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JADID MARIFATPARVARI-MUNAVVARQORI ABDURASHIDKHANOV
Xalimov Axrorjon
Teacher of “Social Science” Department of
Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15478457
ABSTRACT:
Activities of Turkestan jadids, opening of jadid schools, manifestations of
jadidism, Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov's life and work in jadidism, written works,
Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov made many efforts in the path of enlightenment.
KEY WORDS:
Jadidchilik, Abdulla Qadiri, Cholpon, Fitrat, Muslim Khan teacher, "Oyna"
magazine, "Khurshid" newspaper, "Maktab", "Nashriyot" companies.
The last 130 years of the history of the Uzbek nation were spent in the "white" and "red"
kingdoms. The tsarist and soviet states, who set themselves the goal of plundering the
material and cultural wealth of the Uzbek land, were the leading representatives of the people
who lived in that period - those who wanted to see it free and liberated, and who worked in
this way. destroyed continuously. As a result of such a terrible policy, the generations did not
know the great figures who emerged from the Uzbek people in the 20th century for many
years.
The name of those who burnt themselves for Eli and carried the beacon with their blood
will never be forgotten. No matter how much the politicians condemn such people, they
themselves remain a shame in front of the country, history and time. After all, both country
and history cherish selfless people in their hearts.
One of such figures that our nation has passed on from generation to generation is
writer, poet, pedagogue, public figure Munavvargari Abdurashidkhanov.
Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov is one of the great figures of the Uzbek people born in
the difficult 20th century, like F. Khojaev, Abdulla Qadiri, Cholpon, Fitrat.
In the years of tsarism and bolshevism, which befell our nation, Munavvarqori was a
guiding star who spread the seeds of enlightenment and freedom, liberty and freedom in the
hearts of our people and nation, and illuminated the turbulent paths of the country's life,
according to the wisdom of "I am with you: you are with me". was
"Munavvar" means enlightened, radiant. In Turkey, even now, this word is used instead
of an intellectual. They said that "Qori" is the one who recites the Qur'an in a solemn way. He
was born in an enlightened family in Tashkent and grew up worthy of his name. It is known
from the documents that he was born and raised in the neighborhood of Darkhan,
Shaikhontohur. His father, Abdurashidkhan Sotiboldikhan Olimkhan, was a mudarris, and he
opened a school in Eshankuli dodhoh madrasah in the neighborhood where he lived and
taught 40 students. His mother Khosiatkhan Atin also taught women in her yard.
Abdurashidkhan and Khosiyat had three sons. The eldest was Azam Khan, the middle
one was Muslim Khan, and the youngest was Munavvar Khan. Azam Khan taught children in
the neighborhood school. In 1910, he wrote to the Inspector of Educational Institutions of
Syrdarya region asking for permission to open a modern school and the curriculum was
preserved. According to the application and the program, he taught children at the level of
four grades. Munavvarqori compiled the curriculum. The fate of teacher Muslim Khan was
different. He tasted all the oppression and oppression of the Shura government. Although he
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worked as a teacher for eight years, like his older brother and younger brother, for the next
nine years he was the imam of the Mirza Abdullaboy mosque in the neighborhood, and his life
was always in danger.
Domla Muslim Khan was imprisoned on January 27, 1942 on charges of revealing state
secrets. The investigators sent him to a special assembly (osoboe soveshanie) to sentence him
to be shot. But since there were no evidences confirming his crime, the days spent in prison
were counted as punishment, and he was released on November 28, 1942. He died at the age
of 69 while working as an ordinary worker in different places.
As a young child, Munavvarkhan received his initial education from his mother, and
when he learned to read and write, he took lessons from the schoolmaster Usman, who had
reached maturity at that time, and grew up under the influence of his brothers. After
completing the Noble Qur'an and receiving the title of "Kari", he realized that he still could not
get into science well.
He studied at the "Yunuskhan Podsho" madrasa for several years, but was not satisfied
with the knowledge he received. In 1898, he went to Bukhara and continued his studies in
hadith, jurisprudence, science of interpretation and other fields.
From a young age, Munavvar began to think about the fate of the Motherland, the social
life of the people, the "white king" and his policy of colonization, Russification, and
destruction of the religion of Islam. Munavvarqori decided to open a new school based on the
"usuli jadid" - "usuli savtiya" (sound method) founded by Ismailbek Gaspirali in the Crimea in
the 90s of the last century. In 1901, at the age of 23, Munavvarqori opened the first school of
Savtiya method in Tashkent. In the mentioned period, together with Tatars, Crimean teachers
contributed to school work in Turkestan, especially in Tashkent.
In an interview with G. Andreev, reporter of "Turkestanskie vedemosti" newspaper, he
spoke about the organization of modern schools of the Munavvargari method and said: "I
personally went through a difficult life path. In order to learn something, I had to study first in
Tashkent and then for a long time in Bukhara madrasas. In any case, despite studying science
in madrasahs for many years, I did not get much of what is necessary for life. That's when I
came up with the idea of finding a good way to quickly, easily and easily lead those who have
been taught in madrasahs for years. I would like to establish small schools-madrasas based on
fundamental modern pedagogy with a new manual."
The new school method started by Munavvarqori quickly spread to Turkestan. Its
enterprising fans are called "progressives". Munavvarqori becomes the leader and guide who
unites them. For these schools, he compiled and published textbooks such as "Adibi avval",
"Adibi soni", "Tawjid al-Qur'an" ("Recitation of the Qur'an"), "Er Yuzi" ("Geography"). is
enough. These textbooks were published separately at least 2-3, at most 9-10 times between
1901-1917.
Munavvarqari and his school had a high reputation. For example, the following evidence
can be given: in one of the 1914 issues of the "Oyna" magazine, Mahmudhoja Behbudi's
answer to the question of the customers about the prospects of higher national education in
Turkestan was printed. .
Munavvarqori does not understand that the rise and revival of the nation depends only
on the school. He loves to read religious, secular and socio-political books, magazines and
newspapers. Especially the newspaper "Tarjimon" (1881-1914), published in Crimea by
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Ismailbek Gaspirali, the "father" of Jadidism, had a great influence on Munavvar's
development as a nationalist and a people-lover.
According to one of Munavvarqori's students, Laziz Azzizoda, on the eve of the
revolution, hundreds of magazines, newspapers and collections of progressive spirit came to
Turkestan, including Tashkent, from Russia, Turkey, Egypt, Iran and other eastern countries.
They were read among intellectuals and young people, in madrasahs. There is no doubt that
Munavvarqori also enjoyed this. In addition to Turkish languages, he also knew Russian and
Persian well. He understands the need to inform the general public about world events, and
pays great attention to the publication of newspapers and magazines and artistic and
scientific collections.
Munavvarqori's services were great in the arrival of the Uzbek press. He was one of the
organizers and authors of "Taraqqi" newspaper, which was published on June 27, 1906, the
first example of the Uzbek press. In the same year, Munavvargari himself published the
newspaper "Khurshid". One of the active authors of the newspaper was Khudoyor Khan's son
Fansurulobek. Mahmudhoja Behbudi's famous article "Khairul umuri avsotukho" strongly
rejecting Ishtirokiyun (socialist) party was published in this newspaper (1906, No. 6). The
newspaper "Khurshid" will be confiscated because it covers issues related to Sharia, as well as
the state of the people, economic and political problems.
Later, Munavvarqori showed enthusiasm in launching "Sadoyi Turkistan" (1914-1915).
In March 1917, he published the newspaper "Najot" under his editorship. In June of this year,
the "Kengash" magazine was published in Tashkent by Ahmad Zaki Waliy. Soon after,
Munavvarqori began to lead its editorship.
In general, the emergence of the Uzbek press and its historical development cannot be
imagined without Munavvarqori and his hundreds of passionate articles. Munavvarqori is one
of the most notable representatives of social and political activism and the rise of national
liberation at the beginning of the 20th century. According to Abdulla Avlani's biography, since
1901, "Jadidlar toda" was formed from local youth in Tashkent. In 1914-1915, the editor of
"Sadoy Turkistan" and wrote a letter with Leo Tolstoy in 1909, the lawyer Ubaydulla
Asatillaho`jaev, poet Abdulla Avloni, Nizomiddin Khojaev were known as activists of this
group. Avloni informs him that he became a member in 1904. Munavvarqori was therefore
one of the founders. In 1909, he founded "Jamiyati Khairiya" together with other enlightened
Jadids. In 1913, he founded the "Turon" society. He opens companies such as "Maktab" and
"Publishing". The purpose of the society was to stimulate education and culture among the
rural Muslim population, to provide them with material and spiritual support, and to prepare
and show stage works for them. Munavvarqori paid special attention to the work of educating
young people in developed countries, thereby introducing the Nation and Motherland to
children, and educating them about the world. From 1908 to 1923, with his enthusiasm and
initiative, more than a hundred Turkestans studied abroad. In 1920-1923, Fitrat and Fayzulla
Khojaev supported this initiative in Bukhara.
According to the data, only in 1922, the number of people studying in Germany reached
60. Although Munavvarqori did not write a play, he stood by Abdulla Avloni in the
establishment of theater work in Turkestan. It is no coincidence that the charter of the
"Turon" society, created in 1913, emphasized theatrical work, and that the "Theater Amateurs
Troupe" was founded on its basis. On February 27, 1914, the drama "Padarkush" was staged
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for the first time by this troupe in the "Colosseum" (now the building of the Trade Exchange)
in Tashkent. Speaking before the performance, Munavvargari said at the ceremony: "You all
know that there is still no theater in the Turkestan language. For this reason, some of our
people look at the theater with the eyes of playfulness or clowning. However, the meaning of
theater is the word "school" or "school of the great". The stage of the theater is like a house
made of glass on all sides, and whoever enters it, sees his good and bad, faults and defects. The
press announces this day as "Historical Day". Poet Tavallo writes a poem on this occasion. It
contained the following lines:
Cho`h munavvar etti olamni Munavvarqorimiz,
Ko`rdimiz ravshanlig`idin fe’limiz, atvorimiz.
Ibrat oling yoshlar, deb to`kdi ko`zdin yoshlar,
Nutqida tahrir edub, bizlarni yo`qu borimiz.
Chun ko`nguldan biz eshitduk, chin-achig` aytgan so`zi,
Shuncha bid’atlarni bilduk, voy, biz iqrormiz.
Munavvarqari also had some attention and influence as a writer. In particular, his books
"Adibi avval" and "Adibi soni" were written in the form of a textbook and included many
poetic and prose stories. At the end of each "contribution" - a conclusion. They are different
according to the subject. Most of them are historical. According to the direction, it is made up
of ibratumuz pands. The language is simple and interesting to read.
Among the stories, there are many written about the historical events of the beginning
of the 20th century, the scenes of social and household life. As is known, Munavvarqori was
one of our intellectuals who was closely involved with fiction.
He wrote works on linguistics in the 20s. His three-part book "Uzbek Language Lessons"
published in 1925 in collaboration with Qayum Ramazan and Shorasul Zunnun was one of the
serious works in this direction. The authors did such a complex work at a time when Turkish
linguistic terms were just being formed.
But Munavvarqari remained in the history of the nation primarily as a public and
political figure. From the end of the 90s of the 19th century until the end of his life, he fought
for the development and freedom of the Nation and the Motherland. All his creativity and
activity revolved around these two issues. His career in the 17th years was especially intense.
Shortly after the famous events of February 1917, he founded the "Shorayi Islamiya" society
in March of the same year. He put forward the idea of establishing an independent
government of Turkestan based on national and religious grounds and based on Sharia. At the
first congress of "Shorayi Islamiya" held in Tashkent on April 16-23, "Central Council of
Turkestan Muslim Deputies" was formed and Munavvarqori was elected as its chairman.
There were well-known intellectuals and politicians in the "Central Council" such as
Mahmudhoja Behbudi, Mustafa Choqaev.
By the summer of 1917, the Bolsheviks became active. They managed to follow in their
footsteps some of the local intelligentsia and some poor categories. Munawwarqari was very
worried about this. He met the October coup with anxiety and confusion. He was one of the
ardent supporters of the autonomy of Kokand (Turkestan). After the treacherous suppression
of autonomy, he looked for ways to wake up the people and open their eyes. After the October
coup, Munavvargari worked as one of the organizers of a new school, secondary special and
higher education. Munavvarqori is one of the founders of the current National University of
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Uzbekistan. He created an organization commission consisting of 9 people in order to
organize the Muslim People's Medicine. The commission organizes the Muslim people's
medical education in three stages: the upper level - medical education (teachers' institute);
secondary level - secondary vocational schools; the lower level will consist of primary schools.
From May to December of this year, he served as the rector of this Muslim People's University.
It will contribute to the development of modern higher education in Turkestan. Although the
Russian Turkestan Folk Medicine and its department, the Muslim Folk Medicine, cannot be a
full-fledged higher education institution, the future state university, the present National
University of Uzbekistan, has material, technical and scientific became a pedagogical basis.
In 1919, when the "Turkestan Commission" was formed and Moscow began to take
control, Munavvarqori was dismissed. In 1920, when the People's Republic was overthrown
in Bukhara, he was at the Congress of Eastern Nations in Baku. After returning from Baku, he
will be sent to work on public education in Bukhara. But four months later, on March 20,
1921, he was recalled to Tashkent. After working for two months, he was imprisoned. True,
after October 1917, he secretly continued his struggle against the Soviets. In particular, on the
eve of October, he participated in the "Ittihad and Progress" society, it is known that the
society also operated in the Soviet era. However, Munavvarqori was soon released from
prison and started teaching again.
In 1929, Munavvarqori was imprisoned for the second time by the GPU. He was accused
of nationalism. His house was searched, and all his documents and books were burned in his
yard. Agidullin starts questioning. During the first three months of the investigation, both
Munavvarqori and his accomplices did not sign the questionnaire, considering themselves
innocent. However, K. Belsky, the head of the Eastern Department of the State Political
Department (GPU) personally, and Agidullin started physical harassment. Conveyor-style
interrogations, detentions in prisons, and deprivation of basic human needs in torture
chambers No. 18-20 break the will of prisoners and force them to sign the questionnaire. If
the signatures and writing of letters on the questionnaires are analyzed from a psycho-
graphological point of view, it will be known that the prisoners wrote the texts under the
pressure of God and adding their opinion.
He was shot in 1931 as an enemy of the people. Munavvarqori saw only 53 springs. 39 of
these years were the period of childhood, adulthood and activity under the pain of tsarist
colonialism before the "revolution", and the remaining 14 years were the time of moral
humiliation by the empire and Lenin's policy of repression.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov, who made a great contribution to
Turkestan modernism, carried out many efforts during his life. He personally participated in
the opening of military schools and wrote books for students. He writes many plays for the
theater. In short, Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov was a modern intellectual who made a
great contribution to the development of public education.
References:
Используемая литература:
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1.
I.A.Karimov. “Yuksak manaviyat- Yengilmas kuch” 2008.
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2.
“M aʼnaviyat yulduzlari”
Toshkent,
1999
3.
Turkistonda xalq jumhuriyati Fan va Turmush.1990.
4.
Sirojiddin Ahmad. “Munavarqori”.1992.
