Проблемы психолингвистического исследования узбекского языка: комплексный обзор

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Challenges in psycholinguistic research of the Uzbek
language: a comprehensive review

Adila TADJIBAEVA

1

Fergana branch of Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad ibn Musa

al-Khwarizmi

ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Article history:

Received September 2023
Received in revised form

15 September 2023

Accepted 25 October 2023

Available online

15 December 2023

This study delves into the intricate landscape of

psycholinguistic research on the Uzbek language, aiming to

uncover and address the challenges inherent in this fascinating
field of study. As the intersection of psychology and linguistics,

psycholinguistics explores the cognitive processes involved in

language comprehension, production, and acquisition. In the

context of the Uzbek language, which holds a rich linguistic and
cultural tapestry, understanding the nuances of psycholinguistic

phenomena becomes a complex endeavour. The abstract

explores key challenges faced by researchers in the

psycholinguistic examination of the Uzbek language, considering
factors such as linguistic diversity, cultural influences, and the

evolving nature of language use. The study also investigates

methodological hurdles, technological limitations, and the need

for

context-specific

approaches

in

psycholinguistic

experimentation. Through a thorough examination of these

challenges, this research aims to contribute valuable insights to

the field, providing a foundation for future studies and fostering

a deeper understanding of the psycholinguistic intricacies
inherent in the Uzbek language.

2181-

1415/©

2023 in Science LLC.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol4-iss9/S-pp280-289

This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International

(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)

Keywords:

Psycholinguistics,

Uzbek language,

language comprehension,

language acquisition,
language diversity,

cultural influences,

methodological issues,
technological limitations,
context-sensitive

approaches, cognitive
processes,

language research,

Uzbek linguistics,

cognitive linguistics,
language diversity.

O‘zbek tilining psixolingvistik tadqiqi muammolari

ANNOTATSIYA

Kalit so‘zlar

:

Psixolingvistika,

o‘zbek tili,

tilni tushunish,

Ushbu maqolada, o‘zbek tiliga oid psixolingvistik

tadqiqotlarning murakkab manzarasini chuqur o‘rganildi,

Ishning maqsadi ushbu tadqiqot sohasiga xos bo‘lgan

1

Teacher, Department of Foreign Languages, Fergana branch of Tashkent University of Information Technologies

named after Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, Fergana, Republic of Uzbekistan. E-mail: a.tadjibaeva@mail.ru

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tilni o‘zlashtirish,

til xilma-xilligi,

madaniy ta’sirlar,

metodologik masalalar,
texnologik cheklovlar,

kontekst-sensitiv
yondashuvlar,

kognitiv jarayonlar,

til tadqiqoti, o‘zbek

tilshunosligi,

kognitiv tilshunoslik,

til xilma-xilligi.

muammolarni ochib berish va hal etishdir. Psixologiya va

tilshunoslikning kesishishi bo‘lgan psixolingvistika tilni
tushunish, ishlab chiqarish va o‘zlashtirish bilan bog'liq bo‘lgan

kognitiv jarayonlarni o‘rganadi. Boy lisoniy va madaniy merosga

ega bo‘lgan o‘zbek tili sharoitida psixolingvistik hodisalarning

nozik jihatlarini anglash murakkab vazifaga aylandi. Ishda,

o‘zbek tilini psixolingvistik o‘rganishda tadqiqotchilar oldida

turgan asosiy masalalar til xilma-

xilligi, madaniy ta’sirlar va til

qo‘llani

lishining rivojlanish xususiyati kabi omillarni hisobga

olgan holda ko‘rib chiqildi. Tadqiqotda, shuningdek, uslubiy
to‘siqlarni,

texnologik

cheklovlarni

va

psixolingvistik

eksperimentlarda kontekstga sezgir yondashuvlarga bo‘lgan
ehtiyojni o‘rganildi. Maz

kur tadqiqot ushbu masalalarni

sinchiklab o‘rganib chiqib, ushbu sohaga qimmatli ma’lumotlar
qo‘shish, kelgusidagi izlanishlar uchun zamin yaratish, o‘zbek

tiliga xos bo‘lgan psixolingvistik nozikliklarni chuqurroq

anglashda hissa qo‘shishni maqsad qilgan.

Проблемы

психолингвистического

исследования

узбекского языка: комплексный обзор

АННОТАЦИЯ

Ключевые слова:

психолингвистика,

узбекский язык,
понимание языка,
овладение языком,
языковое разнообразие,

культурные влияния,
методологические
проблемы,

технологические
ограничения,

контекстно

-

зависимые

подходы,

когнитивные процессы,
исследование языка,
узбекская лингвистика,

когнитивная лингвистика,
языковое разнообразие.

Данное исследование углубляется в сложную картину

психолингвистических исследований узбекского языка с

целью раскрыть и решить проблемы, присущие этой

увлекательной области изучения. Будучи пересечением

психологии и лингвистики, психолингвистика исследует
когнитивные процессы, связанные с пониманием,

производством и усвоением языка. В контексте узбекского

языка, обладающего богатым языковым и культурным

наследием, понимание нюансов психолингвистических
явлений становится сложной задачей. В аннотации

рассматриваются ключевые проблемы, с которыми

сталкиваются исследователи при психолингвистическом
исследовании узбекского языка, с учетом таких факторов,

как языковое разнообразие, культурные влияния и
развивающийся

характер

использования

языка.

Исследование

также

исследует

методологические

препятствия,

технологические

ограничения

и

необходимость

контекстно

-

зависимых

подходов

в

психолингвистических

экспериментах.

Благодаря

тщательному изучению этих проблем данное исследование

призвано внести ценную информацию в эту область,

обеспечить основу для будущих исследований и
способствовать

более

глубокому

пониманию

психолингвистических тонкостей, присущих узбекскому

языку.

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INTRODUCTION

The study of psycholinguistics, particularly concerning the Uzbek language,

presents a captivating exploration at the crossroads of psychology and linguistics.
Psycholinguistics delves into the cognitive mechanisms underlying language
comprehension, production, and acquisition, offering profound insights into the intricacies
of human communication. In the context of the Uzbek language, a linguistic tapestry rich
in cultural and historical nuances, the investigation into psycholinguistic phenomena
introduces a spectrum of challenges that warrant scholarly attention.

This introduction sets the stage for a comprehensive exploration of the problems

encountered in psycholinguistic research in the Uzbek language. As we navigate this
multidimensional landscape, we will scrutinize linguistic diversity, cultural influences, and
evolving language dynamics. Additionally, we will delve into methodological intricacies,
technological constraints, and the imperative for context-specific approaches in
psycholinguistic studies.

By addressing these challenges head-on, this research endeavours to contribute to

the broader understanding of psycholinguistics, offering valuable insights into the unique
complexities associated with the Uzbek language. The subsequent sections will unravel
these challenges and pave the way for a nuanced comprehension of psycholinguistic
phenomena in the Uzbek linguistic context.

Furthermore, this exploration seeks to bridge the gap between theoretical

frameworks and practical applications, recognizing the dynamic interplay between
psychology and linguistics in shaping language-related behaviours. As we embark on this
journey, it becomes apparent that psycholinguistic research on the Uzbek language is not
only an academic pursuit but also a key to unlocking cultural, cognitive, and
communicative intricacies specific to this linguistic landscape.

The unfolding sections will dissect challenges related to linguistic diversity, where

the multifaceted nature of the Uzbek language poses unique hurdles. Cultural influences,
deeply woven into the fabric of language use, present additional layers of complexity.
Methodological considerations, essential for robust research designs, demand scrutiny,
especially in the context of a language with distinct cultural nuances.

Moreover, as technology plays an increasingly pivotal role in linguistic research, we

will explore the limitations and opportunities it brings to psycholinguistic studies on the
Uzbek language. The necessity for context-specific approaches will be emphasized,
recognizing that a one-size-fits-all methodology may fall short of capturing the intricacies
of this linguistically diverse and culturally rich environment.

In essence, this study not only aims to identify challenges but also aspires to pave

the way for innovative solutions and methodological adaptations. By doing so, it aspires to
contribute not only to the academic discourse of psycholinguistics but also to the broader
understanding of the Uzbek language's role in shaping cognitive processes and cultural
communication dynamics.

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

In linguistics, problems related to the psychological direction have entered in

connection with the behaviour of the owners of naturalistic and logical education. In this

regard, paying attention to the concept of V. von Humboldt, it is observed that he

emphasizes the need for a creative speech approach in semantic construction [1]. This

situation has been the focus of all members of the school engaged in psycholinguistics. For

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almost a hundred years, in various aspects of psychology, the relationship between the

development of speech and the activity of conversation norms in the speech creative

approach has been separately studied.

It is known that the founder of psycholinguistics is the German linguist G. Steinthal

(1823-1899) [2]. One of his most important works is "Classification of Languages and the

purpose of their laws of development", written in 1850. After him, it is necessary to list the

works "Origin of Languages" written in 1851, "Grammar, Logic and Psychology" written in

1855, and "Characteristics of the Structure of Important Types of Languages" written in

1860. It should be emphasized that the specific features of linguistic biology were

expressed in Schleicher's teaching, while logical grammar was revived in Becker's

teaching. Shteytal, in his creative studies, studies this process based on the development

of individual behaviour and folk psychology. Linguistics is not limited to the psychological

character of an individual, but also studies his speech, and at the same time studies the

psychology of the people and their language.

Potebnya and Paul, Baudouin de Courtenay and Saussure, and Sepira and Sherba

pay attention to Shteintal's scientific views. However, psycholinguistics did not develop on

the example of one nation.

In the views of Potebnya and Paul, the psychological basis serves for the semantic

construction of the sentence, grammatical categories, and lexical meanings of the language.

Psychological concepts express the dependence of language communication on the

individual and people, as well as the fact that language is a historical and cultural factor.

Baudouin de Courtenay and F. Saussure emphasize the social character of the speech

creative approach. This concept refers to the factors of the emergence of various individual

lexical units, and the integral connection of socio-grammatical associations. The

psychological school emerged in the first half of the 19th century and the beginning of the

20th century and studied the functional (functional) signs of language, as well as language

construction and speech-creative approach to the problem of language and speech [3].

It is known that the task-structural direction is important for psycholinguistics, that

is, linguistic psychology. A. Marty in his works [4], including "Proof of General Grammar

and Investigation of Philosophical Language" written in 1908, "Theory of Language and

Discourse" written by A. Gardiner in 1932, "Theory of Language" written by K. Buhler in

1934 they conducted scientific research on the issue of task-structural direction. It is worth

noting that psychological ideals are important for linguistic orientations and become a

symbolic sign in the perception of psychologism and understanding of speech activity. This

is done linguistically in logical-spiritual analysis [5].

Psychological components have been studied and are being researched in the

directions of structuralism, ethnolinguistic theories, and semiotics. Accordingly, important

manifestations of psychological trends are characteristic of language and have ensured the

emergence of psycholinguistics. In 1954, a seminar dedicated to this issue was held in

Bloomington, USA, in collaboration with psychologists and linguists. In 1957, C.E. Osgood's

"Transformation of Meanings" and in 1961 he produced his seminal work on

psycholinguistics, Psycholinguistics. Based on these works, American psycholinguists

created descriptive and transformational texts and proved that behavioural psychology,

especially the "people-behaviour model in the mind" depends on Osgood and his

information theory and mathematical theory [6].

In semantic-psychological views, the speech process, namely the construction of the

speech, the situation of the speech, as well as the issues of the role of the speech in the

context, have been fully studied and are being studied. Scientists such as L. Sherba, and L.

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Vygotsky regularly dealt with these problems in Russian linguistics. Several

psycholinguists were supervised by A. Leontev. As a result, he created works called

"Psycholinguistics" in 1967, "Psycholinguistic Units are Important Tools of the Speech

Situation" in 1969, and "Language, speech, speech activity" in 1969. In England, under the

leadership of Fjors Holiday, a school was created that deals directly with the issues of

context situation, speech situation, and speech context. In Japan, there is a school that

directly studies the "emergence of language", which mainly conducts scientific research on

the issues of language and its relationship to human activity, what it gives based on the

study of language and the speech process. It seems that language is understood as the main

means of communication and interaction in society, so it is necessary to study and analyse

language in every way. It is important to use language and its elements in the socio-political

views of a person. In this case, the meanings created with the help of language elements

create meaning with the help of language signs, which at the same time make it possible to

understand the concepts specific to human behaviour [7, 8, 9, 10].

Naturalism and logicism have a special role in the emergence of linguistic

psychologism. Psychology is a manifestation of these processes, and psychologism studies

other features of language, in particular, aspects related to its speech activity. We get

acquainted with the psychological process in sociolinguistics and structural linguistics, in

the departments of linguosemiotics and mathematical linguistics.

The study of the psychophysical aspects of speech activity requires the study of the

physiological basis of speech by speakers. Thomson elaborates on this and explains the

following: "Based on our understanding of modern language, it, that is, language, in the

process of speaking, thinking, hearing, in turn, ensures the emergence of psychological

factors in our organism. The existence of language in general becomes known to us in

psychological and physiological processes".

Bloomfield and psycholinguists dwell on the physiological basis of speech activity,

connect them with the requirements of historical transformational conditions, and

emphasize that it is inherent in the structure of speech.

In the main schools of linguistic psychology, issues of ethnolinguistics and

psychological sociolinguistics, semantic psychology, psychology, speech and psycholinguistics

are considered important. Based on their scientific views, studies in various regional

psychological schools were established. All psychological directions must recognize

psycholinguistics as a science that emerged at the intersection of psychology and linguistics.

Psycholinguistics

Psychology Linguistics

Figure 1. Psycholinguistics

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TEXT IN THE INTERPRETATION OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC APPROACHES

The anthropocentric nature of the text is especially evident in psycholinguistics,

which is a result of the intersection of the fields of psychology and linguistics. In

psycholinguistic research, the study of the text from the three points of view of the author

–

text

–

recipient requires a deep study of the role of the individual factor in it [7].

It is known that the field of psycholinguistics was created in the 50s of the 20th

century as a result of the cooperation of the sciences of psychology and linguistics. The

main research object of psycholinguistics is the person who is the subject of speech

activity, the owner of the language. A.A. Zalevskaya, who made a great contribution to the

development of this field in Russian linguistics, writes about the task of psycholinguistics

and states that "the description and explanation of the functioning of language as a mental

phenomenon" should be the main goal of this field [8].

The Russian linguist and psychologist V.P. Belyanin, who created many studies on

psycholinguistics, created his concept of a linguistic and psychological approach to the text

in his work entitled "Basics of Psychological Diagnostics (Mira’s model in litera

ture)". We

believe that it is necessary to cite the scientist's 6-point opinion from this book, which

reflects his views on the text. After all, they are very important for the principles of

psycholinguistic study of the text, which have not yet been formed in our linguistics.

1. According to V.P. Belyanin, not only the language system but also psychology is

behind the speech. (Obviously, the scientist meant the process of speech creation).

2. Different texts have different psychology. (In this, V.P. Belyanin meant the

subjective characteristics of the author of the text reflected in the text).

3. The structure of the artistic text follows the structure of accented consciousness.

(In this, Belyanin refers to the influence of the mental structure of consciousness on the

structure of the text. This idea of his will be more clearly manifested in the next paragraph).

4. The emotional-content dominant plays the main role in the manifestation of the

semantic, morphological, and syntactic features of the artistic text, as well as its

methodology [3].

5. The text is an element of the system consisting of reality

–

mind

–

world view

–

language

–

text creator

–

recipient

–

text projection. (V.P. Belyanin noted in this paragraph

all linguistic and non-linguistic factors of text creation and perception).

6. The recipient may have their own interpretation of the artwork. This

interpretation depends not only on the text but also on the psychology of the recipient [9].

(In this paragraph, V.P. Belyanin emphasized that text perception is a private

phenomenon).

In our opinion, these views presented by V.P. Belyanin can be the basis for

psycholinguistic analysis not only of artistic text but also of texts of other styles. In

particular, the views that the text is an objective reality, consciousness, world view, speech

creation and its perception are a complex and complex phenomenon, which clearly shows

the psycholinguistic nature of the text.

In psycholinguistic analysis, the issue of linguistic consciousness occupies one of the

central places. "Linguistic consciousness is an internal process that consists of planning

and controlling external activities using language signs" [7]. It is especially important in

the creation of the text, which is the highest unit of communication.

One of the most important objects in the psycholinguistic study of the text is the

activity of the native speaker

–

the creator of the text and the recipient. It is known that the

text is created by a person for a person. This indicates that the chain of activities consisting

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of the creation of the text and its perception has an anthropocentric character. In

psycholinguistic analysis, there are linguistic and non-linguistic factors that operate in the

author-receiver relationship, the study of which in harmony makes it possible to obtain

the expected results.

The ideas that exist in linguistics about the essence of the text and its main features

are also recognized by researchers who have studied the text from the psycholinguistic

aspect [11]. In particular, it has been noted in the works of several psycholinguists that

features such as integrity, informativeness, and coherence are the main features of the text

[12]. At the same time, these researchers put forward some views about the

psycholinguistic specificity of the text. For example, Yu.A. Sorokin, who studied the text

from a psycholinguistic aspect, approaches its signs of connection and integrity as follows:

"The integrity of the text is a hidden projection (conceptual) state that occurs during the

interaction between the recipient and the text from a psychological point of view, as well

as the elements of communication language/speech construction, it is also the result of

cooperation of parts that are not construction elements [14]. According to another linguist

A.I. Novikov, the integrity of the text is characteristic only of its content structure [15].

Although this conclusion of A.I. Novikov is correct from a psychological and cognitive point

of view, it is controversial because it does not take into account the external structure of

the text

–

the syntactic-structural aspect. After all, the integrity of the text is not ensured

only by its internal structure.

A.I. Novikov notes the information density (compressibility) among the

psycholinguistic features of the text [15]. The compactness of the verbal form of

information is based on N.A. Jinkin's idea is that each text can be reduced to the form of

one sentence.

A.I. Novikov also expressed his views on a new direction of text analysis in the

above-mentioned article. In his opinion, although language is analysed from different

perspectives in psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics, they intersect at one point. He

proposes to call this point "linguistic psychology" [15].

In some studies on the psycholinguistic analysis of the text, it is emphasized that its

creolization, formal discontinuity, and interpretability should also be taken into account [10].

Creolization (in Russian: креолизованность

) is derived from the word creole and

means the combination of verbal and non-verbal forms to influence the recipient [16].

According to Russian linguist M.B. Voroshilova, this concept was introduced to

psycholinguistics by Yu.A. Sorokin and E.F. Tarasova [14]. As a result of creolization,

"verbal and non-verbal elements form a single visual, structural, meaningful and functional

unity" [17]. Among such texts, the researcher includes advertising texts and film texts.

We think that the Russian term "creolized text" should be expressed by the term

"harmonious text" in the Uzbek language because in such texts a process consisting of the

combination of several non-linguistic and linguistic facts is formed. In our opinion,

coherent texts should be studied not only in psycholinguistics but also in linguocultural

studies. The reason is that different cultural and semiotic areas interact in harmonious

texts. For example, Ch. Ahmarov's miniatures are often included in books containing a

collection of ghazals. In this case, the content of the poetic text and the images in the

pictures harmonize with each other. This method can also be seen in the collection of fairy

tales. Advertising texts can also be a typical example of coherent text [18]. It is possible to

observe the combination of three types of cultural-semiotic fields: image, music and text

in advertisements shown on the TV screen. In film texts, the harmony of spoken text, image

and music are the main factors affecting the viewer's psyche.

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As mentioned above, such texts form a functional whole. In psycholinguistics, the

receivers' ability to perceive this wholeness is studied.

The formal break (in Russian: skvajnost) noted in the literature on psycholinguistics

is also one of the interesting phenomena related to the text. It is known that consecutive
sentences in the text are related to each other. This connection can be broken
unexpectedly.

In the given micro text, one of the tragic periods in the past of our nation

–

during the

cotton monopoly, a person who became a victim of the infamous act called the "Uzbek affair",
that is, the director of the state farm Jumanov, did not tolerate the moral and physical torture
of the investigator, and the building where he was being investigated. An episode of death
by falling from the top floor is described. If we take a logical approach to the sentences in the
text, we can see that certain sentences have been omitted in two places:

bu

–

Jumanov!

–

Vasiliy Stepanovich deraza tomon talpindi.

–

Jumanov...

jumlasidan

keyingi

Jumanov deraza rahidan o‘zini pastga otdi

hamda

Soqchi ikkovlari baravar

yugurib borishdi

jumlasidan oldingi

Koryagin va soqchi yuqori qavatdan pastga tushib,

hovliga chiqishdi

jumlalaridir. [This is Jumanov!

–

Vasily Stepanovich ran towards the

window.

–

Jumanov... after the sentence Jumanov threw himself down from the window

and the two guards ran away, Koryagin and the guard came down from the upper floor and
went out into the yard.]

Although the consistency of information requires these sentences, their non-use in

the text did not affect the content integrity of the text: the recipient can reconstruct the
propositions intended by the author based on the situation expressed in the text. This
method of implication is often found in literary texts. Therefore, it can be said that the
formal break is a phenomenon related to the relationship between the text and the
recipient, that is, the meaningful perception of the text, and it serves to create the tension
of the aphorism.

One of the psycholinguistic features of the text is interpretability. According to

V.P. Belyanin, each recipient can have his interpretation of a particular text. The character of
interpretation resulting from the perception of the text depends not only on the text but also on
the psychological characteristics of the recipient. The closer the author and recipient are
psychologically, the more compatible their interpretation of the text is [19, 20].

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the exploration of psycholinguistic research challenges within the

context of the Uzbek language reveals a nuanced tapestry of linguistic, cultural, and
methodological complexities. The identified challenges, ranging from linguistic diversity
to cultural influences and methodological considerations, underscore the need for tailored
approaches in psycholinguistic studies on Uzbek.

Linguistic diversity in Uzbek, with its historical and regional variations, poses a

substantial challenge for researchers aiming to generalize findings. Cultural influences,
deeply embedded in language use, add layers of intricacy, necessitating a careful
consideration of socio-cultural factors in psycholinguistic investigations.

Methodologically, the study highlights the importance of context-specific

approaches, emphasizing the need to adapt traditional research methods to suit the
linguistic and cultural nuances of Uzbek. Technological advancements, while offering
opportunities for innovative research, also bring forth limitations that require careful
navigation.

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Despite these challenges, this study serves as a foundational step towards a more

comprehensive understanding of psycholinguistics in the Uzbek language. By

acknowledging and addressing these challenges, researchers can pave the way for future

studies that navigate the complexities of Uzbek linguistics with greater precision and

cultural sensitivity.

As the field of psycholinguistics continues to evolve, insights gained from this study

contribute not only to the academic discourse but also to the development of strategies for

more effective communication, language teaching, and cognitive research within the

unique linguistic and cultural landscape of Uzbekistan.

So, modern linguistics is expanding and developing more and more. Undoubtedly,

the basis for this is provided by the relationship between linguistics and other sciences.

Psycholinguistics is also a product of such a process.

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