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Stages of codifications of Private international law norms
Nilufar RAKHMONKULOVA
Tashkent State University of Law
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received December 2023
Received in revised form
15 December 2023
Accepted 20 January 2024
Available online
25 February 2024
The article analyzes in detail the specific aspects of the
stages of systematization of private international law norms,
the types of codification of international private law. As a result
of the analysis, the complex autonomous codification type is
widely used today by reworking and integrating the parts that
were scattered at first, and the advantage of this type of
codification is substantiated.
2181-
1415/©
2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol5-iss1-pp23-32
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
private international law,
intersectoral codification,
autonomous codification,
complex autonomous
codification.
Халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ нормалари кодификацияси
босқичлари
АННОТАЦИЯ
Калит сўзлар:
халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ,
соҳалараро кодификация,
автоном кодификация,
комплекс автоном
кодификация.
Ушбу мақолада халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ нормаларини
тизимлаштириш босқичларининг ўзига хос жиҳатлари
ҳамда халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқни кодификациялаш турлари
батафсил таҳлил қилинган. Таҳлил натижасида бугунги
кунда дастлаб тарқоқ бўлган қисмларни қайта ишлаш ва
бирлаштириш йўли билан комплекс автоном кодификация
тури кенг қўлланилаётгани асосланган ҳолда, бу турдаги
кодификациянинг афзаллиги исботланган.
1
DSc, Professor, Tashkent State University of Law. E-mail: nrakhmonkulova@inbox.ru
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Этапы кодификации норм международного частного
права
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
международное частное
право,
межотраслевая
кодификация,
автономная кодификация,
комплексно автономная
кодификация.
В статье подробно анализируются конкретные аспекты
этапов систематизации норм международного частного
права и виды кодификации международного частного
права. В результате анализа выявлено, что на сегодняшний
день широко используется комплексная автономная
кодификация
путем
переработки
и
интеграции
разрозненных частей, а также обосновано преимущество
этого вида кодификации.
Before dividing the codification of private international law into types, it is
considered appropriate to study the codification process in stages, and in the history of
the process of national codifications of private international law four stages can be
distinguished:
1.
90s of the 19th century
–
60s of the 20th century. In the first stage: separate
laws on private international law (Switzerland (1891), Japan (1898), Poland (1926));
special sections on conflict of laws included in civil codes or laws of codification of civil
law (Germany (1896), Italy (1942), Egypt (1948)); scattered norms of private
international law included in various special laws (one of the dominant trends) (Finland
(1922)) were adopted. A private codification of judicial precedents was carried out by
the American Law Institute in the United States in the form of the first
“
Collection of
Conflict of Laws
”
(1934). In Iran in 1928 and Brazil in 1942, private international law
and international civil procedure norms were combined for the first time in the process
of codification (Iranian Rules of Accession to Civil Code of 1928
–
1936, Law of Accession
to Civil Code of 1942).
2.
Early 1960s
–
1978s. The second stage was the adoption of the first special
comprehensive law on private international law and international civil procedure in
Czechoslovakia (1963) and the adoption of autonomous (Poland (1965), German
Democratic Republic (1975)) and cross-sectoral (Polish Code of Civil Procedure (1964),
Portugal (1966)) and sections of the Spanish Civil Code (1974)) characterized by the
development of codifications. Some countries have adopted special laws on some
aspects of the international civil process (Lebanon (1967)). The United States adopted
the Uniform Commercial Code (1962) and the Second Conflict of Laws Act (1971). The
USSR also joined the process of codification by introducing norms of private
international law into the Fundamentals of Civil Law of the Union of the SSR and the
Allied Republics (1961), the Fundamentals of Civil Procedure of the Union of the SSR
and the Allied Republics (1961), the Fundamentals of the Law of the Union of the SSR
and the Allied Republics on Marriage and Family (1968). The second phase culminates
with the adoption of the Austrian Private International Law Act (1978), which
established the principle of the most integral relationship as the main basis of private
international law.
3.
1979
–
1998 years. In the third stage, the legislature was implemented
in 8 countries (Hungary (1979), Yugoslavia (1982), Turkey (1982), Switzerland (1987),
Romania (1992), Italy (1995), Venezuela (1998), and Georgia (1998) increased interest
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in complex autonomous codification. The Swiss Private International Law Act of 1987 is
still the most detailed codification of private international law to date (201 articles). In
the codes of a number of Islamic countries, separate sections regulating issues of private
international law were adopted (UAE (1985), Burkina Faso (1989), Yemen (1992)). In
1986, significant changes were made to the German Civil Code. In 1992, a bill was
developed in Australia to address the entire range of private international law issues. In
the process of codification, Quebec and Louisiana (1991) adopted relevant sections in
their civil codes, and the United Kingdom also participated, adopting the Private
International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act. In the early 1970s, in the 1980s, some
documents on private international law were revised in the USSR, a section on conflict
regulation was included in the foundations of the civil legislation of the USSR and allied
republics (1991), the Family Code, which includes Section VII on the regulation of
international family relations, was adopted in the Russian Federation done (1995), the
Civil Code (1996), Family Code (1998), Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of
Uzbekistan (1997) was adopted.
4.
1998/1999
–
present period. The fourth stage is characterized by an increase in
the status of national documents of private international law codification. This situation
is reflected in the tendency to name these documents as "codes" (Tunisia (1998),
Belgium (2004), Turkey (2007)). Tunisia's Code of Private International Law, which was
adopted in 1998 and entered into force in 1999, is one of the most complete codification
documents implemented in Muslim countries, which does not lag behind European laws.
From the beginning of the 21st century, 15 countries (in addition to those mentioned)
were involved in the process of private international law codification: Azerbaijan,
Lithuania, Estonia, South Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Ukraine, Japan, Macedonia, China,
Taiwan, Poland, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Puerto Rico. New codification
documents adopted in 11 out of 15 countries reflect autonomous laws on private
international law (Azerbaijan, South Korea, Estonia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Ukraine,
Macedonia, Turkey, China, Poland, and Taiwan). At the same time, 6 of them are the
result of a complex autonomous codification, that is, they include issues of private
international law and international civil procedure (South Korea, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Ukraine, Macedonia, and Turkey). Intersectoral codifications were implemented in
Lithuania (2001
–
2003), Mongolia (2002), Russia (1999
–
2003), and the Netherlands
(2002
–
2012).
The pace of the modern codification process of national and private international
law is higher in the fourth stage, and in this stage, the legislature has abandoned
intersectoral codification. This confirms that private international law is separated as a
legal system and an independent field of legislation.
In the process of private international law codification of the 21st century, the
following types of codification can be indicated:
–
“
Step-by-step
” codification is a type of codification that envisages the creation of
a unified law, that is, the formation of individual norms of private international law and
the partial codification of individual institutions, ending with the adoption of a
systematic term document. Full step-by-step codification has been implemented so far
only in the Netherlands legal system (in 1981-2011, more than 20 separate laws were
adopted on the law applicable to the name of an individual, marriage, property rights,
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etc., the implementation of international documents, and Article 10 of the Civil Code
book implemented).
–
Compacting codification is a type of codification that envisages bringing several
normative legal documents dedicated to separate institutions and issues of private
international law into a single harmonized document by introducing certain innovations
to the original legal material.
As a rule, “compacting” codification is carried out in the
second stage of “step
-by-
step” codification.
For example, book 10 of the Netherlands
Civil Code replaced 16 laws: 14 on specific institutions of private international law and 2
laws on the implementation of European directives.
–
Blanket codification
–
based on the advantage of an international unified
document that regulates certain cross-border private legal relations by direct reference
to it. A blanket codification is a special method of codification, which is the preservation
of an article (section) of the law reserved for a future norm, this norm consists of a
reference to this treaty after the ratification of a particular international treaty
(Netherlands).
In the fourth stage of national codifications, since the significant experience of
law-making practice within the framework of private international law has been
collected and consolidated, it is appropriate to recognize compact and blanket
codification as the most effective method. Therefore, the last method is gaining
popularity nowadays.
The following criteria are the basis for dividing modern codifications of private
international law into types:
a) legal force of the result;
b) subjective content and scope of the codification document;
c) element of re-transformation;
g) the form of recording norms.
From the point of view of
the legal force of the legal document
, codifications are
divided into official and unofficial (private) types. The main differences of the
codifications are covered in the work of S.V. Kodan. By official codification, it is
necessary to understand the result of the activity of state bodies (organizations) formed
for this purpose, adopting a codification document of official nature and legal
significance.
Informal codification is the activity of persons (lawyers
–
scientists and
practitioners, various organizations
–
state, scientific research, education, publishing,
information) who do not have special authority to create various regulated sets of
legislation that provide personal and corporate (departmental) interests, do not have
normative significance, help to improve the practice of law creation and law
enforcement.
As a result of the official codification of private international law, since 2000,
codification documents on the continental and mixed system of law have been adopted
in more than 15 countries.
Informal codification usually precedes formal codification and lays the
groundwork for its implementation. The main form of informal codification is doctrinal
(scientific) codification, which is carried out by scientists and scientific organizations.
The next form is informal codifications of private publications, which are widespread in
foreign countries, and as a result, they categorize excerpts of international, legislative
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and statutory documents, important court decisions, and doctrinal works related to the
relevant field of law.
The modern doctrine connects the future development of the codification process
with a new form of informal codification
–
cybercodification (electronic codification),
that is, “electronic collections of the texts of legal documents in up
-to-
date editions”.
In most countries of a common law system, there are no official codification
documents on private international law, therefore private codifications play an
important role in the regulation of private legal relations complicated by a foreign
element. Dicey and Morris on the Conflict of Laws are famous for codifying precedents in
the United Kingdom's conflict of law framework. The first set of laws on the conflict of
laws prepared by the American Law Institute in 1934 (Restatement of the Law of
Conflict of Laws) and the second set of laws on the conflict of laws of 1971 are also
known to everyone. The second set consists of 30 volumes, in which court precedents
are systematized and expressed in the form of laws (paragraphs).
In the doctrine, there is also a formal type of codification, such as the codification
of international business practices, and international codification documents applicable
to the regulation of international commercial behavior reflect sets of unified norms
prepared by international trade (or other industry) associations outside the boundaries
of any particular national legislation. They have a "non-national" feature. In doctrine,
they are called transnational codifications.
In addition to customs, the aforementioned collections contain the most
successful rules of international conventions, national legislation, court and arbitration
practices. Legal documents drawn up through informal codification (having the status of
“
new legal substance of international relations
”
) will not be an independent source of
law. However, the rules established in them (customs of international business dealings)
may have binding legal force if they are the will of the parties to the international
agreement or if they are recognized by the state itself.
At the current stage, the development of the codification process within the
framework of private international law could not be affected by private codifications of
private international law. The new edition of the 2004 York-Antwerp general accident
rules, INCOTERMS 2010, the third edition of the UNIDRUA principles adopted by the
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law in 2010, indicates the reform of
the non-state framework of the regulation of transnational private legal relations.
According to the subjective content of codification and the territorial scope of
application of the consolidated regulatory legal document, codifications are divided into
international codifications covering several legal systems and national codifications
implemented on the territory of a specific state. Currently, there is only one full-scale
international codification document of private international law, and on February 20,
1928, at the VI International Conference of American States held in Havana, together
with some other international agreements, the Convention on Private International Law
was adopted and the code known as Bustamante was attached to it. This Code is named
after the Cuban jurist, politician,
and diplomat Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante
-i-Sirvena
(1865
–
1951) who drew it up and is distinguished by the breadth of the number of
participants. The Bustamante Code is valid in 15 countries of Latin America, such as
Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica,
Cuba, Nicaragua, Peru, Panama, El Salvador, Chile, and Ecuador. The Convention was
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signed by countries such as Mexico, Paraguay, and Uruguay, but not ratified. The codex
consists of an introduction and 4 books.
The problem of application of international documents is related to the procedure
of including them among domestic sources of private international law, i.e. setting the
conditions under which private legal relations with a foreign element can be regulated
in a particular country.
In order to apply official unified documents in the territory of individual
countries, it is usually required to recognize their obligation by issuing the
corresponding internal state document. This condition is mainly stipulated in special
provisions of constitutions and internal laws. For example, in the Preamble of the
Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, international treaties of the Republic of
Uzbekistan are to be ratified by the Oliy Majlis. The provision of ratification by the
parliament is also present in the Constitutions of Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Estonia,
Lithuania, Mongolia, Macedonia, and Turkey, and the Belgian constitution stipulates the
need for the consent of the parliament to their obligations, and the legislation of Russia
and Ukraine stipulates the need for the official consent of the state to its obligations to
international agreements.
Important documents of the European unification on substantive and procedural
legal issues of private international law include EU Council Regulation 44/2001 of 2000
on jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial
matters (
“
Brussels I
”
), EU Council Regulation 2201/2003 of 2003 on jurisdiction,
recognition and enforcement of judgments in family matters and parental responsibility
and repealing EU Regulation 1347/2000 ("Brussels II bis"),
”
Rome II
”
Regulation,
“
Rome
I
”
Regulation, EU Council Regulation 1259/2010 of 2010 on the implementation of
active cooperation within the framework of the law applicable to the annulment of
marriage and the legal separation of the spouses without annulment of the marriage
(
“
Rome III
”
) can be included, and these regulations are not required to be ratified or
otherwise transformed into national legislation. The regulation is a directly applicable
document for member states.
According to
the restructuring element
reflected in different levels of change in
the process of systematizing the content of legal norms, is divided into reform
codification (real codification) and compilation codification (formal codification).
Reform codification is a codification in which significant changes are made to the
legal norms collected during the codification process. The legal norm being codified,
having integrated into the article of the code, regardless of its source, i.e. if it had a non-
normative nature until then, has the force of law (for example, a rule that has persisted
in judicial practice). The codification reform, which fundamentally changes the content
of the previous law, was named “codification
-
modification”.
Compilative codification is a simple gathering of existing legal norms, combining
them into the form of a code without making significant changes to the legal nature of
norms. Modern doctrine emphasizes that this type of codification has an element of
restructuring, although it is lighter than reform codification:
“Compiler
-codifiers without
any hesitation either resort to amending the legal norms being codified or to cancel
some of them, or even to introduce new norms”.
The advantage of compilative codification over reform codification is that it takes
less time. The advantage of reform codification is reflected in the highest adaptation of
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regulatory legal documents to the new conditions of existence, and the possibility of
legal strengthening of norms developed in judicial practice.
The term “recodification” is used in the classification of foreign doctrine
codifications. Its content means replacing one codification with another, that is, re-
codification. Here we are not talking about gathering separate legal norms into one code,
that is, about codification. According to R. Kabriak, the 20th century was the age of
recodification, the age of “fundamental revision of outdated codes”.
Recodification is seen as one of the tools of the modern legislative process in
private law, along with the revision of legal documents through compilation codification,
and reformation.
The purpose of the recodification is the “restoration” of private law
that is correct from the point of view of modern principles.
Currently, the state of regular revision of the legislation on private international
law has become widespread (recodification), previously the recodification of private
international law was more passive: In 1986, the reform of German private international
law was carried out, in the 80s and 90s of the 20th centuries, some changes were made
to the laws of Spain, Portugal, Greece, Mexico, Japan, and Iran, and in 1998, to the laws of
Austria. At the modern stage, recodification is becoming almost continuous. In 1999
–
2000, significant changes were made to Spanish laws, in 2000 to the German Access to
Civil Code, and in 2006 to the Japanese Private International Law Act. Bulgaria's Law on
Private International Law 2005 has been amended three times, namely in 2007, 2009
and 2010; Ukraine's Law on Private International Law 2005 and Macedonia's Law on
Private International Law 2007 was amended in 2010; Part II of the First Book of the
Civil Code of Lithuania (2001) in 2009, Part VII of the Civil Procedure Code of Lithuania
(2002) in 2008 and 2011, Hungarian Decree on Private International Law of 1979
–
2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2009 and Changes were made in 2010.
We can talk about codification in two cases: the first case is related to the primary
codification of private international law documents, which are divided into different
normative documents. This is characteristic of Bulgarian, Belgian, and Dutch law; the
second case is reflected in the primary autonomous codification of collective inter-
sectoral and other non-codified legal norms within the framework of private
international law, for example, in the codification documents of Ukraine, Estonia,
Azerbaijan, and China.
Modern national codifications are all considered reform codifications, as they
make significant changes to existing national and private international law.
According to the form of recording codification legal norms, there are the
following main methods of codification of private international law:
–
adoption of special complex laws regulating general issues of application of
foreign law, including conflict norms and norms of international civil procedure
(complex codification of private international law);
–
adoption of special autonomous laws regulating general issues of application of
foreign law, including conflict norms (autonomous codification of private international
law):
a) the adoption of a comprehensive and perfect law (Polish law) that regulates in
the highest detail the legal issues applicable to all relations falling within the framework
of private international law;
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b) adoption of a concise law (Chinese law) consisting of the basic general concepts
of private international law and the basic principles of applicable law. Other issues
within the scope of private international law are regulated by special laws;
–
inclusion of separate sections on conflict law in regulatory documents related to
the field (in most cases, in civil codes or laws regulating civil-legal relations, marriage-
family codes, labor codes, and codes on the traffic of commercial ships) (intersectoral
codification of private international law);
–
inclusion of conflict norms and other rules of private international law in
separate laws (status of foreigners, foreign economic activity, foreign investment
regime, etc.).
Countries that followed the path of autonomous and complex autonomous
codification:
Azerbaijan
(Law on Private International Law, 2000),
South Korea
(Law on
Private International Law, 2001),
Estonia
(On Private International Law Act, 2002),
Belgium
(
“
Code of Private International Law
”
, 2004), Bulgaria (Private International Law
Code, 2005),
Ukraine
(Law on Private international law, 2005),
Macedonia
(Law on
Private International Law, 2007),
Turkey
(Private international law and International Code
of Civil Procedure Law, 2007),
China
(Law on the Application of Law in Cross-Border Civil-
Legal Relations, 2011),
Poland
(Law on Private International Law, 2011).
Countries that followed the path of intersectoral codification:
Uzbekistan
(Section VI of Civil Code (1996), Section VIII of Family Code (1998), Section III of Civil
Procedure Code (1997), Section III of Economical Procedure Code (1997)),
Kazakhstan
(Section VII of Civil Code (1999), Section V of the Civil Procedure Code (1999)),
Kyrgyzstan
(Section VII of the Civil Code (1998), Section V of the Civil Procedure Code
(1999)),
Tajikistan
(Section VII of the Civil Code (2005),
Lithuania
(Part II, known as
“Private International Law” of the First Book of the Civil Code (2001, ed. 2009), Part VII
of the Civil Procedure Code, known as “International Civil Procedure” (2003)),
Russian
Federation
(Chapter VI of the third part of the Civil Code, known as “Private
international law” (2002), Chapter 31 of Part IV of the Civil Procedure Code, known as
“Proceedings on recognition and enforcement of foreign court decisions and foreign
arbitral awards” (2002) and
Section V of the Arbitral Procedure Code, known as
“Proceedings in cases involving foreign persons” (2003),
Mongolia
(Chapter VI of the
Civil Code known as “Private international law” (2002), Civil Procedure Code Chapter
XVIII known as “Private international law” (2002)),
Netherlands
(Civil Procedure Code,
Book 1 as “Jurisdiction of Netherlands Courts” (2002).
Another distinctive feature of the process of codification of private international
law in the 21st century is the internationalization of the development of regulation of
private international law issues. On the one hand, the reception method of such
regulation is implemented (the adoption of the structure of Swiss law in the Belgian
Code), on the other hand, foreign research centers and experts are actively involved in
the preparation of the regulation (for example, the Estonian law of 2002 was prepared
by German jurists). But reception does not mean mindless copying, but the adoption of
the most acceptable and tested decisions (for example, the determination of the law
applicable to cross-border insolvency). Taking into account the specific nature of the
fourth stage of the codification process of private international law, a sufficiently legal
result has been achieved
–
a higher level of uniformity of national legal regulations in
private international law than before.
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As a result of the research, it is known that most of the developed countries are
following the path of autonomous codification and complex autonomous codification,
and the compacting reform codification type of codification is used. That is, bringing
several regulatory legal documents dedicated to specific institutions and issues of
private international law into a single coordinated document form by introducing
certain innovations to the original legal material, to ensure the highest adaptation of
normative legal documents to the new conditions of existence, codification utilizing
reform is in effect.
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