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Scientific classification of oral translation
Durdonakhon KHASANKHONOVA
1
, Navruz DAMINOV
2
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received May 2023
Received in revised form
15 June 2023
Accepted 25 June 2023
Available online
15 July 2023
This article is devoted to the main types of translation are
technical, legal, business, newspaper, and artistic. Each of them
has its own characteristics and its own challenges. In terms of
style, technical translation is the simplest, but serious problems
can arise with vocabulary and terminology. For example,
technical translation from French can be complicated by the
presence of a large number of modern terms in the form of
neologisms, unlike other foreign languages, in which technical
terms are imported and appropriated, especially in the field of
high technology.
2181-
1415/©
2023 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol4-iss5/S-pp16-19
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
vocabulary,
terminology,
communication,
conditions,
simultaneous translation,
consecutive translation.
Og‘zaki tarjimaning ilmiy tasnifi
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so
‘
zlar:
lug‘at,
terminologiya,
aloqa,
shartlar,
sinxron tarjima,
ketma-ket tarjima.
Ushbu maqola texnik, yuridik, biznes, gazeta va badiiy
tarjimaning asosiy turlariga bag‘ishlangan. Ularning har biri
o‘ziga xos xususiyatlarga va o‘ziga xos qiyinchiliklarga ega.
Uslub nuqtai nazaridan, t
exnik tarjima eng sodda, ammo lug‘at
va terminologiyada jiddiy muammolar paydo bo‘lishi mumkin.
Masalan, frantsuz tilidan texnik tarjimani boshqa xorijiy
tillardan farqli o‘laroq, neologizmlar ko‘rinishidagi zamonaviy
atamalarning ko‘pligi bilan murakkabla
shtirishi mumkin, ularda
texnik atamalar import qilinadi va o‘zlashtiriladi, ayniqsa
yuqori texnologiyalar sohasida.
1
Student, Samarkand State Institute of foreign languages
2
Senior lecturer, Samarkand State Institute of foreign languages
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Научная классификация устного перевода
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
лексика,
терминология,
общение,
термины,
синхронный перевод,
последовательный
перевод
.
Данная статья посвящена основным видам технического,
юридического, делового, газетного и художественного
перевода. Каждый из них имеет свои особенности и свои
проблемы. С точки зрения стиля, технический перевод самый
простой, но могут возникнуть серьезные проблемы с
лексикой и терминологией. Например, технический перевод
с французского, в отличие от других иностранных языков,
может быть осложнен обилием современных терминов в
виде неологизмов, в которые вводятся и присваиваются
технические термины, особенно в сфере высоких технологий.
Introduction
The role of intercultural and interethnic communication in the modern world
cannot be overestimated. The value of an interpreter as an intermediary in various
bilateral or multilateral communications is very important. Sometimes issues of war and
peace are resolved with the help of an interpreter.
The importance of the work of translators cannot be overestimated in modern
conditions, where the borders between countries and peoples are gradually
disappearing, and international relations are becoming tense. Although English is
considered the universal language of international communication today, this does not
reduce the need for skilled translations from one language to another. Also, the most
requested thing is a translation from English to other languages of the world.
All types of translation work are divided into two large groups - written translation
and translation.
Literature Review
The translation is certainly a more difficult task, and the level of complexity is
determined not only by the prevalence of the language and the difficulty of learning it
(although, for example, translating from French is certainly easier than translating from a
language.
Interpreting, in turn, is divided into two types: simultaneous and consecutive.
Simultaneous translation is the most difficult of them. A simultaneous interpreter
does not have time to choose words - and at the same time, he must convey all the
nuances of the speech absolutely clearly. The additional complexity of simultaneous
interpretation is provided by individual characteristics of human speech [3].
English simultaneous translation seems like a relatively simple task. But in
international English, there are so many differences in pronunciation, accent, and lexical
and grammatical features that are common in different countries, regions, and social
groups that even a highly skilled translator has to follow the speed and strictness of the
speaker’s speech. may make a mistake in the situation, and get lost.
Thus, simultaneous interpretation can be defined as a type of translation that is
carried out simultaneously with the original language reproduction using technical
means at a specially equipped booth, and where a lot of information is collected under
time pressure and processed for a text unit [2].
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Another type of translator is much simpler. The speaker pauses in his speech, and
the translator uses these pauses to announce the translation. In this case, he has some
time to think about the construction of the phrase and choose the most appropriate
words. However, one way or another, there are very serious time constraints that a
translator must strictly adhere to when translating. He should pronounce the translation
almost at the same time as the person speaking the foreign language, or immediately
after speaking his phrase.
There are no such restrictions for written translation. Of course, deadlines are also
set for a written translation, but they are not measured in seconds, but in days or, in
extreme cases, hours.
Research problem
The most difficult type of translation is undoubtedly literary translation. Even a
prose translation presents difficulties related to the need to preserve the style of the
original. It is sometimes impossible to translate a poem successfully. Those translations,
which readers are ready to enjoy endlessly, are usually written by wordsmiths whose
talent is no less than that of the original authors.
Implementation of simultaneous translation activity is associated with significant
changes in the activity of cognitive mechanisms compared to other types of translation.
In order to take into account, the characteristics of simultaneous translation activity, it is
necessary to consider comprehensively its specific characteristics in order to use the
results in the process of training simultaneous translators, including on the basis of
higher educational institutions [4].
As a result of the analysis of theoretical and practical materials related to the
characteristics of simultaneous translation activity, we came to the conclusion that
simultaneous translation activity has three characteristics: linguistic, temporal, and
psychological.
In order to understand correctly the role of simultaneous translation, it is
necessary to give a classification of translation types. It can be presented depending on
the classification criteria.
Depending on the type of performer, translation can be divided into human and
machine translation. We also include in this category a mixed type called human-guided
machine translation. This type of translation involves human participation in the
preparation of the text for machine translation, as well as post-translation editing. Text
preparation consists of optimizing the syntactic structure of the original text for more
appropriate machine translation.
According to the method of presentation of the original text, visually supported
translation and ear translation are distinguished. The first group of types of translation
includes written translation when there is a printed version of the source text or from a
computer screen (visual translation); the translator performs the translation based on
the printed text (visual translation). The second group can be represented by a written
translation, if the source text is presented in oral form (on an audio data carrier or
specified by the author of the text); phraseological translation, in which the translator
performs a one-way oral translation (if the volume of the fragments translated by him is
limited); two-way translation (translation of a conversation between two languages of
small phrases speakers); consecutive translation (one-way or two-way translation of
important parts of the speaker’s speech with m
andatory preservation of abbreviated
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writing; it is carried out during pauses in the speaker’s speech); simultaneous
interpretation (one-way or two-
way translation of the speaker’s speech; it is carried out
simultaneously with the distribution of the speech in the original language).
According to the method of presentation of the translation text, the types of
translation are divided into written and oral. We associate visual-written translation and
written translation with the ear to the written translation. Translation includes visual
translation (or page translation), paragraph-phraseological translation, two-way
translation, consecutive translation, and simultaneous translation.
It is also important to separate the transfers by direction. Translation from English
to Russian and translation from Russian to English are close but not identical tasks. One
of the most important rules of translation work, which is not always followed, but should
be tried: the translation should be done by a native speaker of the target language. That
is, translation from French to Russian should be done by a Russian translator and
translation from Russian to French by a francophone.
Summary
According to the number of languages involved in the translation process, we
distinguish bilingual and multilingual translation. Bilingual translation includes the use of
the native language and one foreign language, while multilingual translation may include
several foreign languages in addition to the native language. Such a situation is typical for
international conferences or official negotiations with several working languages. In this
case, the translator must perform mediation translation; a foreign language into a
familiar foreign language or native language performed by another translator, to
translate the speaker’s speech into his native language or a familiar foreign language). In
the case of international conferences, the translator, as a rule, performs simultaneous
translation. In the case of formal negotiations, sometimes the receiving party cannot
provide translation using the official languages of the parties. The parties then agree to
use an intermediary language (usually English) to facilitate language communication.
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Savory, Theodore H. The art of translation. (Theodore Horace), 1896-1980.
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