Жамият ва инновациялар –
Общество и инновации –
Society and innovations
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/socinov/index
Civil law problems of constituent contracts
Vokhidjon TOPILDIEV
1
National University of Uzbekistan
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received April 2021
Received in revised form
20 April 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online
15 June 2021
In this article, the author provides a scientific assessment of
the history of the conclusion of constituent agreements on the
creation of legal entities, based on the Roman, former Union and
civil law of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and also theoretically and
practically analyzed the essence of constituent agreements and
their types on the basis of current legislation. He also proposed
to include in the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan a
separate special chapter regulating constituent agreements.
2181-1415/© 2021 in Science LLC.
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
legal entity,
foundation agreement,
charter, founders,
general meeting of founders,
contract on joint activity,
contract accession,
company, corporate relation,
civil organizationally legal
relation, civil legislations.
Таъсис шартномаларининг фуқаролик ҳуқуқий муаммолари
АННОТАЦИЯ
Калит сўзлар:
юридик шахс,
таъсис шартномаси,
устав,
муассислар,
муассисларнинг умумий
йиғилиши,
биргаликдаги фаолият
шартномаси, шартномага
қўшилиш,
жамият,
корпоратив муносабатлар,
фуқаролик ташкилий-
ҳуқуқий муносабатлар,
фуқаролик қонунчилиги.
Муаллиф мазкур мақолада юридик шахсларни ташкил
этиш бўйича таъсис шартномаларининг тарихига Рим
ҳуқуқи, собиқ иттифоқ даври ва Ўзбекистон Республикаси
фуқаролик қонунчилиги асосида илмий бахо берган хамда
таъсис шартномаларининг моҳияти уларни турларини
амалдаги қонун хужжатларига асосланган холда назарий ва
амалий жихатдан тахлил этган. Шунингдек, Ўзбекистон
Республикасининг фуқаролик кодексига таъсис шартнома-
ларини ҳуқуқий тартибга соладиган алохида махсус боб
киритишни таклиф қилган.
1
Candidate of juridical sciences, Ass. Professor of department “Civil society and legal education”, National University
of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
E-mail: vtopildiev@mail.ru.
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Issue – 2 № 3 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
81
Гражданско-правовые проблемы учредительных договоров
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
юридическое лицо,
учредительный договор,
устав, учредители,
общее собрание
учредителей,
договор о совместной
деятельности,
присоединение к
договору, общество,
корпоративные
отношения,
гражданские
организационно-правовые
отношения,
гражданское
законодательство.
В данной статье автор дает научную оценку истории
заключения
учредительных
договоров
о
создании
юридических лиц, на основе римского, бывшего Союза и
гражданского права Республики Узбекистан, а также
теоретически и практически проанализировал сущность
учредительных договоров и их виды на основе действующего
законодательства. А также предложил включить в
Гражданский кодекс Республики Узбекистан отдельную
специальную главу регулирующую учредительные договоры.
INTRODUCTION
Founding agreements on the establishment of a legal entity have certain historical roots on its
origins. If we look at Muslim right, joint work on Muslim law is differentiated as a form of partnership,
business, and activity. Even the Muslim right, the common law of patriarchal law, which existed before
Roman law, was also regulated. For example, before the birth of the Muslim right, our Prophet
Muhammad Sallallahu al-Wassalam agreed to work together with Khadija, one of the richest city of
Mekke. According to her, Khadija prepares goods and caravans for sale. Muhammad alaihiss-salam had
to sell these goods to Syria (Syria). The resulting profit will be distributed equally in earnings. In general,
although joint activities are not defined in the customary law or in the Muslim right, there are certain
rules governing it and widely used. The roots of the founding agreement have been manifested in the
creation of partnerships for long-term partnerships in order to carry out joint activities by partners in
order to promote trade and craftsmanship in Rome. With the development of commodity turnover,
such trade and craftsmanship companies have to have their own property, which became apparent to
the extent that the property was distinct from the other property of the partnership. There has also been
a need for the existence of a company and the need for sustainability, regardless of the company’s staff
and stakeholders. Thus, in the course of the principle of the Roman right, certain types of companies
(bankers, traders, etc.) began to be recognized as legal entities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the XIII-XIV centuries contracting business associations were formed in Western European
countries as a shareholder company. For example, in 1673, the French Trade Regulation stipulates the
establishment of a legal entity on a contractual basis in the form of a wholly-owned subsidiary. It is
expected that its members will be jointly liable for the obligations of the company. In medieval times,
agreements on the creation of a company in the field of maritime sales (as a specific past-acquainted
commanctist company) have been widespread. This agreement was a foundation agreement on its
content.
In Russia, facility agreements have been specially created. According to the manifesto dated 1
January 1807 of the Russian Emperor Alexander I, traders were advised to carry out their trade through
merchant bargains. When Russian laws codified, the partnership agreement was incorporated into a
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Issue – 2 № 3 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
82
set of civil rights (Articles 2132-2133) and Commercial Charter (article 63.67). Soon in the legal science
and legal doctrine, such contracts began to be called founder or founding agreements.
After the annexation of the majority of the territory of Uzbekistan into Russia, the Russian civil
law was applied in certain areas in these areas. Under the founding agreements, trading companies
have begun to form. At the beginning of the 20th century there were hundreds of trade associations in
the Turkestan General Governorate, as well as in Khiva Khanate and Bukhara Emirate. And most
importantly, local communities were actively involved in the activities of these companies. For the same
reason, it is not a mistake to say that founding agreements on the territory of the country began to be
used in the late 19th century. After the October Revolution, the joint operation and the establishment of
associations did not stop at once. Accordingly, the New Economic Policy, that is, in the NEP periods
(from the beginning of the 20th century), the commodity turnover has been driven by small businesses.
Thus, the first civil code adopted in the Soviet era – the Civil Code of the RSFSR of 1922, although the
term “founding agreement” was not used, was the order of conclusion of contracts, partnerships,
partnerships, limited liability partnerships. (Article 295-321 of the RSFSR Civil Code). As it is known,
the full text of the RSFSR Code of Civilization from the end of the 1920s was legally valid as the Uzbek
SSR Civil Code. It is important to note that this Code was practiced until the early 1960s, when it was
formally taken, that the founding treaties had a long legal basis in the soviet legal system. However, in
practice there was no possibility to create any kind of company. Particularly, it was not possible to
establish associations based on founding agreements in the field of commercial enterprise. Creation and
attraction of such a company could at least be condemned as bourgeois private property, and even
founders of the partnership could be subject to criminal liability as a private entrepreneur. Citizens of
the USSR and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, adopted in the early 1960s, and the Civil Code of
the Uzbek SSR, developed on its basis, did not envisage provisions on founding agreements based on
ideological beliefs. As you know, the Soviet Union began to suffer a deep economic downturn in the late
1970s and early 1980s. An attempt to overcome this decline has resulted in various economic reforms.
In particular, efforts were made to improve the co-operative movement, the management of state-
owned enterprises, and to enhance the interests of the structural subdivisions of enterprises based on
internal economic accounting. At the same time, positive shifts have taken place with the establishment
of joint ventures with foreign partners. It was in the midst of the 80s that the founding agreements
returned to the legal arena. In other words, government agencies and foreign partners have started to
form joint ventures under a founding agreement. However, normative documents still did not have
provisions on founding agreements. The founding agreement was first mentioned in the 1980 s when
creating joint ventures. On May 25, 1991, Article 13, paragraph 2, of the Civil Procedural Code of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, for the first time, legal foundations of constituent contracts were
given. Under the constituent agreement, the founders undertake to establish a legal entity, establish the
procedure of joint activities for its creation, the transfer of its property and its participation in its
activities. The procedure for the distribution of profits and profits among the participants, the regulation
of the activities of the legal entity, the procedure and conditions for the exit of the founders
(participants) shall be determined on a contractual basis. Later, in the civilian codes of the CIS countries,
there was a norm in the content of the founding agreement.
If we look at the nature of the founding agreement, then this contract is a specific type of contract
of joint activity. In general, the term of validity of this agreement seems to be related to the occurrence,
registration or operation of a legal entity. In fact, this is not the case, as it is rightfully stated in the
literature, that it will have legal force at the conclusion of this agreement, create rights and obligations
between the parties, and the parties will act on its implementation. However, there are situations in
which one can mislead: when a foundation agreement is transferred to a competent public authority
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Issue – 2 № 3 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
83
for registration of a legal entity as a constituent document, it must be notarized. This requirement is
based on the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan from August 20, 2003
of No. 357 “About perfection of system of the state registration and accounting of business entities” It is
set out in paragraph 11. According to it, two original notarized constituent documents for registration
of entrepreneurship entities as legal entities should be submitted. In paragraph 8 of this Regulation, the
founding agreement for the additional liability companies and the charter capital for limited liability
companies, and only for limited partnerships, constituent agreement is a constituent document issued
by the business entity (legal entity) to the registering authority. Such a notarial certification, in fact, does
not have a material effect on the actual validity of the foundation agreement. Before founding a founding
agreement by the founders, before carrying out the notarial certification, at least the following actions
must be taken to implement this agreement:
a) holding a general meeting of founders;
b) registration of documents required for registration of a legal entity;
c) participation in the financial costs required for registration;
d) Participation in formation of the authorized fund of a legal entity.
By doing so, the parties are bound to comply with the terms of the founding agreement. This
means that the form of the contractual agreement is sufficient to have a simple written form. However,
the implementation of the terms of the contract can be considered as a ground for finding and
terminating the contract as invalid in the subsequent stages of the contract. In other words, the legal
entity registrar does not have the right to accept a founding agreement in a simple written form, and
the parties are obliged to certify the foundation agreement notarial. Otherwise, even if there is no reason
to conclude that the founding agreement is invalid, in practice the termination of the founding
agreement is suspended. Thus, the idea that the form of the facility agreement is simple should be
controversial. The format of the constituent agreements varies by two stages:
a) The first stage is the stage of preparation for the formation of a legal entity. This is a simple
written form;
b) The second stage is the registration of the legal entity and its establishment. At this stage, the
contract for establishing a legal entity must be observed.
Besides, founding agreement is subject to state registration is also controversial. There is no
direct reference to the current legislation on the state registration of founding agreements. On the
contrary, it is about state registration of a legal entity, which is based on the founding agreement. In
general, the literature deals with the fact that these features of the founding agreement have an impact
on the functions of the founding agreement. “The constituent agreement defines the obligations of its
constituents to establish a legal entity, to form its charter capital and to pay part of it before the
registration of a legal entity. Thus, the terms of joint venture arrangements prior to the registration of a
legal entity become effective as of the date of the foundation agreement. At this stage, the founding
agreement creates a commitment relationship between its participants. Consequently, the founding
agreement carries out the function of regulating the obligations of the founders on the establishment of
a legal entity. The provisions of the constituent agreement are executed and the state registration of a
legal entity creates a set of rights and obligations between the founders of the legal entity and the
founding agreement, as well as the participants themselves. This set of rights and obligations constitutes
the content of relative legal relationships and therefore does not constitute a liability relationship. In
other words, these relative legal relationships are corporate relationships. For this reason, regulation of
corporate legal relations is a function of a constituent agreement after the state registration of a legal
entity. For example, the founding agreement for the establishment of a limited liability company
establishes the subject and goals of the company. Generally, all the essential terms of the founding
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Issue – 2 № 3 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
84
agreement are fully applicable to the legal status of a legal entity. Obviously, it is part of corporate law
relations. According to N. Suvorov, the institutional arrangement of the institutional arrangement of the
constituent agreement is reflected in the legal relationships of these relations.
Corporative legal relationships are a complex structured consisting of the following elements:
а) Legal relations between the corporation (legal entity) and its separate participants
(founders)
b) Legal relationships between the individual participants (founders) of the corporation (legal
entity)
In these relationships, the participants of corporate relationships are owners of both property
and non-owners.
It may be said that corporate relationships arising between the parties to the founding
agreement lie in relation to a legal entity (corporation), corporate governance relationships. Of course,
corporate governance and simple corporate relationships are relatively new social phenomena for the
civilization of our country. He is currently being studied and analyzed by economists, philosophers,
sociologists, political scientists, and financial experts. Without undermining the research carried out by
them, it should be acknowledged that corporate relationships are legal in nature and can only be
disclosed only for legal investigations on the essence and content of these relationships. The researchers
are paying particular attention to the issue of institutional arrangements and corporate relationships.
For example, prof. G. Polkovnikov writes: “There are serious problems with the establishment and
registration of joint-stock companies, which is why the legal nature and nature of the constituent
agreement on the establishment of an open joint-stock company has not yet been properly studied.
What is the legal nature of this agreement? In essence, it is a joint venture agreement, the difference is
that the participant of a legal relationship does not have to be an entrepreneur, and if the participant’s
share of the joint venture’s liability is determined, the founding agreement establishes a joint
responsibility of the participants. However, the joint responsibility of the participants is determined
prior to the state registration of the Joint-Stock Company. At the same time, the founders of the company
can approve the joint-stock company’s agreements before the registration, in which the responsibility
is borne by the Joint-Stock Company. In other words, the Joint Stock Company is the debtor of the
transactions made by the founders. This is a Russian law. In the United Kingdom, the procedure for
approving the responsibility of the founders before the Joint-Stock Company and the approval by the
company of transactions made by them. This means: the company is not responsible for transactions
between the founders before the company becomes a corporation. Only those who have signed the
agreement will be liable for these transactions. Thus, the founders are personally responsible for the
transactions they make, not only civil law but also criminal law, if the company wishes to take
responsibility for the agreements and contracts concluded by the founders, then he must make a new
contract on his behalf. Even if the founders have signed a contract with the company, the founders will
not be liable for the company, even if the company receives profits and revenue as a result of this
agreement. If an agreement is made for the benefit of the company and the company is expected to
become a party to the transaction in the future, an agreement will be drawn up and the company will
be listed as a party. Upon the registration of the company (after registration), a contract is concluded
based on the internal procedures. It should also be noted that the role and importance of the constituent
assembly in the charter capital is unstable. For example, in Russia, the Council of Ministers Decree on
Joint-Stock Companies stipulates that the Charter is the founding document of the joint venture. Later
such norm was annulled and the founding agreement was valid until the state registration of the joint-
stock company. This arrangement can be observed in almost all CIS countries. In this regard, it is worth
noting how the practice of developed countries has been arranged. For example, there are two types of
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Issue – 2 № 3 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
85
foundations in the joint-stock company: – This is a regulator regulating the external relations of the
company and regulating internal relations. Sometimes they accept them as the only two-piece
document. Instead of a memorandum in a joint-stock company, the charter is also adopted, and there is
also a corporation regulation. The only constituent document for European countries is the charter of a
joint-stock company. In order to better understand the functions of the constituent agreement, it is
necessary to analyze the mechanism of influence on legal relations in the course of implementation of
constituent agreements. Until now, the difference between the legal arrangement and the impact on the
property before and after the state registration of a legal entity is under the founding agreement. If the
foundation agreement is the only legal basis for the establishment of the founding party, the legal effect
of the founding agreement will be cut in the next stage, since the legal entity will register its registration
after its registration. The Charter is also a major source of legal regulation of legal entities and regulates
some of the relationships between the participants (founders). So, after the state registration of a legal
entity, the founding agreement will fall into the second plan (with the exception of full and limited
partnerships, which is the founding agreement of the founding agreement). Even in some cases, the
founding agreement is virtually irrelevant. For example, a well-known civic scientist, E. Sukhanov,
examined the importance of the founding agreement on joint-stock companies, with great pleasure,
“Unless the joint-stock company becomes a state-owned entity and becomes a legal entity, it remains
the basic constituent document regulating the life of a joint-stock company. Moreover, after the sale of
shares of the joint-stock company, the shareholders are created and they are considered as the principal
subjects in the management of the joint-stock company. Consequently, neither the founding agreement
nor the founders are required in such circumstances. Their existence can only be caused by excessive
disagreements between shareholders and founders. Thus, the corporation was saying that the
founding agreement system should be removed from the founding agreement. J. Yuldashev, a
researcher, also argues that the founding agreement should be valid until the state registration of a joint-
stock company, and then to suggest that it is desirable to lose its legal force.
Indeed, are the main subjects of the management of a joint-stock company. In this case, founders
of a joint-stock company become more and more subjects. This situation arises from the moment when
the joint-stock company is fully formed and operating. After the state registration of a joint-stock
company, there is no firm belief that all shares are considered stable and permanent subject until the
sale of the shares (ie shares worth $ 50,000), which should be considered as a joint-stock company. It is
well known that the stock market may not be fully realized. If there is no demand for shares in the stock
exchange and if it is not realized within one year, then the founders may file a lawsuit on the forced
purchase of shares or the cancellation of the joint-stock company. In such cases, naturally, the founding
agreement and the position of the founders are raised to the foreground. In other words, the founders
assume full responsibility for the preservation or termination of the legal entity. The actions of the
founders will continue to be regulated by the founding agreement. Consequently, the founding
agreement retains its legal force.
Consequently, the concepts that the founding agreement should abolish after the establishment
of a joint stock company can be considered as inappropriate and practically inappropriate.
In our opinion, to abandon constituent collective bargaining agreements is not quite correct. In
most cases, the constituent agreement remains an essential part of the overall situation, unless the
charter capital is fully stocked and it does not apply to the foundation agreement in the normal course
of business. From the above, it can be concluded that a separate type of founding agreement is valid for
a corporation.
The main type of constituent agreement is the constituent agreement of the general partnership
and limited partnership. Such a foundation agreement is the sole and only founding certificate for a legal
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Issue – 2 № 3 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
86
entity. The fact that there is no charter for these types of legal entities is determined by their essence. In
other words, the activity of a legal entity is fully compatible with the work of its participants. The Law
on Economic Partnership does not stipulate the principle that a partnership is a separate management
div. This also indicates that the founding agreement is of particular importance to farmers.
Another type of constitutive agreement is a founding agreement, which is a legal entity that is in
effect in parallel with its charter. It includes founding agreements with societies with limited liability and
additional liability companies, joint ventures. Finally, after the state registration of a legal entity in the
system of founding agreements, it is worth mentioning the above-mentioned points about the existence
of founding agreements that do not have a direct involvement in the legal regulation of the relations
with the legal entity.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Thus, there are three types of founding agreements in the system of founding documents of
commercial legal entities. They can be conditional on their characteristics as follows:
a) Monotown contracts that are the only constituent agreement as constituent documents;
b) “Equal Power Contracts”, which are parallel to the constituent agreement and the Charter;
c) limited “discrete” facility agreements with practical legal arrangements.
For the purpose of this type of constituent agreements, the legal effect of their power is justified.
However, this did not reflect the legal provisions. This does not allow taking into account the individual
characteristics of the founding agreement. Therefore, it would be expedient to take this into account
when improving legislation. Another type of constitutive agreement is founding agreements on the
establishment of non-commercial legal entities. Foundation agreements are not applicable to all non-
profit entities. For example, a founding agreement does not apply to political parties, trade unions and
similar structures. Generally, the founding agreement is always the first step in the process of
establishing a legal entity. In some non-commercial structures, this task is carried out by initiative
groups. The members of the Initiative Group are engaged in the establishment of a non-commercial
legal entity and acquire the status of its members after the formation of a legal entity. If a non-profit
organization is based on membership, then there will be specific relationships between founders
(members of the founding agreement) and members.
It may be said that founding agreements on the establishment of non-profit organizations
constitute a separate category of contracts in such a category. Article 16 of the Law on Non-
Governmental Non-Profit Organizations of April 14, 1999 establishes constituent documents of non-
state non-profit organizations. It indicates that the constituent agreement made by the participants and
the constituent union, which they have approved, constitute a constituent document. In the constituent
agreement parties (founders) undertake to form an association (NGO) of non-state non-profit
organizations, establishing the conditions for joint operation in the field of its creation, in order to
provide it with its property and to participate in its activities, to manage the activities of non-
governmental non-commercial organizations, and to leave the fund of its founders. Other terms may
also be included in the foundation agreement upon the agreement of the founders. Associations
(unions) of non-governmental non-profit organizations may be established at least at the initiative of at
least two nongovernmental nonprofit organizations. Article 25 of the Law on Non-Governmental Non-
Profit Organizations specifies the grounds for refusing the state registration of a non-state non-profit
organization. A certain part of these principles relates to the contents of the constituent documents. In
other words, it can be said that the law is reflected in the terms and conditions of the founding
agreement. If the constituent agreement stipulates forcible change of the Constitution of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, undermine sovereignty, integrity and security of the Republic of Uzbekistan, discrimination
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Issue – 2 № 3 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
87
against the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, propaganda of social, national, racial and
religious hatred, infringement on the health and morality of the citizens, or the state registration of a
non-governmental non-profit organization may be refused, if it is foreseen for the establishment of
militarized associations. Also, the name or symbolic features of a non-governmental non-profit
organization are denied the state registration of a legal entity, even if it involves a state of national
spiritual or religious affiliation. The constituent agreement is formed primarily by the establishment of
the Association of Legal Entities (Union). As you know, there are currently many types of associations
and unions of legal entities. This includes:
a) сoncerners;
b) associations;
c) federations;
d) condominiums and so on.
The concept of a constituent agreement is also interpreted differently by different authors. For
example, I. Elishev establishes a foundation agreement – a consensual civil-law agreement regulating
the relations arising between the founders (founders) during the establishment and operation of a legal
entity. In his view, the founding agreement can be viewed as an example of a simple company (joint
venture agreement). N.K. Kozlova assumes the founding agreement as a separate type of contracts.
Even though Pukeuku Suhanov does not try to make a definitive description of the founding agreement,
it may be understood that he joined the ideas of N.V. Kozlova about the essence and legal nature of the
founding agreement.
In Article 43, Part 5 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, there is no concept of a
founding agreement. However, in this provision the main features of the founding agreement are
disclosed.
Firstly, the founding agreement of a legal entity is compiled by its founders (approved by the
Charter),
Secondly, the founding agreement is valid for third parties from the moment of its state
registration (but not until then, it creates rights and obligations for founders participating in the contract
only). Both features are set out in Part two of Article 43 of the FCC. The founders, if the third party is to
sign the founding agreement, should also bear in mind the consequences of filing these conditions. Even
if subsequent amendments to the founding agreement have been denied by the competent state
authorities, the founders should act accordingly, even if the third party has followed them. Therefore,
Article 43, Part 6 of the Civil Code stipulates that legal persons and their founders have no right to make
such changes in their relationship with the third party acting in accordance with the founding
agreement.
Another feature of the constituent agreement is the possibility of changing the scope of the
parties to this agreement during the validity period of the contract. For example, a full-time company
may have up to 50 members. It may be considered natural that the number of participants increases or
decreases. Most importantly, the contract participants must be no less than two and must not be more
than the maximum number of founders of a constituent agreement for a particular type of legal entity.
On the other hand, the inclusion of other participants in the original draft of the founding
agreement seems to be the sign of the agreement. However, it should not be forgotten that a merger
contract has been formulated by one of the parties in formulas or other standard forms, and the other
party shall be formed only in the event that it is possible to accept the proposed contract entirely. In
other words, it does not take part in forming contract forms. Only approval will be added (with the will
and will of his own will). This is due to objective circumstances. This agreement is different from the
individual contracts that all the terms of the contract are always negotiated by consensus. The accession
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Issue – 2 № 3 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
88
agreement is slightly different from the general suitability of contracts. However, the lack of active
participation of the Contracting Party in the formulation of the terms of the contract does not infringe
its interests. On the contrary, Article 360 § 2 of the Civil Code sets out the circumstances that the
complainant has the right to request for amendment or cancellation of the terms of the contract. Of
course, the founding agreements are always included in the group of contracts, which are individually
developed. However, according to the circumstances, the founders may require ultimatum to the new
member or to agree to the terms of the contract unconditionally or incomplete negotiations. If a
contracting party or companion is required to enter into a contract, the founding agreement may
become an agreement.
In such a case, the Contracting Party shall have the right to demand that, under Article 360 of the
Civil Code, its interests be protected.
It should be noted that the types of facility agreements may also include a specific facility
agreement. Interestingly, the law does not call it a contract. Article 14 of the Law of the Republic of
Uzbekistan “On public funds” of 29 August 2003 lists the documents required for state registration and
registration of public funds. According to him, the following documents are submitted to the registering
div for state registration of the fund:
–
The application form with the surname, name, patronymic, year of birth and place of residence
(postal address), signed by the founders or authorized by them;
–
Information on the meeting (congress, conference) or the founders, the goals and objectives
of the fund;
–
A document confirming the initial funding of the fund.
In our opinion, these documents constitute an agreement of the original constituent agreement,
even if it is specifically available. The main purpose of this agreement is to establish a public fund as a
legal entity. After the formation of a legal entity, the previous agreement will be a historical stage and
will have no regulatory impact on the future actions of the founders (joint participation in the activity of
a legal entity) or on the future of a legal entity. The opinion of the founders on the mutual agreement,
the contractual attitude of the parties is stated in the literature. For example, Y. Tursunov writes:
Although the Law on the Agricultural Cooperatives of the Republic of Uzbekistan does not specify its
constituent agreement, it must be noted that its founders should have a statement of the meeting on the
establishment of a cooperative (shirkat xo‘jaligi) stops. In addition, according to the Resolution of the
Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated July 15, 1998 № 299 “On measures for the
establishment of agricultural cooperatives (shirkats) in accordance with the legislation on agricultural
reform”, agricultural cooperatives (shirkats ) in the order of reorganization (Annex 2 of the decision)
and the order of its decision making. That is, the founders have decided that a relevant decision should
be taken. In our opinion, the founding of the founders of the agricultural cooperative on its
establishment is in fact a multilateral foundation agreement. Among the scholars there is a point of view
that is critical of this point of view.
The Strategies of Action in the five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan
in 2017–2021 set primary goals and objectives for liberalization of the economy, reducing state
participation in regulation of economic relations, strengthening the protection of private property
guarantees, encouraging entrepreneurship development and actively attracting foreign investment.
The Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (here in after referred to as the Civil Code), which
is a codified law and determines the most important provisions of civil-law regulation, is a central place
in the system of civil legislation documents.
The Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, adopted in 1995–1996, played an important role
in civil-law regulation of the widespread transformation of the “transition period” and made it possible
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Issue – 2 № 3 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
89
to create a solid legal basis for the development of market economy in the country. However, the
analysis shows that the current version of the Civil Code does not adequately respond to the rapidly
developing economic relations and international standards in the field of civil law. In particular:
Firstly, the Civil Code contains the legal form of legitimate legal institutions, as well as legal
entities that are not part of the legal system of advanced economies based on market economy;
Secondly, there are no traditional civil-law institutions such as “commercial risk”, “equality of
business entities”, “fair compensation”, “refusal to perform contractual obligations”;
Thirdly, in the modern market conditions, certain forms of civil-law contracts and relationships,
including public-private partnership, dealer agreement, shareholder building, cluster production, e-
commerce, crypto-currency turnover, privatization of land parcels and others not captured;
Fourthly, the existence of a large number of norms (about 80) in the Civil Code prevents the code
from becoming a direct document and reduces its status in regulating civil-law relations;
Fifthly, the large number of organizational and legal forms of legal entities (for example, the law
does not envisage the entry of other participants into a private enterprise or a unitary enterprise, which
does not attract investors);
Sixthly, the Civil Code contains unreasonable restrictions on public law norms, private
ownership and contractual relationships not related to civil law institutions;
Seventhly, the Civil Code does not contain rules governing the use of information and
communication technologies in civil-law relations.
In order to achieve the goals and objectives outlined in the Action Strategy of the five priorities
of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017–2021, as well as to bring the civil legislation into line with market
economy and international standards,
1.
Unification and systematization of the norms of the civil legislation;
2.
Improvement of the basic civic and legal institutions;
3.
Formation of sound legal basis for further development of the economy and attraction of
foreign investments;
4.
Introduction of innovative forms and procedures of regulation of civil-law relations, which are
in high demand in modern conditions;
5.
The Concept of Improvement of Civil Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which
provides the expected outcomes of the Concept, as well as the main directions:
The third main direction of the Concept is the introduction of qualitative new mechanisms of
contractual relations, including the optimization of types of contracts, the development of the initial
contractual institute, the freedom of the contract, the stability of the contractual relationships, the
regulation of the use of information and communication technologies in contractual relations; Inclusion
of corporate relationships into the subject of regulation of the civil code, including the definition of
peculiarities of activity of mass-stock companies, introduction of the “corporate contract”, which is valid
for corporate parties and obligatory for third parties, and the emergence of a corporate crisis it is
necessary to pay special attention to the issues of determination of cutting mechanisms.
It is known that the founding agreement is part of corporate law relations. Therefore, in our
opinion, in order to ensure the implementation of the tasks outlined in the Concept of the Civil
Procedure of the Republic of Uzbekistan and further improve the corporate legal relations
First, theoretical and practical analysis of the doctrinal and legal definitions given to the founding
agreement in civil law, legal literature and scientific research, the founding agreement is as follows: “The
constituent agreement shall be signed by the founders on the basis of a compilation of a commercial,
non- commercial or legal entity association, is an agreement on cooperation in the formulation of
statutory funds, participation in the organization and management of its activities”. push;
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Issue – 2 № 3 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
90
Second, introducing a separate chapter into the constituent agreement of the current Civil Code
of the Republic of Uzbekistan and introducing the concept of founding agreement, conclusion and
cancellation of founding agreement, types of constituent agreements, such as monopoly contracts,
equal installments, discrepancy agreements;
Third, while focusing on institutional relationships as the most important and fundamental part
of civil-law relations today, there is a need for the separation of legal entities into corporate and non-
institutional legal entities and the identification of their legal status and activities in this context. It is
important to adopt general principles that are inherent in corporate relationships and should apply to
all corporations, and to state the basic provisions that are subject to separate laws on various types of
corporations in the form of corporations, in the civil code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. This, in turn,
requires the introduction of a separate section “Corporations” in the Civil Code of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, which, together with clarifying the mechanism of civil-law regulation of organizational and
legal relationships, contributes to its consistency and effectiveness.
REFERENCES:
1.
Collecting the Government of the USSR. 1990. №15. – WITH. 82 Civil law. T, №2.
– WITH. 333.
2.
Polkovnikov G.V. Actual problems of Russian corporate law. -http // www.
auditoriu.ru / books / 700 / Polkovnikov / http.
3.
Eleshevich V.B. Legal entity, its origin and functions in Roman private law. St.
Petersburg, (PP. 329–332), (PP. 451–454).
4.
Bratus S.N. Subjects of civil law. M, Yur.lit, 1960. – P. 144.
5.
Maslyaev I.A. Agreements on the establishment of joint ventures with foreign
participation in the USSR. ISGIP. 1990. №2. (PP. 60–67).
6.
Civil law. T, №2. – WITH. 333.
7.
Suvorov N.S. On legal entities under Roman law. M, 1900. (PP.100–102).
8.
Yuldashev J. Joint stock companies as subjects of civil law. 2004. – P. 67.
9.
Civil law. P.1. M: Prospectus, 1996. (PP. 126–127).
10.
Kozlova N.V. Constituent agreement on the creation of commercial companies
and partnerships. M.: 1994. – P. 52.
11.
The Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On measures to
improve the civil legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan" dated April 5, 2019, F-5464.
12.
Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Non-Governmental Non-Profit
Organizations” of April 14, 1999. Bulletin of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
1996, No. 5, Article 115.
13.
Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On public funds” of August 29, 2003. Bulletin
of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
14.
Tursunov Y. Civil legal issues of the formation and activity of agricultural
cooperatives (shirkat xo‘jaligi). Author’s dissertation autobiography. T.: 2004.
