a result changes in the semantics of lexical units of origin there is an increase in
the role of the pragmatic component and the importance of denotative and signi- ficative
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elements, "while observing changes in the use of the word [13, p. 7]. If individual discursive
words are subjected to gram- maticalizations, then discursive revolutions and expressions they,
on the contrary, are influenced by lexicalization, which "is connected with the automation of
speech and fixation let's have a pragmatic function behind the construct as a whole in a certain
situation "[13, p. 8]. Among the discoursives subjected to grammatics- Lisia, you can call
Russian discoursives, say, so, you know, you know, you say (too), say (s), look, listen, don't
know, don't tell, co- roche, wider, who have lost the grammatical category of time. The most
frequent English discours- you so, now, like, you know, I mean also in many cases have lost their
primary meaning and repo- required to regulate communication. Let's dwell on the lexeme say
and consider it use in different functions. Quantitative analysis of 200 examples of the use of
this token from NKRY (oral and newspaper buildings) showed that, example, as a full verb in
oral and newspaper in buildings, it is used only in four (2%) servants - teas out of 200, Wed:
However, name the new owner- the official refused the official. "When everything takes place -
oba- let's say wisely "; We will repair everything for them now and let's say: pay for heat
according to the full scheme. All the remaining cases of use are discursive. Special dictionaries
contain only one the value of this discursive. Dictionary edited by V.V. Morkovkina interprets
say as "an indication of human, subject, phenomenon, etc., which are illustrative are ruining or
fleshing out something (indicates a certain arbitrariness of choosing someone or as an example)
"[16], i.e. performs the fun-copy of the instance. In the "Dictionary of Adverbs and official words
of the Russian language "let's say defined- appears as a word expressing an uncertain
assumption [17]. In both dictionaries, the lexeme has a litter of "over- thief, "however, as our
material has shown, say occurs quite often in scientific speech (lectures, scientific dialogues),
and in the newspaper. Special dictionaries contain only one the value of this discursive.
Dictionary edited by In 17% of cases out of 200 registered pri-merov in the newspaper and in
31% in the oral building say included in the discursive revolutions let's say, frankly, let's be
honest, let's just say, let's just say, let's put it bluntly: Bi years, frankly, are not cheap: £35 ster-
linga is the most modest price; The setting on the rebel front is not very, let's say, horo- shaya.
In most cases, these discursive both - companies express the speaker's assessment of their
message in terms of its accuracy and reliability. We will tell so can reduce categoricity, express
so- opinion, soften what was said, and frankly say categor- richness, confidence and credibility
increases. So, we see that the discursive word let's say manifest- lays down its
multifunctionality as within the field auxiliary communicative units, and for its limits. Some
discoursives, being prototypical - mi, function only as auxiliary units: for example, discursive
here. In dictionaries and linguistic studies are noted by his zinous, amplifying, excretory,
anaphori-value, the value of the instance. Repo- its use for expression is also avoided emotions
of admiration, surprise, bewilderment, disappoint- treatment, schadenfreude, etc. [16; 17].
Thus, here can implement a whole range of functions as regulatory (transfers the ratio), and
organic a yawning plan (used as a bundle). The highest frequency is, the finite but, in oral
speech. In the dialogue we have researched - chesky scientific speech this discourse is the most
frequency. At the same time, three quarters of all use- laziness falls on the accent: Since here
this question cannot be/now so resolved/we propose to leave introductory-subject courses.
About one-quarter are about-hezi-tatives: I don't know how to e/formulate/require - nia here
to the first part; This makes it possible organize/to some extent here we say case problem.
Several uses are about to tiva, for example, accompanying the final part Utterances: Each
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remedy/multifunction- but/by definition//Here/this dual/ this multifunctional/and
simultaneously/well i see. Fateful here, as a rule, stand out pauses and are percussive; they
structure discourse, divide it into parts, point to specific elements of its structure (more often
on output). Sometimes in dialog here is used by the listener for the expression - consent,
confirmation of the speaker's thought. In the following example, however, is such a
confirmation we find in the words of the speaker himself: Here is often used as part of
discursive revolutions with an amplifying value: but, so, well, like this, Wed: But the so
called/earlier the existing introductory course with us/continues two weeks; Well, for
example/I will explain Shchas. Important, that all the functions of the particle here lie within
the framework of the discursive level. Here are examples of the functioning of English skew
lexeme so from lecture texts. So functioning et on two levels - as the main unit in quality ve
adverbs (so big) and as auxiliary as the union of consequence, purpose, i.e. at the level of supply
(ср.: Liquid pentane / is about ten moles per litre / so it’s a ten-thousandfold excess of the
solvent / and so ninetynine/ point-nine-nine per cent / of all the energy goes into the solvent),
as well as as a signal, prior to breaking the next piece of text (new theme or, more often,
inference) - at the level of discourse (cf.: In a past the text wouldn’t be fi nished and wouldn’t
have a beginning a middle and an ending // S So, the material we analyzed Russian and English
oral scientific speech showed that polyfunctionality is characteristic of discoursives both
languages. At the same time, multifunctionality is different new discursive words manifest
themselves in different ways. So, prototypical discourses here, well implement a whole range
of functions at the auxiliary level.
Pragmatic polyfunctionality of discursive words communication units. Functions of other
tokens, in volume among those that have passed into the category of discursive from significant
parts of speech (say, so), manifesting are carried out both at the basic level and at the auxiliary
level.
References:
Используемая литература:
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1.
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2.
Discursive words of the Russian language: experience of con-text-semantic description:
sat. articles/ed. K. Kiseleva, D. Payara. - M.: Metatext, 1998. –446 p.
3.
E. Yu. Viktorova Role of quantitative approach in the study of the functioning of discursive
words/E. Yu. Viktorova//Philology and man. – 2013. – № 4.- S. 34-46.
4.
E. Yu. Viktorova Some Features of Repo-discursive words in different scientific disciplines
(English language material )/E. Yu. Viktorova//Languages in the modern world: ma-terials X
Mezhnunar. conf. - M.: KDU, 2012. –S. 135-140.
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Bazzanella C. Discourse markers in Italian: towards a ‘compositional approach’ / C.
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