Жамият ва инновациялар –
Общество и инновации –
Society and innovations
Journal home page:
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Types of tourism and translation of some words related to
tourism
Bobur TOGAEV
1
Khalifa PALUANOVA
2
Termez State University
Uzbekistan State University of World Languages
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received March 2021
Received in revised form
20 March 2021
Accepted 15 April 2021
Available online
20 May 2021
This article discusses the importance of tourism and the fields
of tourism, as well as the translation of words related to tourism
in English and Uzbek.
2181-1415/© 2021 in Science LLC.
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
travel,
tourist,
tourism classification,
inbound tourism,
sports tourism.
Turizmning turlari va turizmga oid ayrim so‘zlarning tarjimasi
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
sayohat,
sayohatchi,
turizm tasnifi,
ichki turizm,
sport turizmi.
Ushbu maqola turizmning ahamiyati va turizm sohalari
haqida, turizmga oid so‘zlarning ingliz va o‘zbek tillarida
tarjimasi haqida so‘z yuritadi.
Виды туризма и перевод некоторых слов, относящихся к
туризму
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
путешествие,
турист,
классификация туризма,
внутренний туризм,
спортивный туризм.
В этой статье обсуждается важность туризма и сфер
туризма, а также перевод слов, связанных с туризмом на
английский и узбекском языках.
1
Master, Termez State University. Termez, Uzbekistan.
2
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Uzbekistan State University of World Languages. Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
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The word “tourism” (tourisme, from tour) in translation from French means “walk”,
“trip”, “travel”. “Tourism” – the business of providing services such as transport, places to
stay, or entertainment for people who are on holiday [4].
The word tourist was used in 1772 and tourism in 1811. It is formed from the word
tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare;
“to turn on a lathe”, which is itself from Ancient Greek tornos (
τόρνος
); 'lathe'.
Tourism is a journey made by a person in his free time from his main work for health,
educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes. This is one of the
types of outdoor activities, the best way to escape from the hustle and bustle, to see new
and interesting, to gain positive emotions. Tourism provides an opportunity to get
acquainted with the culture of other countries and regions, satisfies the curiosity of a
person, enriches him spiritually, heals physically, promotes personal development. It
allows you to combine relaxation with learning new things.
Tourist travel involves only a temporary departure of a person outside his usual
environment, without conducting paid activities at the place of stay, which excludes from
the category of tourist’s people who are professionally or forced to travel (diplomats and
consular officers, military personnel, emigrants, refugees, nomads, etc.).
Tourism resources (natural, cultural, historical) are the basis for the development
of tourism. The key figure in tourism is the tourist. He acts as a consumer of tourist product
or services (tour), for its quality service, the tourism industry is formed and operates.
Significance for the economy. Tourism is not only travel and recreation, but also an
important area of the economy. The tourism industry covers enterprises of various
industries, from the products and services of which the tour operator creates an attractive
tourist product for the consumer. The tourism industry contributes to the flow of financial
resources into the country. It not only generates income for travel companies, but also
provides tax revenues, increases the demand for food and a variety of services, thereby
stimulating the development of related industries (transport, hospitality, communications,
trade and public catering, souvenir production, etc.). Tourist service is a source of income
for the local population. This type of activity does not require large start-up investments,
is distinguished by a high level of profitability and a relatively short payback period for
capital investments. The development of tourism contributes to the creation of new jobs
and provides employment for the population (foreign experience shows that it takes up to
people).
Socio-cultural significance. The development of tourism improves the system of
social and cultural services for the population, increases resources for the modernization
of the relevant infrastructure, and improves the quality of life.
Political significance. Tourism raises the country’s prestige, its authority in the
world community and among ordinary citizens. It strengthens interregional and
international friendly ties, develops public diplomacy, and stabilizes relations between
regions and states. The level of tourism development is a kind of indicator of the state of
society, its material wealth and spiritual health.
Development conditions
World experience shows that the following conditions are necessary for the dynamic
development of tourism:
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–
a stable socio-economic situation (in the world as a whole, in a particular country
and a specific region);
–
absence of administrative and bureaucratic barriers when traveling across
borders and during a guest stay;
–
attractive recreational resources (natural-climatic and cultural-historical);
–
developed tourism infrastructure and qualified personnel;
–
a high level of service, ensuring a comfortable stay, hospitality, culture and
professionalism of the staff;
–
comfortable and safe transport, reliable communication;
–
freedom of movement and guarantees of the rights of travelers, ensuring their safety;
–
high responsibility of tourist organizations and their structural units for specific tours;
–
positive tourist image of the territory, high reputation of firms and companies
serving tourists.
Key Features
There are several main features of tourist activity.
The first and most significant is that, unlike the material industries, the tourism
industry does not export a product, but an experience. To better reveal this feature, we will
give an example. You can export 1 ton of oil, say, for 100–150 dollars. At the same time, the
sold oil will go outside the country, and its reserves in the earth’s interior will no longer be
restored. A room in a first-class hotel can also bring you $100–150, but every day! It can
give tens of thousands of dollars a year, eliminating the need to export seven or eight
railroad oil tanks. The same applies to the export of other non-renewable natural
resources. The tourist, however, does not take anything from the country, except for
impressions (virtual product), but leaves completely material – money.
This feature is extremely important for modern Russia, which exports non-
renewable resources (oil, gas, metals) and at the same time favorable conditions for the
development of tourism.
The second feature is associated with the specificity of products and services, the
inability to move them to the consumer. The tourist, and not the manufacturer or seller,
must move to the place of their production. This specificity is due to objective reasons.
After all, it is impossible to move Baikal, Balaton or the Alps to a tourist. Hence the third
feature follows. It consists in the fact that the products of the tourism industry are a set of
services that can be tested only at the time of consumption. In this regard, the successful
sale of a tourism product presupposes a particularly trusting relationship between
customers and sellers. Therefore, the high reputation of tour operators and travel agents,
hotels and airlines is extremely important here.
Classification
The classification of modern tourist activity is carried out according to its most
essential features, presented in the table.
Form of organization It is necessary to give brief explanations to this table with
characteristics main types of tourism.
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Tourism classification
Classification attribute
Type of tourism
Travel geography
Interior
International (foreign)
The direction of the tourist flow
Entry
Outbound
Interior
Purpose of travel
Recreational (wellness)
Cognitive (excursion)
Cultural
Scientific and educational
Professional and business
Sports
Ecological
Adventure (extreme)
Shopping tours
Religious (pilgrimage)
Nostalgic
Exotic
Source of financing
Commercial
Social
Pedestrian
Equestrian
Bicycle
Autotourism
Railway
Nautical
River
Aviation
Mixed
Number of participants
Individual
Family
Group
Form of organization
Organized
Unorganized (amateur, “wild”)
Domestic tourism – travel of citizens within the country, without crossing the state
border (and without performing paid professional activities in the place of temporary
stay). This type of tourism especially popular in the USA. In our country, it also accounts
for about 80% of tourist trips.
The significance of domestic tourism is still invisible due to the lack of commonly
accepted and used definitions of domestic travel, another reason is that the available
domestic tourism data is mostly in the form of number of trips to destinations beyond a
certain minimum distance from the normal place of residence [5].
International (foreign) tourism – travel outside the country of permanent residence
for tourist purposes. Foreign tourists include all temporary visitors who have arrived in a
given country for at least 24 hours (except for paid professional activities in the country
being visited). A foreign tourist becomes, as it were, a temporary visitor to another
country. After the unification of Europe and the creation of the European Union, the
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convergence of domestic and international tourism began, due to the simplification of
customs formalities (Schengen Agreement).
Holiday activities and equipment
Abseiling
Alpinism
Golf
Golf
bungee jumping
Arqon bog‘lab balandlikdan sakrash
Clubbing
Klubda vaqt o‘tkazmoq
Cycling
Velosipedda harakatlanish
Eating out
Ko‘chadan ovqatlanish
Jeep safari
Jip safari (cho‘l, tog‘li hududda mashinada sayohat)
Scuba diving
Akvalang yordamida suv ostida suzish
Fishing / Deep-sea fishing
Baliq ovi / Dengizdan baliq ovlash
Go-karting
Poyga
Hang-gliding
Deltaplanda uchish
Horse riding
Ot minish
Inter-railing
Poyezdda sayohat
Parachuting
Parashyutda sakrash
Sailing
Dengiz sayohati
Surfing
Syorfing
Parasailing
Paraseyling (suv ustida parashut bilan uchish)
Rock or mountain climbing
Qoya yoki toqqa chiqish
Sightseeing
Diqqatga sazovor joylarni tomosha qilish
Swimming
Suzish
Skiing
Chang‘i
Tennis
Tennis
Snowboarding
Snoubord (qorda uchmoq)
Sunbathing
Quyoshda toblanmoq
Volleyball
Voleybol
Walking / Hiking
Yurish
Water skiing
Suv chang‘isi
Windsurfing
Shamol syorfingi
Inbound tourism – travel for tourist purposes within the country of persons who do
not reside in it permanently. The reception of foreign tourists in the country is a kind of
export of services (this is how the World Tourism Organization defines inbound tourism,
since the profit from it goes to the host country in foreign currency).
Inbound tourism brings both benefits and costs to a destination country. For policy
reasons, it is necessary that the net benefits of inbound tourism be accurately assessed for
different countries [6].
Outbound tourism – travel of citizens permanently residing in one country abroad
for tourist purposes.
Recreational (health) tourism – travel for rest and treatment. It can be subdivided
into beach (visiting the sea coast, especially in winter) and sanatorium-resort,
characterized by a longer duration (the usual duration of a treatment tour is 21–28 days,
which is much longer than for other types of tourism). Although health-improving
recreation is of a purely individual nature, recreational tourism is the most widespread
type of tourism. It can include entertainment and entertainment programs (theater and
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film festivals), hobby classes (hunting, fishing, musical and artistic creativity), ethnic trips
(related to the study of the national culture of the host country), etc.
Health tourism is an opportunity of sustainable development that can be declined
along several directories, taking advantage in Europe of the cross-border availability of
services for health. Sharing data and allowing data retrieval for specific citizens is an
important enabling factor to the set-up of personalized offer for health to strengthen the
tourist offer [7].
Cognitive (excursion) tourism – travel or excursions with cognitive and broadening
horizons. Automobile tourism is a kind of educational trips. Compared to traveling on
other types of vehicles travel by car and buses provide tourists with much more
educational opportunities.
Cultural tourism involves visiting places of cultural and historical heritage and
concentration of cultural monuments, as well as places where cultural and entertainment
events are held. It can be subdivided into cultural and educational, cultural and
entertainment, ethnic, etc. This type of tourism is the best way to get acquainted with
world culture. After all, every country and every nation has its own unique cultural
heritage, which is the heritage of all mankind. Acquaintance with the history and culture
of other countries enriches, makes life more eventful and interesting. The cultural heritage
of the people consists of the works of artists, architects, musicians, writers, scientists,
masters of folk art. Culture covers both tangible and intangible works, customs, language.
The objects of tourist activity can be museums, theaters, nature reserves, places of
important historical events, monuments of history and architecture, festivals and
symposia, objects of religious worship, libraries, etc.
Scientific and educational tourism is a relatively new type of international tourism,
involving travel for the purpose of scientific work, training or advanced training.
Specialized types of scientific tourism are paleontological, archaeological, limnological, etc.
In addition, scientific tourism can include participation in research expeditions, scientific
symposia and conferences. When it comes to educational tourism, language learning trips
are the most popular here, especially to the UK and other English-speaking countries.
Professional – business tourism involves business trips related to the performance
of professional duties (participation in festivals, forums, conferences, symposia, fairs, etc.).
For this, large congress centers are being created with meeting rooms and business
meetings to accommodate visitors. Business travelers spend significantly more money in
the place of stay than ordinary tourists. Therefore, many states strive to host major
international events. The big advantage of this type of tourism is the possibility of
organizing it during the low season.
Sports tourism – associated with travel to various sports events. The popularity of
this type of tourism is constantly growing. It allows you to engage in selected sports
(skiing, swimming, sport fishing and hunting, etc.), as well as “root” for your favorite team,
personally attending major sporting events. This is all the more important because, in
according to the recommendations of the World Tourism Organization, tourism and
recreation, along with physical education and sports, should be considered inseparably
and interconnected.
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Holiday activities and equipment
Abseiling
Alpinizm
Golf
Golf
Bungee jumping
Arqon bog‘lab balandlikdan sakrash
Clubbing
Klubda vaqt o‘tkazmoq
Cycling
Velosipedda harakatlanish
Eating out
Ko‘chadan ovqatlanish
Jeep safari
Jip safari (cho‘l, tog‘li hududda mashinada sayohat)
Scuba diving
Akvalang yordamida suv ostida suzish
Fishing / Deep-sea fishing
Baliq ovi / Dengizdan baliq ovlash
Go-karting
Poyga
Hang-gliding
Deltaplanda uchish
Horse riding
Ot minish
Inter-railing
Poyezdda sayohat
Parachuting
Parashyutda sakrash
Sailing
Dengiz sayohati
Surfing
Syorfing
Parasailing
Paraseyling (suv ustida parashut bilan uchish)
Rock or mountain climbing
Qoya yoki toqqa chiqish
Sightseeing
Diqqatga sazovor joylarni tomosha qilish
Swimming
Suzish
Skiing
Chang‘i
Tennis
Tennis
Snowboarding
Snoubord (qorda uchmoq)
Sunbathing
Quyoshda toblanmoq
Volleyball
Voleybol
Walking / hiking
Yurish
Water skiing
Suv chang‘isi
Windsurfing
Shamol syorfingi
Ecological tourism (ecotourism) – involves the use of natural resources (natural
monuments and natural attractions) to organize a wide range of travel – from small
educational tours for schoolchildren to regular tourist programs in national parks and
reserves. It shows the importance of environmental protection. The profit received by
travel agencies can be partially directed to environmental protection measures. This type
of tourism stimulates the careful use of valuable and fragile natural resources. Adventure
(extreme) tourism is associated with great physical exertion and emotional stress, with
risk and adventure. It is a peculiar way of resting in especially attractive and untouched by
economic development places, engaging in unusual and risky activities. Adventure tours
belong to the category of elite recreation. Such trips are expensive, however, the demand
for them is growing steadily. They are very popular in the West. The geography of
adventure tours is extensive; the topics are varied. As a rule, these are group tours (“royal
hunting”, elk fishing, “search for pirate treasures”, safari tours, sea travel, river rafting,
sailing, scuba diving (diving), hiking, etc.). Qualified instructors are needed to ensure the
safety of such tours. Shopping tours are typical for developing countries. In Russia and the
CIS, the maximum of shopping tours occurred in the early 1990s, a period of economic
crisis and empty store shelves. In those years, many citizens traveled abroad and
purchased consumer goods there (shoes, knitwear, etc. – in Turkey, Poland, China, and
other countries). For example, in Turkey, Russian “shuttle traders” annually bought goods
worth $ 8–10 billion. It is no coincidence that the governments of these countries do their
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best to support shopping tourism from Russia, simplifying customs formalities as much as
possible. Religious (pilgrimage) tourism aims to visit holy places, centers of concentration
of church monuments and relics. It involves travel to participate in important religious
ceremonies, educational tours to get acquainted with religious monuments, history and
culture of various religions, as well as scientific trips of specialists related to religious
issues. This type of tourism requires qualified personnel so that they can not only show
architectural and historical sights, but also be familiar with spiritual and religious values.
Nostalgic tourism – is based on the need for people to visit far-away relatives and
friends, as well as their places of birth. It occupies an important place in international
tourist exchanges.
Exotic tourism – has begun to develop recently. Tours have appeared that are
striking in their uniqueness. For example, some companies offer space cruises and even
flights to the moon. There are companies organizing a cruise to Antarctica and the North
Pole. Other equally unexpected travels are possible.
Social tourism – is a type of tourism subsidized from funds allocated for social needs.
The purpose of this type of tourism is not to make a profit, but to create the creation of
travel conditions for poorly protected segments of the population (students, pensioners,
disabled people, war and labor veterans, rural workers, etc.). Social tourism was developed
in the USSR. It accounted for almost 60% of organized domestic tourism and 50% of
outbound international tourism. Inexpensive hotels were built, as well as non-category
accommodation facilities (recreation centers, children's camps, etc.), inexpensive food was
organized (based on the size of the living wage). In modern conditions, it is possible to
provide benefits to tour operators implementing social programs, with the receipt of the
status of “social tourism enterprise”, etc.
Organized tourism – travel (individual or group) organized by a travel agency, when
tourists acquire the right to a tour by purchasing a travel package. Unorganized (amateur,
“wild”) tourism - travels made by tourists on their own. This type of tourism is the opposite
in form of the organized one and is carried out on an amateur, amateur basis, without the
purchase of vouchers. It was also widely developed in the USSR. It accounted for 80% of
the total tourist flow.
General concepts
In conclusion, it is worth presenting a list of the most important concepts that
characterize the tourism industry. Tourist resources – natural, historical, socio-cultural
and other objects of interest to tourists (including potential ones). Typically, tourism
resources are used for display purposes. They are designed to satisfy the curiosity and
spiritual needs of a person, give a boost of vigor, improve the emotional state and restore
physical strength. The quality of resources is determined by their uniqueness,
primordiality and originality, the degree of their positive impact on the physical and
mental health of a person. Certain tourist resources attract specific tourists, their
appearance and condition largely determine the use value of tours and tourism products
in general. Tourism resources are the backbone and integral element of tourism
infrastructure.
Tour – a set of services (transportation, accommodation, meals, excursions)
provided to the tourist, depending on the purpose of the trip. Abroad, the standard range
of services provided to tourists is called a peking tour. The most popular Peking tours are
in European countries, where they account for 20–40% of the total number of trips. They
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include accommodation, meals, excursion services, transportation, household, sports and
health and insurance services. At the request of the client, travel agencies can form special
tours, according to individual orders, with a wide range of additional services. Such tours
are called exclusive tours.
A tourist is a person who travels and visits places outside his usual environment,
where there are tourist resources that attract him.
The tourist differs from other travelers (diplomats, emigrants, foreign workers,
refugees, nomads, etc.) in the purpose, duration and nature of his trip. He only temporarily
visits the country or territory, without engaging in paid activities in the place of residence.
As a rule, travel is carried out for recreational, educational, professional and business,
sports, religious and other purposes. The duration of the trip can vary from one overnight
stay to 6 months (according to international standards – up to 12 months). The tourist is
a key element of the tourism business, the consumer of the tourism product. An organized
div of tourists is the object of the tourism industry.
Tourist product (tourist product) – the right to a tour intended for sale to a tourist.
The tourist product includes the entire set of consumer values consumed by the tourist
(the tour itself, tourist and excursion services, special tourist equipment, etc.). Like any
product, a tourist product must be of high quality and be in demand (primarily among
foreign tourists), otherwise it will not be sold. A quality tourist product must contain at
least three components: unique tourist resources; infrastructure elements (implemented
technical, utilities, household and other amenities); high culture of service (including
language). Such a tourist product captivates the tourist with educational and
entertainment opportunities and services, the wealth and variety of attractions. Promotion
of a tourist product involves a set of measures aimed at its implementation (organization
of advertising, participation in exhibitions and fairs, the creation of information centers for
the sale of tours, the publication of catalogs and booklets, etc.). focused on a specific
consumer, on his wishes, tastes and capabilities.
Work on the formation and promotion of the tourist product is carried out mainly
by tour operators and travel agents.
Tour operator is a tourist enterprise (organization, company), which is engaged in
the production delivery of a tourist product and its sale to the consumer through the agent
network.
The tour operator is the main organizer in the tourism market. It packs up the tourist
opportunities of the territory and various services (transport, accommodation, food,
entertainment, etc.) into a single tourist product. Essentially, it loads businesses in the
tourism industry (hotels, restaurants, museums, national parks, etc.), connects the
manufacturer of tourist services with the consumer (includes a particular museum in the
tour, chooses the most suitable hotels, restaurants, shows, etc.).
Travel agent is an intermediary company that sells a tourism product (offered by a
tour operator) in the tourism market. This is done by purchasing the tours developed by
the tour operator, issuing vouchers for these tours, and selling them to the consumer. For
a travel agent, the main thing is to find a client and sell a ticket. For this he receives a
commission. The network of travel agents is a retail network of travel products. In relation
to the tour operator, the travel agent takes a subordinate place. Being a travel agent is less
of a hassle. Unlike a tour operator, he risks less. It does not shape the tour. He does not
need to book hotels, make an advance payment, arrange insurance, think over dates, do a
lot of work with carriers, conduct advertising campaigns, etc.
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Travel agency activities – activities to promote and sell a tourist product. Travel
agency activities - tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as other activities for
the organization of travel and development tourism.
Tourist voucher is a document confirming the fact of transfer of a tourist product. A
tourist service is the result of the activities of an enterprise serving the tourism sector, to
meet the needs of tourists within a specific trip (tour).
From the whole range of services offered, tourists choose the most interesting and
relatively inexpensive ones. In order for the price-quality ratio to be optimal and
acceptable for tourists, a high attractiveness of tourist resources, a well-developed
infrastructure, and an adequate quality of service are required.
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