Жамият ва инновациялар –
Общество и инновации –
Society and innovations
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/socinov/index
The usage of political euphemisms in the english and uzbek press
languages
Nilufar FAYZIYEVA
1
National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received July 2021
Received in revised form
20 July 2021
Accepted 15 August 2021
Available online
15 September 2021
This article investigates why individuals utilize euphemism
words in political wrangle about and whether that exertion is
beneficial. In expansion to the numerous euphemism words that
are acknowledged by for all intents and purposes everyone, the
political cleared out has its claim set of euphemism words related
with political rightness, whereas the political right has its
possess set connected to energetic rightness.
2181-1415/© 2021 in Science LLC.
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
euphemism words,
political,
types of euphemism words,
usage of political
euphemism words in Uzbek
and English.
Siyosiy efemizmlardan ingliz va o‘zbek tillaridagi matbuotda
foydalanish
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
evfemizm so‘zlar,
siyosiy,
evfemizm so‘zlar turi,
o‘zbek va ingliz tillarida
siyosiy evfemizm
so‘zlarining ishlatilishi.
Ushbu maqolada nima uchun odamlar siyosiy munozarada
evfemizm so‘zlarini ishlatishi va bu harakat foydali yoki yo‘qligi
o‘rganildi. Ko‘pchilik evfemizm so‘zlarni kengaytirishda, har kim
xohlagan maqsadda tan oladigan bo‘lsada, sof siyosiy so‘zlar
siyosiy haq bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan evfemizm so‘zlarga ega, siyosiy
huquq esa o‘z kuchiga ega.
1
PhD student, Faculty of Foreign Philology National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek. Tashkent,
Uzbekistan.
Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations
Special Issue – 8 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415
431
Использование политических эфемизмов в aнглийском и
узбекском языках прессы
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
слова эвфемизма,
политические,
типы слов эвфемизма,
употребление слов
политического эвфемизма
в узбекском и английском
языках.
В этой статье исследуется, почему люди используют
слова-эвфемизмы в политических спорах, и полезно ли это
усилие. В дополнение к многочисленным эвфемистическим
словам, которые признаются всеми для всех намерений и
целей, политическое очищение имеет свой набор
эвфемистических
слов,
связанных
с
политической
правотой, в то время как политическое право имеет свой
набор, связанный с энергетической правотой.
Political wrangle about within the advanced world is outlandish without
memorizing a list of euphemism words, and there is no deficiency of open slander for those
who conversation around certain themes without utilizing them. In expansion to the
numerous euphemism words that are acknowledged by for all intents and purposes
everyone, the political cleared out has its claim set of euphemism words related with
political rightness, whereas the political right has its possess set connected to energetic
rightness. Euphemism words tend to serve as signals of political-tribal enrollment, but
moreover as implies to persuade irresolute voters to back one approach or the other.
Abusing the other political tribe’s euphemism words can indeed offer assistance a
candidate gets chosen President. This article investigates why individuals utilize
euphemism words in political wrangle about and whether that exertion is beneficial.
The word “euphemism” refers to a neutral expression that replaces an incorrect
expression to make the text more euphonic or closed. Politicians, sociologists and
advertisers are calling for such a replacement.
Euphemism is a neutral word or definition used to change impurity or
misconception. The term speaks to us in ancient Greek and means “good speech” in
translation. They are used for the following purposes: a) in politics, to deceive or
manipulate the truth; b) replacing blasphemous or misleading words from ruthless areas
in printed materials.
The need for such allegories arose from the time of the taboo of language, when it
was forbidden to express the names of their gods or dangerous diseases, and some other
phenomena of nature. Later, in Christian times, the word “unclean” changed the
remembrance of the devil. The role of euphemisms has grown tremendously in the circle
of believers whose moral rules require subtle allegories. Today, such literary synonyms
successfully replace unsuccessful words with another partner.
The use of euphemisms is explained by the desire to avoid conflicts,
misunderstandings, to maintain the morality of the conversation, to create a comfortable
environment for the interlocutor. Euphemisms have historically evolved and improved,
and they can be divided into two groups: 1) Accepted; 2) Stable.
In the social sphere, euphemism is very popular, used to hide the truth. Political
corrections require the avoidance of words that harm people’s feelings and dignity, so the
art of euphemism of politicians rises to a higher level. In the Uzbek language: a) diplomatic
negotiations; b) pressure from the authorities or penal authorities; c) military
development and secrets; d) activities of law enforcement agencies; e) inter-communal
relations.
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The functions of political euphemism in the media are the same, and they apply to
more appropriate words: 1) the work of government officials: “vakolatli organlar” –
“federal xizmatlar”; 2) description of military conflicts: “hududni tozalash” – “halokat”;
3) presentation of economic schemes: “moliyaviy piramida” – “pul ayg‘oqchilari”;
4) notaries of national or social groups: “doimiy yashash joyi bo‘lmagan shaxs” –
“boshpanasiz”, “afro-amerikalik” – “negro”; 5) names of foreign policy measures: “Birikimli
dunyo”, “Amerikaning buyrug‘i”.
Besides, politically correct euphemisms also include the following words:
a) mitigating age discrimination: “keksa odam” – “qarigan yoshdagi odam”; b) for people
with disabilities or mental retardation: “nogironlar, aqli zaiflar” – “maxsus ehtiyojga ega
bo‘lganlar”; c) not “dirty” professions, but to hide people’s hatred of them: “sut sog‘ish
operatori” – “milkmaid”; d) distracts from unpleasant events in the economy: “ommabop
bo‘lmagan choralar” – “soliq o‘sishi”.
Euphemism words alter over time. Harvard analyst Steven Pinker named this
etymologist advancement the "euphemism word treadmill" and, over twenty a long time
prior, contended that supplanting ancient terms with unused ones was likely motivated by
the untrue hypothesis that dialect impacts considerations, a idea that has been long
disparaged by cognitive researchers. Pinker depicted how those who board the
euphemism word treadmill can never step off:
People invent new “polite” words to refer to emotionally laden or distasteful things,
but the euphemism becomes tainted by association and the new one that must be found
acquires its own negative connotations.
Few political talks about are as perplexed with euphemism words as migration. The
precise lawful term “illegal alien”, which was once said without political predisposition and
is presently nearly solely utilized by nativists, was supplanted with “illegal immigrant”
which was supplanted by “undocumented immigrant” and, in rarer cases, “unauthorized
immigrant”. Silly terms like “border infiltrator” and “illegal invader” have not caught on
however. Advocates of the modern term “undocumented immigrant” contend that no one
can be unlawful, so the term “illegal immigrant” is wrong as well as discourteous. Of course,
no one is undocumented either, as undocumented either, as they fair need the certain
particular archives for legitimate residency and work. Numerous have driver’s licenses,
charge cards, library cards, and school distinguishing pieces of proof which are valuable
reports in particular settings but not about so much for movement. “Misdocumented
immigrant” would be superior in case the objective was exactness, but the objective
appears to be to alter people’s conclusions on enthusiastic points by changing the words
they utilize.
Within the migration wrangle about, the euphemism word treadmill can some of the
time run in turn around and really make political dialect harsher. This “cacophemism cliff”
turned “birthright citizenship” into “anchor baby” and “liberalized immigration” into “open
borders”.
In the long run, venturing onto the euphemism word treadmill can appear like a
fool’s errand. As Pinker clarifies, people’s sentiments toward the supplanted term are only
exchanged to the euphemism word since we all have concepts that we utilize words to
depict but we don’t utilize words to design modern concepts. The concept-to-word
cognitive generation handle as it were influences the sound of the yield, not its meaning.
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Surrounding – “Undocumented Immigrants” or “Illegal Aliens”. Not all is misplaced
for exercisers on the euphemism word treadmill. They fair need to lower their desires and
be fulfilled with surrounding political talk, instead of the impetuous objective of changing
concepts with words. Surrounding may be a mental method that can impact the
recognition of social marvels, a political or social development, or a pioneer. Investigate in
political brain research has appeared that surrounding works through making certain
convictions available in memory upon presentation to a specific outline. Once certain
convictions are enacted through the instrument of surrounding, they influence all the
ensuing data preparing. Any case of framing’s control to influence recognition is that
suppositions almost a Ku Klux Klan rally shift depending on whether it is surrounded as
an open security or free discourse issue.
Surrounding can direct open conclusion in inverse bearings of the political range.
The “undocumented immigrant” outline will conjure distinctive convictions from the
“illegal alien” outline. Particularly, the previous is portraying the issue as a bureaucratic
government issue harrowing standard migrants. The last mentioned outlines it as a law
and arrange issue with remote nationals. These two euphemism words, in spite of the fact
that implied to speak to the same concept, do so in numerous ways that pass on distinctive
messages and will pull the recipients of the outlines completely different headings. Most
individuals feel sensitivity toward those caught up in a brutal bureaucratic bog but are
much less thoughtful to criminals.
Taking after this rationale, an approach proposition titled “path to citizenship for
undocumented immigrants” is getting to draw in more back than “amnesty for illicit
aliens.” Both “path to citizenship” and “amnesty” here cruel legalization. In any case, the
term “legalization” suggests that there has been something illicit almost that bunch of
individuals, an affiliation which many proponents need to dodge. “Path to citizenship”
could be a much gentler outline that conjures positive emotions. On the other side of the
talk about, “legalization” has been supplanted with “amnesty,” which incorporates a more
negative meaning. Defenders and clients of the term “amnesty” are emphasizing that it
could be a acquit for an offense instead of a settle of a bureaucratic issue. “Pathway to
citizenship” is additionally in some cases supplanted by “earned legalization” or
“comprehensive migration change”. These two expressions bring up considerations about
legality and reform, both of which are far more cognitively charged than “path to
citizenship” and therefore less likely to be used by supporters of such policies.
Dog Whistles and the Threat Frame: “Extreme Vetting”, “Illegal Invader”, and
“Anchor Baby”.
Euphemism words can offer assistance legitimize something else biased talk.
Consider “extreme vetting”, a state that has been alluded to as a euphemism word for
“discrimination against Muslims.” Utilizing this specific euphemism word makes a
difference one finish two objectives. To begin with, it makes a difference partitioned
oneself from outright separation based on religion or national beginning, which is
imperative since earlier investigate in political science has appeared that individuals are
progressively touchy to social allure and so are unwilling to precise obtusely preferential
convictions since it has gotten to be less socially worthy to do so. Hence, concealing such
bias beneath an unbiased euphemism word is or maybe valuable in that respect. Moment,
it still passes on the generally message of antagonistic vibe to the group of onlookers
responsive to such talk – too known as a dog whistle. Therefore, you’ll be able to show your
claim convictions and interface the gathering of people with comparative convictions
without coming over as being gruffly partial.
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A to some degree comparable thought is behind the utilize of the “illegal invader”
term, which goes indeed encourage by conjuring a danger outline. Dangers may well be
capable instruments since, once debilitated, individuals tend to overestimate the chance
and back arrangements that minimize the danger no matter how little it really is. Risk
outlines contrarily inclination audience members against this bunch.
A critical impact of danger outline euphemism words is that they can dehumanize
and join negative demeanors to certain bunches. Consider the euphemism words “anchor
baby” and “catch and release”. “Anchor baby” stands for children born to remote nationals
who are in infringement of their migration status whereas on U.S. soil.
Those children have programmed citizenship beneath the U.S. Structure. Such
children are called “anchor babies” in arrange to highlight the thought that they are utilized
by their guardians to secure them remain within the nation in spite of the fact that that
seldom really happens. The term dehumanizes both the guardians and their children by
depicting these people through affiliation with an inanimate object, the “anchor,” which
the as it were reason for the presence of the children is to resolve the parent’s issue with
migration law. Risk outlines moreover expand to other criminal action related to migrants.
This article investigates the hypothetical base of utilizing euphemism words in
Uzbek and English as instruments of impact. In spite of the fact that there’s a few great
inquire about into these issues related to immigration, it could be a field crying out for
more test and experimental request. Research facility tests with human subjects may
affirm the adequacy of particular euphemism words as primes or outlines. Since such
thinks about are frequently criticized for their outside legitimacy, a follow-up consider that
combines substance examination of pertinent media with supposition surveys that appear
changes in states of mind might too be valuable.
An underexplored plausibility is how euphemism words and outlines influence
political talk about by spreading disarray. Individuals usual to the term “illegal immigrant”
to depict foreign-born people who are right now unlawfully dwelling within the Joined
Together States might at first fall flat to respond as contrarily to the term “undocumented
immigrant” just since they don’t know what it implies. As before long as they know what it
implies, in any case, the negative sentiments they relate with “illegal immigrant” would
likely connect to the term “illegal alien”. Another is how euphemism words construct
dividers around political tribes and avoid them from talking to each other, in this way
extending approach divisions that avoid middle-ground arrangements.
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