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Society and innovations
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Graphics (linocut. Ofort. Lithography)
Zafarbek YUSUPOV
1
National Institute of Art and Design named after Kamoliddin Behzod
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received February 2021
Received in revised form
28 February 2022
Accepted 20 March 2022
Available online
15 April 2022
The article reveals the history of linocut and the main
reasons for its popularization. It identifies the features of
technique of engraving on linoleum. The relevance of linocut
and its types in the modern world and design are shown.
2181-
1415/©
2022 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol3-iss3/S-pp
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
Linocut,
easel graphics,
printing,
ofort,
lithography.
Grafika (Linogravyura. Ofort. Litografiya)
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so
‘
zlar:
linogravyura,
dastgoh grafikasi,
bosmaxona,
ofort,
litografiya.
Maqolada linogravyuraning tarixi va uni ommalashtirishning
asosiy sabablari ochib berilgan. Bu linoleumga o
‘
ymakorlik
texnikasining xususiyatlarini aniqlaydi. Linografiya va uning
turlarining zamonaviy dunyo va dizayndagi dolzarbligi
ko
‘
rsatilgan.
Графика (линогравюра. Офорт. Литография)
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
линогравюра,
станковая графика,
печать,
офорт,
литография.
В статье раскрывается история линогравюры и
основные причины ее популяризации. Выявляются
особенности техники гравировки на линолеуме. Показана
актуальность линогравюры и ее видов в современном мире
и дизайне.
1
Teacher of
“
Book Graphics and Miniatures
”
Department of the National Institute of Art and Design named after
Kamoliddin Behzod.
Жамият
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Общество
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Special Issue
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02 (2022) / ISSN 2181-1415
168
Linocut as a graphic technique has always attracted and continues to attract the
attention of artists due to its distinctive qualities that distinguish it from other types of
printmaking, such as the clarity, expressiveness and laconicism of the artistic language.
One of its main advantages is the ability to print more prints from one board than other
techniques. This is reflected in the relative ease of mastering the engraving technique, in
the
“
pliability
”
of the material (making linoleum engraving does not require much
physical effort), and in the prostate of tools and equipment
–
a piece of linoleum and
cutting tools. The tasks facing the teacher are the development of the creative abilities of
children, instilling in them the desire to live and create.
Students
’
study of real reality is reflected in artistic images. The world of children
’
s
images is different, it is difficult to imagine all the variety of subjects of children
’
s works.
Obviously, landscapes for children are the most accessible in execution, in second place
are illustrations for literary works (fairy tales, fables), then there are themes related to
the depiction of animals, and, finally, the most capable and courageous choose a thematic
picture and portrait. The experience of engraving lessons with students of different ages
13-14 years old has shown that children easily assimilate this knowledge. In the course of
classes, students get acquainted with the types and genres of graphics. The teacher
should talk about the specifics of graphics, about graphic techniques and in more detail
on the features of linocut. The word
“
graphics
”
comes from the Greek grapho, which
means writing, drawing. The basis of graphics is a monochromatic drawing, built on the
expressiveness of lines and strokes. Color plays only a supporting role. According to its
content and significance, graphics are subdivided into easel (works of independent
significance apart from literature), book and magazine
–
newspaper (illustrations and
decorative and design works), poster (propaganda
–
mass art) and applied (artistic and
industrial products of household destination
–
labels, stamps, envelopes, certificates,
etc.).
In the methodological manual on linocut as a technique in the schedule, the
following types of training sessions are provided:
–
drawing from nature and from memory (drawing, composition);
–
thematic drawing (illustration);
–
decorative
–
stylized creative activity (decorative composition);
–
Conversations about fine graphic art (acquaintance with the works of
outstanding artists)
Each of these types of activities contributes to the study of the shape of the subject,
technical techniques-exercises in linocut: its structure, proportions, location in space, etc.
Linocut is one of the main, but at the same time, the most
“
young
”
graphic
techniques. This type of printing plays an important role in the development of graphic
design. Linocut is a printing method based on manual cutting of a drawing on linoleum. In
the printing industry, the linoleum engraving technique refers to illustrative printed
types of letterpress. Letterpress is a printing method that differs from flat and gravure
printing in that the printing elements on the form are located above the blanks, so that
when printing, blanks do not touch the paper. This technique appeared at the turn of the
XIX-XX centuries, almost simultaneously with the invention of linoleum and has a certain
similarity with the woodcut technique. For the first time it was used in 1905 as a material
for printing large posters by the artists of the German group
“
Most
”
(for example, a print
of this type
–
a poster of the member of the "Most" group Fritz Bleil, 1906).
Жамият
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169
Linocut quickly gained popularity among artists and designers. This was facilitated
by two factors
–
the availability and plastic capabilities of linoleum. Making a printing
plate from linoleum turned out to be much cheaper than from metal, stone or wood. In
addition, large engravings can be cut on linoleum. It is easy to handle because it is easy to
cut. The disadvantage of engraving on linoleum is only that a much smaller number of
prints can be made from such a form than from traditional materials. Since linoleum is a
soft material, the form can quickly collapse under mechanical stress. However, it turned
out that the technique of engraving on linoleum has rich possibilities, and interesting
features of the stamp, makes it easy to create a variety of textures with the help of
cutters, which made this technique unusually attractive for creativity. By the middle of
the 20th century, several graphic schools were even formed, dealing with the art of
linoleum engraving. Linocut is especially widespread in Latin America. As an example, we
can cite the Brazilian
“
Club of Friends of Engraving
”
(R. Katz, K. Scliara, V. Prado and
others) and the
“
Workshop of Folk Graphics
”
in Mexico (A. Beltrana, L. Mendes). Many
famous European artists, for example, Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Franz Maserel, Fritz
Bleuil, Maurice Escher, Carlos Cortes, and even individual publishing houses (publishing
house of Martin Fabiani in Paris, etc.) [1, 2], were also fond of linocut.
This technique quickly penetrated into Russia. There are many works made by
such famous masters as I.N. Pavlov, K.E. Kostenko, I.A. Sokolov. Linoleum engraving
reached its peak in our country in the 50-60s of the twentieth century. During this period,
entire national schools of linocut were created in many union republics. The peculiarity
of the technique of performing engraving on linoleum is associated with the fact that the
stamp (printing plate) is performed using special tools
–
graders, which can have a
different profile and diameter. This allows you to achieve thin and thick lines of various
lengths and configurations. First, a drawing is applied to the form in a
“
mirror way
”
(in an
inverted form from left to right), then the master cuts it out with graders, cutting through
the linoleum to the desired depth. After completing the required image, paint is applied
to the surface of the manufactured form. Next, a sheet of paper is applied to the stamp,
pressed and rolled on an etching machine. This is how an impression is obtained
mechanically, that is, using an etching machine. At home, the impression can be done
manually by pressing the sheet with a press or rolling it with a rubber roller.
There are two main types of linocut: black and white and color. Black and white
linocut is an engraving made on the basis of black ink in the form of a black and white
print. The paint can be typographic, special for linocut, acrylic and even gouache, it is
important that it is moderately thick and does not dry very quickly. To make a mold, take
a fairly thick linoleum (at least 2.5 mm) with a smooth surface. The material must be
degreased or well dried. For this reason, the most valuable for engravers is the old
linoleum, rented in apartments. Sometimes PVC plastic is used, from which the flooring is
made. However, this material is usually used for making small-sized engravings. The
features of the old linoleum are such that even the use of graters for end wood carving is
allowed on it. A drawing is preliminarily applied to the material by means of black ink.
For thin lines, use a pen, for thick
–
brush. Sometimes a simpler method of translating a
drawing from a paper sheet is used. When pressed against the smooth surface of
linoleum, the pencil image is very easily imprinted on it. To complete the texture, the
method of the dotted manner is often used. The image is cropped using the same
techniques as for cropping woodcuts. To print drawings, the grinding method with a
brush or a special machine (for large images) can be used.
Жамият
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170
Colored linocut is a more complex technique, since it is performed with several
"Boards". In this case, a separate layer is created for each color with its own cut out
pattern, then the layers are combined by successive overlay on the main sheet. This
technique is much more laborious and requires the attention of the artist and a high
degree of his skill. When creating an engraving, artists try to create as many color shades
as possible with the minimum amount of paints. This takes into account the fact that
when different colors are applied simultaneously to the same area, they act as
components of a new color (when mixing red and blue, purple is obtained, etc.). To make
images, a special device is used
–
a board with corners stuffed on it, cut from linoleum.
First, an engraving of the first color is rolled and aligned in the corners. Next, the paper is
pressed against it and rubbed with a brush. At the same time, the sheet is pinned to the
corners with buttons. Then the sheet is carefully lifted (the buttons are not removed) and
the first form is taken out. After that, a second is put in its place and the paper is rubbed
again. The process continues until all stamps have been used.
A simpler version of color linoleum engraving is a color print made by applying
several paints in certain places of the form or in the form of a free spot [3, 4]. The names
of famous masters of the past who worked in the technique of linocut should be cited:
P. Picasso (
“
Portrait of a Hidalgo
”
, 1965;
“
Portrait of a Young Girl
”
, 1958), A. Matisse
(linocut from the book by Henri de Montherland.
“
Pasiphae
”
. Song of Minos (Cretans),
V. Smirnov
“
Zagorsk
”
(1961), I. Sokolov (
“
Autumn. Kuzminki
”
(1937), and others. Modern
masters working in graphic techniques are Andrea Lauren (France), A. Dvornikova,
M. Shishova, Weiss van der Velde (Netherlands).
Conclusion. Modern colored linoleum engraving is characterized by the desire to
collect a single form on the basis of small various carved elements, rhythm, polychromy, a
departure from a single thematic composition to the area of decor. In general, we can say
that the art of linocut remains a popular type of easel graphics. In printing houses, linocut
is used as one of the methods of flat printing. Among artists and designers, it takes on
new forms and originality, develops in the direction of decorativeism and openwork print
design.
REFERENCES:
1.
Zorin L.G. Estamp. Guide to graphic and printing techniques / L.G. Zorin.
–
Moscow: 2004.
–
P. 200.
2.
Lehman I.I. Engraving and lithography. Essays on history and technology /
I.I. Lehman.
–
St. Petersburg: 2004.
–
P. 156.
3.
Varshavsky L.R. Essays on the history of modern engraving in Russia (woodcut
and linoleum engraving) / L.R. Varshavsky
–
Moscow: 1923.
–
P. 188.
4.
Milchin A.E. Publishing dictionary-reference book / A.E. Milchin
–
3rd ed., Rev.
and add.
–
Moscow: 2006.
–
P. 118.
5.
Zarina R., Shahram A., & Umida K. (2020). Using games to teach management
in higher education institute. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR), 9(3),
49
–
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