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History of the development of legislation on responsibility
for crimes against morality
Maftuna TOSHEVA
1
Academy of Labor and Social Relations, Tashkent State University of Law
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received July 2023
Received in revised form
15 July 2023
Accepted 25 July 2023
Available online
15 August 2023
The article presents the history of the development of
criminal law on responsibility for crimes against morality. A
comparative analysis of responsibility and punishment in
relation to the types of crimes against morality and crimes
committed in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia, and Ancient
India, as well as states of the ancient period, among them: the
criminal legislation of the countries of Athens, Rome, in
addition, on the basis of codified provisions of the criminal law
of medieval states. In addition, one of the historical monuments
existing on the territory of our country is the Avesta, and with
the spread of Islam that penetrated into the territory of our
country, according to Muslim law, the issues of crimes against
morality and responsibility were considered. Crimes such as
prostitution, cohabitation, debauchery, polygamy, wife cheating,
and grave desecration are common crimes against morality
from ancient times to the present day. In addition, as social
relations develop, the types of crimes against morality are also
expanding, from which we can distinguish such crimes as the
destruction of historical and cultural monuments, the
distribution of pornographic products, and animal cruelty.
2181-
1415/©
2023 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol4-iss6/S-pp488-496
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
crimes against morality,
prostitution,
brothel maintenance,
debauchery,
treason,
pornographic products,
historical and cultural
monuments,
grave desecration,
animal cruelty
Axloqqa qarshi jinoyatlar uchun javobgarlik to'g'risidagi
qonunchilikning rivojlanish tarixi
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
axloqqa qarshi jinoyatlar,
fohishabozlik,
Maqolada axloqqa qarshi jinoyatlar uchun javobgarlik
to'g'risidagi jinoyat qonunchiligining rivojlanish tarixi
1
Teacher, Academy of Labor and Social Relations, PhD student, Tashkent State University of Law.
E-mail: maftunaaslonova@gmail.com
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uy mazmuni,
buzuqlik,
xiyonat,
pornografik mahsulotlar,
tarix va madaniyat
yodgorliklari,
qabrlarni tahqirlash,
hayvonlarga nisbatan
shafqatsizlik
keltirilgan. Qadimgi Misrda, qadimgi Mesopotamiyada, qadimgi
Hindistonda, shuningdek qadimgi davr davlatlarida sodir
etilgan axloq va jinoyatlarga qarshi jinoyatlar turlariga nisbatan
javobgarlik va jazoning qiyosiy tahlili o'tkazildi, ular orasida:
Afina, Rim mamlakatlarining jinoyat qonunchiligi, bundan
tashqari, o'rta asr davlatlarining jinoyat qonunchiligining
kodlangan qoidalari asosida. Bundan tashqari, mamlakatimiz
hududida mavjud bo'lgan tarixiy yodgorliklardan biri bu
Avestadir va mamlakatimiz hududiga kirib kelgan Islomning
tarqalishi bilan musulmon huquqi axloq va javobgarlikka qarshi
jinoyatlar masalalarini ko'rib chiqa boshladi. Fohishalik,
birgalikda yashash, buzuqlik, ko'pxotinlilik, xotinni aldash,
qabrlarni tahqirlash kabi jinoyatlar qadimgi zamonlardan to
hozirgi kungacha axloqqa qarshi jinoyatlarning keng tarqalgan
turlari hisoblanadi. Bundan tashqari, ijtimoiy munosabatlar
rivojlanib borishi bilan axloqqa qarshi jinoyatlar turlari ham
kengayib bormoqda, ular orasida tarix va madaniyat
yodgorliklarini yo'q qilish, pornografik mahsulotlarni tarqatish,
hayvonlarga nisbatan shafqatsizlik kabi jinoyatlarni ajratib
ko'rsatish mumkin.
История
развития
законодательства
об
ответственности
за
преступления
против
нравственности
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
преступления против
нравственности,
проституция,
содержание притонов,
разврат,
измена,
порнографическая
продукция,
памятники истории и
культуры,
осквернение могил,
жестокое обращение с
животными.
В статье представлена история развития уголовного
законодательства об ответственности за преступления
против нравственности. Проведен сравнительный анализ
ответственности и наказания применительно к видам
преступлений против нравственности и преступлений,
совершенных в Древнем Египте, Древней Месопотамии,
Древней Индии, а также государствах античного периода,
среди них: уголовное законодательство стран Афин, Рим,
кроме того, на основе кодифицированных положений
уголовного права средневековых государств. Кроме того,
одним из исторических памятников, существующих на
территории нашей страны, является Авеста, а с
распространением ислама, проникшего на территорию
нашей страны, по мусульманскому праву стали
рассматриваться
вопросы
преступлений
против
нравственности и ответственности. Такие преступления,
как проституция, сожительство, разврат, многоженство,
измена
жены,
осквернение
могил,
являются
распространенными
видами
преступлений
против
нравственности с древнейших времен до наших дней.
Кроме того, по мере развития общественных отношений
расширяются
и
виды
преступлений
против
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нравственности, среди которых можно выделить такие
преступления, как разрушение памятников истории и
культуры, распространение порнографической продукции,
жестокое обращение с животными.
Introduction
We know morality as a set of behaviors and manners that are revealed in the
mutual relations of people, as well as in their relations with the family and society.
Morality plays an important role in human development. The role of religion in the
formation of morality and its development is huge. It is important for a person to
understand two opposites - evil and goodness, good and bad - in the moral development
of a person. Morality can change, develop, and disappear in a certain society and era.
That's why in each era, the attitude towards morality was different, crimes against
morality were caused by violating the standards set for morality. Since the moral
standards (norms) were different in different periods, crimes against morality and
responsibility and punishment measures applied to them were also different.
In recent years, we can find a lot of news through the mass media, it was reported
that "it was revealed that state officials had sex with children of the orphanage in
Khorezm ", "A woman who set up a brothel in her home in Nukus was prosecuted", "In
Urganch, an obscene video was shown on the advertising monitor "Cruel treatment of
dogs: Animals are being destroyed by starving in Olot". The President of Uzbekistan
signed th
e Law No. O’RQ
-829 of 11.04.2023 "On amendments and additions to certain
legal documents of the Republic of Uzbekistan in connection with the further
improvement of the system of reliable protection of the rights, freedoms and legal
interests of women and children". This document is aimed at preventing such negative
situations, as well as establishing strict punishments for various cases of violence against
women and minors.
Also, humanitarian acts such as early parole or commutation of punishment for
persons who have committed sexual violence, including sexual violence against minors,
will no longer be applied, and punishments for such crimes will be made more severe. In
addition, responsibility for sexual acts and harassment against women is established. So
when did these crimes appear? In the history of our country, what responsibility and
punishment measures were established for such crimes? This article analyzes the types
of crimes against morals in the history of the world and the issues of responsibility for
such crimes with the help of relevant criminal laws.
Material and methods.
Historical, systematic, logical (analysis, synthesis), and
comparative-legal methods of scientific knowledge were used in the analysis of the
development of criminal law, which determines the issues of responsibility and
punishment for crimes against morality. Also, historical documents such as Hammurabi's
Laws, Manu's Laws, Roman Law, Sali's Truths, and Avesta were relied upon for an
objective analysis of the article.
Research results.
The formation of the first states in the world is explained by the
emergence of the ancient Egyptian state. According to the criminal law of the ancient
Egyptian state, crimes against the dignity of the person, such as treason and touching
honor, were considered. A wife's betrayal of her husband was considered a serious crime.
In this case, the treacherous woman's nose was cut off, and her partner was castrated.
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Among the crimes of a religious nature - killing sacred animals was considered a serious
crime, for which a person was severely punished [1, p. 23]. Also, digging a grave where a
corpse is buried, and burying a corpse in a prohibited place are also considered serious
crimes. The ears and nose of the person who broke the grave and committed theft were
cut off and put on the stake [2, b-60].
One of the unique monuments of ancient Eastern law is the Laws of Hammurabi,
which existed in the state of Mesopotamia. Like other ancient codifications, the laws of
Hammurabi do not have a complete definition of the concept of crime (forms of guilt,
aggravating and mitigating circumstances) and a list of cases recognized as crimes.
However, according to the general content of Hammurabi's Laws, crimes can be divided
into four groups: crimes against the person, against property, against the family, and
against the court. The composition of crimes against the family includes immorality (it
should be said that in most cases the crime was considered a crime only if it was
committed by women), sex between close relatives (for example, intimacy between a
father and a daughter or a mother and her son or other close relatives) was considered a
crime. Misbehavior of wives, elopement of a woman from her husband, and kidnapping of
a married woman were considered theft crimes and were severely punished [3, p-66]. If a
man's wife is caught cheating with another man, it is established that they should be tied
and thrown into the water [4, Article 129]
The laws of Manu of ancient India contain many articles on crimes and
punishments. This shows the existence of acute social conflicts in ancient Indian society:
people suffered from robbery, violence, lawlessness, and theft. The Laws of Manu are
filled with articles on theft, robbery, kidnapping, murder, grievous bodily harm, slander,
adultery, prostitution, lewdness, drunkenness, etc. Such a "variety" of crimes provided
for by the law indicates the existence of a large number of poor people, people deprived
of their livelihood [5, p-120]. According to the Laws of Manu, giving gifts to a stranger
(Woman), fondling (her), touching her ornaments and clothes, and sitting in bed with
her, all (actions) are adultery (samgrahana) and punishable by death (Chapter VIII,
Article 357). This rule does not apply to the wives of actors and singers, nor to those who
live on their own (wives' instigation); for such men send their wives (to others), or hide,
and allow them to commit crimes (Chapter VIII, Article 362). It should be said that men
were not punished [5]. In addition, according to the laws of Manu, adultery and harming
living beings were included among the serious crimes [6, p-77]. In addition, killing any
living creature was considered a serious crime.
If we look at the criminal law of the states of ancient antiquity, despite the fact that
these states made a great contribution to the development of private law, the legal norms
regulating the relationship between crime and punishment are limited. Nevertheless, in
Ancient Athens any depravity and treason were considered as the subject of legal
proceedings [7, p-76]. Also, treason, abduction of girls is considered serious crimes, and
the death penalty is provided for such crimes. Stealing things from synagogues was
considered as crime against the state [8, p-150].
In the ancient Roman state, there were crimes against family and morality:
polygamy, homosexuality [9, p-228]. Also (especially under the influence of Christianity)
the range of crimes related to the family and moral sphere has expanded. These include
marriage between relatives, adultery, polygamy, sexual intercourse with an unmarried
woman, adultery [10, p-240].
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Crimes against morals constitute a separate group of crimes provided for in the
Law of the Barbarians (leges barbarorum), which is the first source of German law. "if
someone rapes a free girl and touches her honor, he is fined 62.5 solids" (Title XXV,
Article 1), "if someone has sex with a free girl based on her consent and mutual
agreement, he is fined 45 solids punishment is set (Title XXV, Article 2)" [11, p-53].
With the establishment of the Frankish empire, they created a set of laws aimed at
regulating relations in society. The first codifications of Frankish law incorporated
customary law writings. One of the most famous of them is the "Truth of Sali" compiled in
507-511. In "Sali's Truth", a number of crimes are distinguished, which shows the
concept of crime. In general, according to Sali's truth, crimes are divided into 4 types. We
can cite crimes against property (theft, stealing property from a grave). According to
Sali's truth, Frankish criminal law also included "innocent liability", and if a group of men
assaulted and raped a free woman, each of them paid a fine of 200 solids. However, being
in this group and not knowing that force was used, the persons who participated in it
must also pay a fine of 45 solids. We can see these in detail in Title XIII. This section
regulates defamation crimes committed by free persons [12].
Aggravating circumstances are also mentioned in Sali's truth, such as violating a
number of values, that is, opening a grave and stealing something from it, attacking a
woman, or a young child. If someone digs up a buried corpse and robs it, and it is proved
to him, it is considered illegal until he agrees with the relatives of the deceased and asks
him to do so (Title LV) [13, p-239].
It should be said that the punishments applied to the crime in the Alamann reality
were lighter than in the Sali’s truth, for e
xample, adultery with an unmarried girl was
punishable with a smaller fine (sol 40) than that of a married woman (sol 80) [ 14, p-
393].
By the Middle Ages, the composition of crimes, and the bases of responsibility were
established by judicial practice. One of the oldest sources that provide detailed answers
to questions about medieval criminal law and procedure is the Carolina Statutes, adopted
in 1532. According to the All-German Criminal Code, crimes such as sexual relations
between close relatives, defamation, polygamy, treason, and immorality are included
among crimes against morals [15].
In medieval Germany, crimes against morality and the family were considered
serious crimes. "If a man commits adultery with animals, or a man commits adultery with
a man, or a woman commits adultery with a woman, then they shall be put to death by
burning," if he touches the honor of a widow or a daughter, he is like a robber and must
be put to death with the sword. In addition, according to the Carolina Criminal Code,
crimes against morals, such as polygamy, adultery, prostitution, cohabitation, and lewd
and lascivious acts against minors, are included as theft crimes [16, b- 341].
If we talk about the sources that regulate the criminal relations of the states
existing in the territory of Central Asia, Avesta is the oldest unique ancient source. In
"Avesta" crimes against morality are defined as unforgivable crimes. For example, we can
see that the person who committed the crime of adultery and fornication was sentenced
to death without any evidence or witness and without the judgment of the priests. It
should be said that in "Avesta" we see that it is not forbidden to drink intoxicating drinks.
According to Zoroastrianism, while drinking “haom” to live happily in life str
engthens
friendly relations between people, sometimes by drinking “haom”, is believed that
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impurity could be exposed the language of miscreants who become infamous for bad
deeds [17, b-23]. According to the Avesta, beating, harming, and killing animals were
crimes against property, and those who committed crimes against animals were
punished with 400-800 lashes, torture with iron weapons heated in fire, and slavery. The
death penalty was also used for such serious crimes [18, p-128]. In addition, in "Avesta"
the elements of nature - earth, water, air, fire - were considered sacred. Therefore,
burying human corpses, dumping them in water, and burning them in fire are among
grave sins, and those who commit such crimes are punished with 400-800 lashes [19, p-
130].
When the Arabs conquered the territories of Central Asia, they paid special
attention to the spread of Islam in this region. With the spread of Islam, Sharia rules
became the main means of regulating social relations. From the beginning of the 7th
century, Islam became the dominant religion in Transoxiana and controlled all aspects of
community life, but in practice, it also adapted to the conditions of Turan. "Sharia is not
only practiced as a religious-legal system, but it consists of a set of institutions covering
social and spiritual life, having a deep impact on people's historical, cultural, national and
legal traditions, moral views and life."- writes academic A.X.Saidov [20, p-442]. In
Transoxiana, citizenship, land, family marriage, inheritance, and other issues of private
law are regulated by the norms of the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Criminal cases were
considered and resolved based on these criteria [21, p-204]. According to Islamic
criminal law, any offense is a sin. Islamic criminal law divides crimes into three main
groups: a) crimes that violate the rights of God and the entire Muslim community, such
crimes are punishable by specific punishment (sanction) - hadd; b) crimes that violate
the rights of individual persons and are punishable on the basis of exact revenge, kavad,
and diya - blood price rules; c) crimes of other categories - tazir [22, b-78].
In the Qur'an and hadiths, specific punishments are defined - a group of hadd
crimes: theft, robbery (gasb), crimes against morals and dignity; drinking alcohol,
keeping a brothel, violation of trade rules, gambling in cases of aggravated guilt, fraud. In
such crimes, it was not possible for the parties to be forgiven, pardoned, or reconciled.
The punishment given to them is called "hadd" and is given only by court verdict, often
execution, stoning, hanging, dismemberment and other forms, or whipping, caning 40-
100 punished by flogging. After that, he had to repent and wash away his sins. Apart from
these, punishments such as deprivation of liberty, confiscation of property,
imprisonment, exile, and banishment were imposed. Hadd was often performed in public
places, markets, or arcades [23, p-280].
It should be said that with the adoption of the Criminal Code of the Uzbekistan SSR
in 1926, a new era in the field of criminal law began in Uzbekistan. In this code, the types
of crimes that are part of crimes against morality are listed in scattered articles, including
in article 211 of chapter 4, which is called crimes in the field of sexual relations, engaging
in sexual relations with a minor is punishable by imprisonment for a period of not less
than 3 years, referring to article 212 in case, it is envisaged to be deprived of freedom for
a period of not less than 5 years for satisfying sexual desire with a minor in a corrupt
form. In Article 213, committing indecent actions against a minor is punishable by
imprisonment for up to 5 years, and in Article 216, forcing to engage in prostitution
under physical or mental pressure is punishable by imprisonment for a period of not less
than 3 years and strict social isolation. If we look at article 217, deprivation of liberty for
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a period of not less than 3 years and deprivation of all or part of property is provided for
cohabiting or keeping a brothel. It should be said that the initially adopted Criminal Code
did not include the crimes of preparation, distribution, or import of pornographic
products. Criminal code edited in 1935, in Article 941, the preparation, distribution, and
advertising of pornographic essays, as well as for the purpose of selling and selling them.
The offense of possession is punishable by imprisonment for up to 5 years with
confiscation of such products. In addition, in Article 166 5 of the Criminal Code of 1932, it
is a criminal offense to treat horses and camels (especially pregnant camels) in collective
farms, car and horse stations, such actions lead to the death of the horse or its
incapacitation - imprisonment for up to 6 months is imposed. As for the specificity of this
article, the Soviet government did not intend to protect animals, the labor force of
animals was more important for this country. The proof of our statement is confirmed by
Article 166 6 of this criminal code, we can see that criminal liability was established for
the death or incapacitation of working bulls, oxen, and camels. The thing that unites the
Criminal Codes of the Uzbekistan SSR in general is that crimes against morals, such as
destruction and damage of objects of cultural heritage, as well as grave desecration, and
cruel treatment of animals, are not included.
After the independence of Uzbekistan, a new Criminal Code was adopted on
September 22, 1994, and among the types of crimes against morals, Article 128 included
sex with a person under the age of sixteen, Article 129 - sexual intercourse with a person
under the age of sixteen Crimes such as committing obscene acts against an absent
person and desecration of a grave were established in Article 134. In the following years,
the articles of the Criminal Code continued to improve, and among the crimes against
morals, they were enriched with articles such as preparation and distribution of
pornographic products, maintaining and conspiring in a brothel, destroying and
damaging historical and cultural monuments, and cruel treatment of animals.
Summary
In conclusion, it should be said that criminal law, which establishes responsibility
for crimes against morality, has developed as a result of various reasons and factors.
1. It is necessary to distinguish the historical traditions of the law in force within
Uzbekistan from the sources of Muslim law. Because, from the earliest times to the 21st
century, various religions have been dominant here, and various historical states have
been established and practiced. Therefore, when it comes to the criminal law in practice
in the current territory of Uzbekistan, the importance of the Zoroastrian holy book
"Avesta" as a source of law, the customary rights of the Turks, as well as Muslim law, the
largest secular legislation code - "Temur Laws", as well as legal or written decrees in the
Uzbek khanate regarding criminal punishment issues, penal rights not provided for in the
Sharia, Criminal Code which were implemented in our country after the Soviet
occupation.
2. Issues of responsibility for crimes against morality have developed with the
emergence of different religions in society. In particular, with the advent of Buddhism,
cruelty to animals and killing them was considered a serious crime, animals were
considered sacred. With the advent of Christianity, the range of crimes against the family
and morals expanded in Ancient Rome. With the widespread spread of Islam, crimes such
as adultery, treason, and keeping a brothel were considered serious crimes.
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3. The Criminal Code of the Uzbek SSR, which defines responsibility and
punishment for crimes against morality, is not perfect, because: 1) these crimes are given
in scattered articles; 2) some types of crimes are not included in the scope of crimes
against morality. For example, grave desecration, and destruction of cultural heritage
objects.
4. The articles of the first Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan during the
period of independence, which regulate immoral criminal issues, were not complete,
certain acts were not included in the crime list, and changes and additions were made in
the following years, some acts were criminalized, for example: creation and distribution
of pornographic products; keeping a brothel; cruelty to animals.
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