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Theoretical basis youth marginalization
Jamshed JURAYEV
1
Bukhara State University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received January 2022
Received in revised form
15 January 2023
Accepted 25 February 2023
Available online
15 March 2023
This article analyzes the processes of marginalization of
young people in the social structure and the processes of the
emergence of marginal strata and statuses. The author
describes and justifies the state of marginal status in the social
structure of the modern community.
2181-
1415/©
2023 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol4-iss2/S-pp387-394
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
marginality,
norm,
marginalization,
marginal status,
social differentiation of
society,
prestige hierarchy,
social identity,
social group,
social environment,
marginal position.
Yoshlalar marginallashuvining nazariy
аsoslari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
marginallik,
me’yor,
marginallashuv,
marginal maqom,
jamiyatning ijtimoiy
tabaqalanishi,
obro‘ iyerarxiyasi,
ijtimoiy mansublik,
ijtimoiy guruh,
ijtimoiy muhit,
marginal pozitsiya.
Ushbu
maqolada
yoshlarning
ijtimoiy
tuzilishdagi
marginallashuvi jarayonlari va marginal qatlamlar hamda
maqomlarning paydo bo‘lishi jarayonlari tahlil qilinadi.
Muallif
zamonaviy jamiyatning ijtimoiy tuzilishidagi marginal holatni
tavsiflaydi va asoslaydi.
1
Acting Associate Professor, Dean, Sociologist, Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of History and Law,
Bukhara State University. E-mail: Jamshid-j-r@buxdu.uz, jurajamshid@gmail.com
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Теоретические основы маргинализации молодежи
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
маргинальность,
норма,
маргинализация,
маргинальный статус,
социальная
дифференциация
общества,
иерархия престижа,
социальная
принадлежность,
социальная группа,
социальная среда,
маргинальная позиция.
В
данной
статье
анализируются
процессы
маргинализации молодежи в социальной структуре и
процессы появления маргинальных слоёв и статусов. Автор
описывает и обосновывает состояние маргинального
статуса в социальной структуре современного общества.
INTRODUCTION
The modern requirements of any society depend on the potential of its youth and
how it is realized in the context of globalization. Socio-transformational changes in the
world have changed the face of modern youth and, as before, the patterns, ideals, values,
and attitudes of older generations
Changes in our society cause an important socio-cultural problem associated with
the transformation of the position of many groups of the socially active population.
It is especially acute for workers with a fairly high socio-professional status acquired
even before the start of the reforms. Today, these layers (if they are well adapted) are
forced to look for new directions, which is extremely difficult in a radically changed
situation. The significance of resolving issues is also increased by the fact that in the
context of an aging workforce, it is expedient to have a strategy for optimally
“
fitting
”
the
relevant groups into the new socioeconomic situation.
As the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev notes in his
message to the Parliament and people of Uzbekistan on December 20, 2022, that the state
is entering a new stage of its development. Huge changes are taking place in all areas of
our lives. Also, the President noted that the ending of 2022 was a very difficult year, we
had to endure many trials. The experience gained during this period clearly confirms one
truth: only through persistent and selfless work can progress be made.
“We will not allow any manifestations of radicalism in our society, the negative
impact on the consciousness of our youth of alien destructive ideas, the use of religion for
political purposes, the assertion of ignorance instead of enlightenment. To do this, not
only are responsible organizations, but all together we must conduct effective work in
the family, mahalla, and educational institutions aimed at conveying to the population the
humanistic essence of our sacred religion and educating young people in the spirit of
national and universal values.
LITERATURE AND METHODOLOGY
One of the directions of the study of this problem is determined by the
development of sociological approaches based on the cultural transformation of
marginality in relation to the situation of our society.
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The purpose of the study is to identify the reasons for the spatial-functional
approach to marginality in sociological practice and to assess the possibilities that the
methodology provides for the analysis of contemporary phenomena.
First, socially important aspects of marginality are emphasized, in other words,
marginality in the sociological sense of the word (psychological and cultural aspects are
analyzed only indirectly). Secondly, after classifying approaches to marginality into
articles, research attention is focused on one of the approaches
–
the cultural
transformation of the marginalized in society.
RESULTS
The new era is characterized by complication and ambiguity. There are not only
new challenges but also new opportunities with the modernization changes of the
beginning of the new millennium.
The growth of freedom, the openness of the socio-cultural sphere, the possibility of
more unhindered socialization and inculturation of the younger generation, and the
internalization of new values, lifestyle, and behavior patterns are complemented by
difficulties associated with a decrease in social and personal security, social
differentiation of society, corruption, and crime, conflicts between society and society.
personality in the modern world.
The ongoing political, economic, technological, social, and other changes
over the past century have led to a greater
“
openness
”
of civilizations, and high
communicativeness. The high pace of globalization has led to the blurring of public
political and cultural boundaries. All this was the motive for the mass emergence of a
new marginal personality, located between two cultures and not fully belonging to either
of them. In the modern world, each person is close to the state of marginality,
marginality, and peripherality.
As the analysis of applied for sociological research shows, positive adaptation to a
market sociocultural system requires a high quality of human capital, a person prone to
innovation, creative interpretation in the development of adaptive behavior patterns,
emphasizing individual ways to achieve success. Of great interest are the ways of
developing national cultures in the conditions of modernization. The correlation of
modernization processes with the national cultural tradition, values, as well as
identification processes seems to be relevant.
In modern science, it is important for sociologists and psychologists to study the
changes that occur to a person who acquires his identity between two or more cultural
environments and is able to introduce renewal features in business relations.
Marginality is one of the characteristics of the state of the social structure of any
developing society. Marginality usually serves to designate relatively stable social
phenomena that appear on the border of the interaction of various civilizations, social
communities, and strata, as a result of which a certain part of social subjects find
themselves outside them. Basically, they mean marginal people, and marginal social
groups.
DISCUSSION
For the first time, the concept of marginality was introduced into scientific
circulation by Robert Park, an American sociologist, and one of the founders of the
Chicago school. He used it in his essay
“
Human Migration and the Marginal Man
”
, which
was devoted to the study of processes in the environment of immigrants. The result of his
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trip to Asia, Hawaii, and South Africa in 1933 was a reflection on the process of the exit of
races and peoples from various kinds of isolation
–
geographical, economic, and cultural.
For R. Park, the concept of marginality (from Latin margo
–
edge, border, limit) meant the
position of individuals located on the border of two different, conflicting cultures, and
served to study the consequences of migrants
’
inadaptation, the peculiarities of the
situation of mulattoes and other
“
cultural hybrids
”. The “classical” socio
-ecological theory
created by R.
Park characterizes society as an organism and a “deeply biological
phenomenon”, which, in addition to the social (cultural)
level, has the so-called biotic
level, which underlies all social development. R. Park believes that social changes are
based on deep, biotic changes and are associated first with physical and then with social
mobility.
First of all, in accordance with th
e “history” of studies of marginality, let us turn to
an approach that considers marginal status as a position that fixes the duality of the
position of an individual or group in a situation of choosing an identification. This duality
is determined by belonging to two or more groups that occupy an unequal position in the
hierarchy of prestige (dominant and subordinate cultures, mainstream culture and
subculture, stigmatized and referent groups, etc.). Examples of such situations from the
perspective of an ethnocultural conflict have been analyzed in sufficient detail by
American researchers.
Thus, when studying the position of young Indians on the reservation, marginal
status was understood as "a position in which the individual was influenced by forces
that prompted him to identify himself with both the dominant and subordinate groups."
At the same time, the situation was studied when an individual equally refers himself to
both groups, the degree of marginality was understood depending on the validity of the
claims and the resources available for such attribution, on the positions of the groups
themselves regarding the latter, as well as on personal qualities. Different researchers
differently assessed the characteristic type of marginality either as a long-
term “balance”,
“balancing” between groups or as a protest against the impossibility of resolving a
cultural conflict.
In the history and sociology of the accumulation of knowledge about the
phenomenon of marginality, it is conditionally possible to single out the scientific schools
of the United States (considering marginality in the aspect of migration or immigration
processes, as well as from the point of view of social psychology), Western Europe (the
main focus is on the role of marginality in political processes, the economic conjuncture
of the transition period) and Russia (including the Soviet period), where this
phenomenon was analyzed from the point of view of economic, legal, socio-political,
existential.
Initially, the study of marginality was carried out by American sociology, cultural
studies, and social psychology (G. Dickey-Clark, R. Merton, R. Park, E. Stonequist,
T. Hughes, T. Shibutani), then it was developed in the Western European works of
J. Levy-Strange, D. Mancini, K. Raban, A. Farge. From Western European studies of the last
10-15 years, we highlight the works of C. Velen, D. Geli, D. Marshall, R. Minsi.
Thus, American researchers drew attention to the fact that a significant and rather
active part of American society is in the marginal state. The marginal situation is always
extremely tense, but in practice, it is realized extremely ambiguously.
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In addition, studies by American scientists present marginality in the following
aspects: marginality as a specific case of the reference group, the nature of a marginal
person, marginal status, as well as studying the degree of intensity of manifestation of
marginality as a state of an individual (for example, J. Mancini used the concepts of
essential and procedural marginality for this).
In European science, significant attention is paid to the characterization of the role
of marginality in political processes, and the economic conjuncture of the transition
period. Western European social science is dominated by the study of the very conditions
and social causes of marginality. Separate emphasis is placed on structural marginality,
which refers to the disenfranchised part of the population, and whose lack of access to
the means of production and the main distribution system leads to poverty. Some of the
origins of the European tradition in the understanding of structural marginality can be
traced to Marxism. The term
“
marginality
”
is not yet used; however, the description of
social pauperism is quite consonant with it. A. Farzh focuses on the problem of
marginalization of political consciousness. V. Hinrichs defines marginality within the
social structure.
The majority of people who are marginalized are referred to as marginal groups,
socially despised strata, or social bottom, and after the reunification of West and East
Germany, researchers turned to newly marginalized groups that appeared on the labor
market as a result of this complex political process. K. Freske, having studied social
marginalization in modern Poland, emphasizes its multi-level nature in the labor market
and points out the weakening of social control over the observance of the principle of
reciprocity as the reason for its occurrence.
Thus, in the European tradition, the study of marginality, the originality of
approaches, and the understanding of its essence are largely determined by the specifics
of a particular social reality and the forms that this phenomenon takes on in it.
This concept is currently still under development.
Conditionally comparing the American and European approaches, we can state
that in the first case, the phenomenon of marginality appears rather as an invaluable
concept that characterizes a person, and in the second, some negative modality appears
in the socio-psychological portrait of the marginal.
It is worth emphasizing the problem that was solved each time in studies of this
direction. It consists in distinguishing between a set of psychological traits that defines
the “complex of the marginal person” and an objective position in the social st
ructure.
Secondly, the situation of relative political stability is also not free from marginal
problems. Migration processes, the expansion of cultural ties, and the availability of a
wide variety of information for various social strata of many states and peoples often
lead to the phenomenon of a marginal person as a person at the turn of cultures. In the
mind of such a person, elements of two or more cultures are closely intertwined,
elements that are often incompatible, and contradictory and cause in the mind of the
person a painful feeling of the split, ambiguity of their culture, social and ethnic
affiliation. This gives rise to subjective problems, internal discord, difficulties with the
ethnocultural and social identification necessary for mental balance, and problems of
interaction with other individuals, groups, and social institutions. Ethnicity, social
affiliation, and cultural and ideological attitudes affect both the behavior of the individual
in a particular situation and on her entire life path. Duality, and vagueness can be the
cause, at best, of bewilderment and caution on the part of society in relation to such a
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person, in the worst case, cruel persecution against him. There are an alarmingly large
number of individuals who find themselves on the border of two or more cultures,
ideological systems or social classes at certain historical moments in the development of
human society.
Also, as Russian researchers note, “A comprehensive study of marginality as a
multi-layered socio-cultural and socio-psychological phenomenon is becoming urgent
and modern in transforming societies, where, as a result of political, economic, social and
cultural reforms, all formerly stable social structures, the system of social relations and
their elements: social institutions, social groups, and individuals find themselves in a
borderline, intermediate, transitional state. The destruction of the socio-cultural,
ideological, political, and economic foundations of life, complete anarchy, uncertainty,
and uncertainty create fertile ground for the emergence of the phenomenon of mass
marginalization. In a sense, marginality is becoming one of the main characteristics of a
transforming society”
.
It is difficult to imagine any society outside the phenomena of marginality,
marginal groups, and marginal individuals, outside marginal social roles, marginal
consciousness, and behavior. In every society, the bearers of marginal qualities are
individuals, social and ethnic groups, and social strata. In other words, marginality is a
socio-cultural and socio-psychological phenomenon that constantly and inextricably
accompanies all kinds of historical societies and various types of socialization.
In the literature, we encounter different definitions of marginality. For example,
according to the Russian sociologist I. Popova, marginality is the state of groups and
individuals in conditions that, under the influence of external factors associated with
socio-economic and socio-cultural transformations in society, force people to change
their social position and lead to significant changes or loss former status, as well as social
ties, social environment, value systems.
According to the opinion of the political scientist and psychologist O. Olshansky,
the concept of marginality often means the commonality of the features of thinking and
behavior of those representatives of social subgroups who, for one reason or another, are
not able to integrate into reference communities.
There are three dimensions to the process of marginalization:
•
economic
–
marginalization as
“
relative deprivation
”
, removal from activity and
consumption;
•
political
–
loss of civil/political rights (de facto or de jure), deprivation of the right to
vote; exclusion from regular political activity and from access to formal political influence;
•
social
–
marginalization as a loss of social prestige: declassing, stigmatization
("Verachtung"), etc. marginalized groups.
So, a brief analysis of the main areas of study of marginality in European sociology
shows that it is described mainly as structural (social). Each time including in its content
the specificity and originality of certain social conditions, the concept of marginality in
the European sociological tradition reflected some common features:
–
a certain stability and continuity in the development of the social structure, in
which crisis phenomena and structural changes associated with the scientific and
technological revolution lead only to quantitative and qualitative changes in the
“
outlying
”
(in relation to the mainstream society) social groups;
–
a fairly clearly defined composition of these groups, which are the object of
official control of social support institutions.
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The concept of marginality is currently under further development. An example is
the work of G.B. Mancini already cited here. It generalizes and, in part, synthesizes
various theoretical approaches and positions.
First of all, one of the main conclusions boils down to the following: the concept of
marginality has ceased to exist as a unitary one, three directions, three types have been
identified in it: cultural, structural, and marginality of the social role.
Cultural marginality
–
in its classical definition refers to the processes of cross-
cultural contacts and assimilation. This type of marginality is based on the relationship
between the value systems of two cultures in which the individual participates, resulting
in ambiguity, and uncertainty of status and role. The classic descriptions of cultural
marginality are given by Stonequist and Park (as mentioned earlier).
The marginality of the social role
–
marginality of this type occurs in the following
cases: in case of failure when trying to refer to a positive reference group; being in a role
that lies between two adjacent roles; membership in groups defined as marginal (some
professional groups); this type also includes those social groups that are completely
outside the mainstream of social organization (for example, gypsies, the homeless, etc.)
Structural marginality refers to the political, social and economic impotence of
some disenfranchised and/or disadvantaged segments within society.
CONCLUSION
In general, it is no coincidence that the concept of "marginal personality" is
considered by some researchers to be a "sociological fiction". And some researchers
believe that “marginality” is such a general concept that, including everything, does not
exclude anything, which means that it must be used with caution and only after its
parameters have been established. In modern sociological literature, there are two
approaches to the study of marginality: in the first case, the phenomenon of marginality
is understood as a state of social groups and individuals in the process of structural
transformations in society (changes in social status when a group or individual finds
itself on the border of two groups or structures); in the second case, marginality is
understood as a characteristic of social groups located on the periphery.
Some researchers consider marginality a source of political extremism, and
radicalism. If the sociological aspect of marginality has been studied relatively well, then
we cannot say the same about its philosophical aspect, since the philosophical theory of
marginality is still in the development stage. Since the second half of the 20th century, a
postmodern direction has been formed in philosophy, which occupies a conscious
marginal position, thus opposing the dominant discourse of classical philosophy.
Postmodernists introduce the concepts of the marginal subject, marginal consciousness,
marginal space, and marginal being. A madman, a magician, an art historian, a
homosexual, and a schizophrenic act as marginal subjects, who consistently devalue the
system, logic, religion, morality, and common sense, that is, everything that can act as an
instrument of suppression.
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