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The role of Avicenna in medicine: the significance of the
scientific works of Ibn Sina in the study of disease
Rukhsora KARIMOVA
1
, Tulkin ZOYIROV
2
.
Samarkand State Medical Institute
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received December 2021
Received in revised form
15 December 2022
Accepted 20 January 2022
Available online
15 Fabruary 2022
The article describes the biography of the greatest physician-
scientist Avicenna, his experience in studying medicine, as well
as his works in the field of medicine.
2181-
1415/©
2022 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol3-iss1/S-pp
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
Avicenna,
450 works in 29 fields of
science,
Abu-l-Mansur Kamari,
treatment of the emir,
court doctor,
library of the Samanids,
“
Canon of Medicine
”
,
“
Book of Healing
”
,
a number of medical works.
Avitsennaning tibbiyotdagi o‘rni: Ibn Sino ilmiy ishlarining
kasallikni o‘rganishdagi ahamiyati
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
Ibn Sino,
29 fan sohasiga oid 450 ta
asar,
Abu-l-Mansur Kamariy,
amirning davolanishi,
saroy tabibi,
Somoniylar kutubxonasi,
“Tabobat kitobi”,
“Shifo kitobi”,
bir qator tibbiy asarlar.
Maqolada eng buyuk shifokor-olim Avitsennaning tarjimayi
holi, uning tibbiyotni o
‘
rganish tajribasi, shuningdek, tibbiyot
sohasidagi ishlari tasvirlangan.
1
Resident of the 1st year of stomatology faculty, Samarkand State Medical Institute. Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
2
Supervisor: Associate Professor, Samarkand State Medical Institute. Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
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Роль Авиценны в медицине: значимость научных трудов
Ибн Сина в исследовании болезней
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
Авиценна,
450 трудов по 29 отраслям
науки,
Абу
-
л
-
Мансур Камари,
лечение эмира,
придворный врач,
библиотека Саманидов,
«Канон врачебной науки»,
«Книга врачевания»,
ряд медицинских трудов.
В статье описывается биография крупнейшего врача
-
ученого Авиценны, его опыт
изучения медицины, а также
его труды в области медицины.
Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abdullah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina known in Europe as
Avicenna
–
a medieval Persian scientist, representative of Eastern Aristotelianism, a great
physician who can be compared with Hippocrates and Galen, mathematician, physicist,
chemist, specialist in animal physiology, philosopher ... Avicenna was born in the city of
Afshana near Bukhara in 980. He was the court physician of the Samanid emirs, and for
some time was also the vizier in the state of Hamadan.
The famous scientist wrote more than 450 works in 29 fields of science, of which
only 274 have survived. Abu Ali ibn Sina was considered the most influential and famous
philosopher-scientist of the medieval Islamic world.
In his young 12 years, Avicenna began to study the science of healing on the advice
of the famous physician of the time, Abu Salah al-Masihi.
“
Then I became addicted to studying the science of medicine, and began to read
books on medicine. And medical science is not a difficult science, and of course, I
succeeded in it especially, and in a short time so that the famous doctors of that time
began to come to me for I also visited the sick, which taught me many methods of
treatment that cannot be found in books. As a result of my experience, such healing paths
opened up before me that it defies description. And I was at that time only 16 years old
”
–
wrote Cena in his autobiography.
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He studied medicine ibn Sina under the guidance of Abu-l-Mansur Kamari, the
most famous Bukhara doctor at that time, but his training with Kamari did not last long.
Soon Ibn Sina quickly began to practice independently and became such a famous doctor
that he was invited to the palace to treat the seriously ill Emir of Bukhara Nukh ibn
Mansur. In his autobiography, Ibn Sina recalls this as: “Once the emir fell ill, and the
doctors could not determine his illness. They knew my name then, and they told the emir
about me and asked to summon me. I participated with the court doctors in the
treatment and distinguished myself in this service to him, after which he awarded me the
title of vizier
”
.
Having received the position of vizier, Sina made enemies for himself in military
circles. Soon the emir decided to remove him from his post and send him out of his
possessions. Forty days later, the emir suffered another attack of illness, which again
forced him to find the scientist and reappoint him as his vizier.
In gratitude for the healing of Ibn-Sina, the emir allows access to the famous
repository of Samanid books, the Bukhara library. The most famous and valuable books
of that time were kept in this book depository. The scientist used the Samanid library for
several years. During this time of work in the Bukhara library, the great doctor had the
idea to create a generalizing work on medicine, where one could find the name of the
disease with all its symptoms, as well as indicate why the disease arises and how it can be
healed. To translate this idea into reality, Ibn Sina made the necessary extracts from
various books, scripts, periodically summarizing them. So the preparation of the material
for the most famous work of the doctor
“
Canon of Medicine
”
, which Sina visited for many
years of his life, began.
The foundations of the two works that made the glory of Ibn Sina, the Canon of
Medicine (Al-Qanun fit-t-tibb) and the Book of Healing (Kitab ash-Shifa), were laid in
Khorezm, or rather in the city of Urgench.
The
“
Canon of Medicine
”
was begun in Khorezm in 1000 and finished around 1020.
This medical encyclopedia became a medical text in many medieval universities and was
used until 1650.
In the 13th century, certain fragments from the
“
Canon of Medicine
”
were
translated into Armenian, which suggests that this greatest book was used not only in the
East, but also in the West.
From the 12th to the 17th centuries, doctors from many countries of the East and
West studied the basics of their science according to the
“
Canon
”
. The Arabic text of the
Canon was published in full only once (in 4 volumes, Rome, 1593), but there are many
translations of it into Latin. The most thorough of these belongs to the Tribe.
In his work
“
Canon of Medicine
”
Avicenna writes that a doctor should have
“
eyes
like a falcon, the hands of a girl, a heart like a lion and the wisdom of a snake
”
. In this
book, Cena wrote the assumption that some tiny creatures can cause disease. The idea
that infectious diseases are caused by bacteria was suggested by Ibn Sina 800 years
before Louis Pasteur. He was also the first to draw attention to the difference between
plague and cholera, the infectivity of smallpox, described leprosy, separating it from
other diseases, studied a number of other diseases, which served as new discoveries ,in
medicine. For 600 years
“
The Canon of Medicine
”
was considered the main reference
book on medicine in all educational institutions of the world, including the most famous
universities in the West.
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“
The Canon of Medicine
”
consists of 5 volumes-books:
•
The first volume consists of four parts, where the theoretical part of medicine is
reported:
–
in the first part, a definition of medicine is given;
–
the second deals with diseases
–
their causes and symptoms;
–
in the third
–
on the preservation and maintenance of health;
–
in the fourth, about the methods of treatment of various diseases.
•
The second volume contains a description of "simple" medicines, where the
scientist gives the names of 785 products of mineral, animal and plant origin, many of
which were not known to scientists in antiquity.
•
The third volume examines individual diseases and methods of their treatment.
•
And in the fourth volume, general diseases of the div, issues related to surgery,
treatment of various types of fevers are given.
•
The fifth volume contains descriptions of
“
complex
”
medicines.
In addition to the
“
Canon of Medicine
”
, Avicenna wrote a number of works devoted
to medical science:
“
Medicines
”
–
the role of the heart in the onset and manifestation of pneuma, the
peculiarities of diagnostics and treatment of heart diseases are given in detail;
“
Risola-yi
zhudiya
”
–
describes the treatment of diseases of the ear, stomach, teeth.
“
Removing harm from various manipulations through corrections and error
warnings
”
;
“
Poem about Medicine
”
;
“
Blood vessels for bloodletting
”
;
“
Treatise on vinegar
honey
”
describes the preparation and therapeutic use of mixtures of vinegar and honey,
different in composition;
“
Treatise on the Pulse
”
;
“
Treatise on Chicory
”
; Hygiene problems are also described.
Sina was also the first to write in his work about the meaning and importance of
physical exercise in medical and health-improving practice. Gave the concept of physical
exercise
–
voluntary movements leading to deep, continuous breathing.
He argued that if a person engages in physical exercise in a timely manner and in
moderation and adheres to the regime, then he will not often get sick and need neither
treatment nor medication. Having stopped these physical activities, he wasted away.
Exercise strengthens ligaments, nerves, and muscles. He advised paying attention to age
and health in class. He spoke about hardening with cold and hot water, massage.
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CONCLUSION
Summing up the results of my biographical research, I would like to say that there
are very few people like Ibn Sina and it is unlikely that there will still be such. Due to the
wide differentiation of sciences, we are unlikely to see the birth of another such genius.
Scientists break up scientific knowledge, deepen in one area, but completely forget about
the other, there is no overall picture of things. Now all efforts are aimed at prolonging
human life, raising its level, much attention is paid to clinical medicine, prevention, alas,
is not among the leading disciplines. However, Ibn Sina also said such things as:
“
Those
who give up physical exercises often languish, because the strength of their organs
weakens due to the refusal of movement
”.
Avicenna considered it much more important
to prevent the disease than to cure it. Due to the universal industrialization, the world in
which we live has turned into a huge mechanized monster, which we are trying to cure by
replacing spare parts
–
the release of chemicals
–
a kind of
“
magic
”
pills that will rid us of
everything. But the causes of the disease remain, and until we get rid of them, the
diseases will not disappear.
Death terrified a person at any time, and it also attracted his curiosity. One of the
first attempts to unravel her mystery was the activity of Ibn Sina, alas, only distanced her
arrival.
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Origins. Islam: dogma, morality, culture
”
(Ufa, 1996).
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Yu.N. Zavadovsky:
“
Abu Ali Ibn-Sina
”.
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