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Psychological factors affecting the dynamics of couple
relations in large families
Dildorakhon YANGIBAEVA
“Family and
Gender
” Scientific Research Institute
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received February 2024
Received in revised form
28 February 2024
Accepted 20 March 2024
Available online
15 May 2024
The family is a complex sociocultural phenomenon that
ensures the economic, social, psychological, and physical
security of its members. It covers almost all aspects of human
life and manifests itself at all levels of social practice. The
modern family not only solves the problems of everyday life,
giving birth and raising children, as well as interpersonal
relationships but also serves as a psychological “shelter” for a
person. In modern conditions, large families are experiencing a
crisis caused by changes in socio-economic conditions, values,
and priorities, which emphasizes the changing role of the family
as a social institution.
2181-
1415/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol5-iss3/S-pp298-305
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
large family,
interpersonal relations,
parenting,
modernization,
systematic approach,
structural analysis,
methodological problems.
Koʻp
bolali
oilalardagi
er
-xotin
munosabatlari
dinamikasiga ta’sir etuvchi psixologik omillar
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
koʻp bolali oilalar,
shaxslararo munosabatlar,
er-xotin munosabatlari,
modernizatsiya,
tizimli yondashuv,
strukturaviy tahlil,
metodologik muammolar.
Oila iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy, psixologik va jismoniy xavfsizlikni va
uning a’zolari uchun murakkab
ijtimoiy-madaniy hodisani
ifodalaydi. Oilaning o‘ziga xosligi shundaki, u inson hayotining
deyarli barcha jabhalarini qamrab oladi va ijtimoiy
amaliyotning barcha darajalariga etadi. Zamonaviy oila nafaqat
o‘z a’zolarining kundalik hayoti, bolaning tug‘ilishi va tarbiyasi,
oiladagi shaxslararo munosabatlar bilan bog‘liq ko‘plab
muammolarni hal qilishga, balki inson uchun o‘ziga xos
psixologik “panoh” bo‘lishga chaqiriladi. Taraqqiyotning hozirgi
bosqichida katta oila ijtimoiy institut sifatida oilaga nisbatan
ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy sharoit, qadriyatlar va
ustuvorliklarning o‘zgarishi natijasida yuzaga kelgan inqiroz
holatida ekanligi haqidagi qarashlar mavjud.
1
Doctoral
student, “Family and
Gender
” Scientific Research Institute
. E-mail: dildorichkayangiboyeva98@gmail.com
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Психологические факторы, влияющие на динамику
супружеских отношений в многодетных семьях
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
многодетные семьи,
межличностные
отношения,
супружеские отношения,
модернизация,
системный подход,
структурный анализ,
методологические
проблемы.
Семья является сложным социокультурным явлением,
обеспечивающим
экономическую,
социальную,
психологическую и физическую безопасность своих членов.
Она охватывает практически все аспекты жизни человека и
проявляется на всех уровнях социальной практики.
Современная семья не только решает проблемы
повседневной жизни, рождения и воспитания детей, а также
межличностные отношения, но и служит психологическим
«убежищем» для человека. В современных условиях
многодетные семьи испытывают кризис, обусловленный
изменениями социально
-
экономических условий, ценностей
и приоритетов, что подчеркивает изменение роли семьи как
социального института
.
INTRODUCTION
Studies have shown that the transition of the family to large families can be carried
out in different modes. First of all, we can talk about the difference in the initial attitude
of parents (mothers) with many children to this issue
–
most of them did not expect the
emergence of large families at first. Second, it is an attitude toward birth planning that
can be conscious and intentional (parents carefully plan and construct birth spacing
throughout their reproductive years), or it can often occur spontaneously in response to
reproductive events. Thirdly, the decision to have another child is often situational in
response to life events and is influenced by a number of motives (economic, social,
psychological) [2]. Based on these factors, researchers have proposed four models of
motivation for having many children: the
“
traditional
”
model of having many children is
characterized by a high level of initial reproductive relationships and the unplanned
nature of births; the
“
modern
”
model of large families characterized by low reproductive
rates and the planned nature of childbirth; the
“
modern-traditional
”
model of large
families has low reproductive rates and unplanned births;
“
Traditional-modern
”
model of
large families characterized by high reproductive rates and planned nature of birth [3].
Families in developed countries invest in their children's human capital mainly for future
personal satisfaction. Caring for a young child is more time-consuming than caring for a
young child, which in turn is more costly in terms of devoting other family resources to
other activities that further develop the child
’
s education and abilities.
At present, more attention is being paid not only theoretically, but also practically
to the problems of family
–
marriage
–
parenthood. Yu.I. Aleshina, V.N. Druzhinin,
S.V. Kovaleva, A.S. Pivakovskaya, E.G. Eidemiller and other scientists emphasize that
although the family has relative independence and stability, it directly or indirectly
reflects all the changes taking place in society. According to the main methodological
principle of family structure, family relations represent a structural unity, its elements
are interrelated, such as marriage, parent-child, child-father, child-child, grandparent-
grandparent relations. An important methodological principle of family relations
research
–
synergistic
–
allows considering the dynamics of family relations from the
point of view of non-linearity, imbalance [4].
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Local and foreign researchers have long been interested in the phenomenon of
large families and its impact on the quality of life of families. In the conditions of
traditional society, the economic motives for the birth of children prevailed, because
children were economically useful to the family as workers and were a guarantee of the
well-being of the parents in their old age. Children are a special economic asset because
they are not only the source of family needs, but also its long-term investment. By making
this investment process, the family hopes to cover future expenses by increasing the
income stream for the family as a whole or for the child himself. It should also be taken
into account that the quality of the child's human capital formation depends on the
number of children in the family, and the contribution of parents in this process is
perceived differently. The 1970s saw the emergence of several popular publications that
examined the individual factors influencing these determinants, demonstrating the
important relationship between the number and quality of children in the family.
G. Becker singled out the level of financial well-being of parents as the main factor
affecting the level of education of children in the family. Based on this interpretation, the
family acts as the main channel for the distribution of financial resources with the
possibility of investing in human capital. Income received by family members fully forms
the conditions for the production, development and reproduction of human capital [5].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The methodological basis of the psychology of family relations is the theory of
freedom, equality and dignity. The ideology of the psychology of family relations consists of
family well-being, strengthening and development of family lifestyle, equal opportunities
for personal development, priority of the child's interests. Theoretical and practical
interest in the family problem has existed as long as human society has existed, and this is
not surprising. Family is a system of human social activity, one of the main institutions of
society. It changes in motion, not only under the influence of socio-political conditions, but
also due to the internal processes of its development. Family is the research object of many
social sciences, such as philosophy, history, ethnography, sociology, demography,
psychology of family relations. Each of these disciplines strives to give its own definition of
the family, and therefore develops its own approach to studying this problem. According to
A.I.Antonov, the family is “an association of people based on personal property and family
activities, an institution of child care and socialization, connected with parenthood-
marriage-kinship relations, which harmonizes the fulfillment of personal needs and the
fulfillment of social functions at birth”. As psychology studies the family as a socio
-
psychological group, it pays attention to the interpersonal relations of its members, their
interaction in various social and family situations, the organization of family life, and the
stability factors of the family as a small group. At the same time, the family is interpreted as
a social group united by a set of interpersonal relationships that are formed in joint
activities, consistent with the norms and values of a certain society [10].
The main methodological principles of psychology in researching interpersonal
relations in modern large families today are reflection, determinism, unity of
consciousness and activity, development. Such principles can be widely used
(K.A. Abulkhanova,
B.G. Ananyev,
A.V. Brushlinsky,
A.L. Zhuravlev,
B.F. Lomov,
K.K. Platonov, S.L. Rubinshtein, E.V. Shorokhova) [6];
The concept of psychological relations (A.F. Lazursky, B.F. Lomov, V.N. Myasishchev,
N.N. Obozov, V.P. Poznyakov, A.B. Kupreichenko, I.R. Sushkov, P.N. Shikhirev) [7].
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In defining the concept of “attitude to the family”, the main approaches to
considering the most important aspects of family relations and research in the field of
family psychology and fertility (Yu.E. Aleshina, V.V. Boyko, A.N. Volkova, L.A. Gozman,
T.V. Neshcheret, N.N. Obozov) also serve [8].
It is also important to consider theoretical approaches from the sociology of family
and birth (A.I. Antonov, M.S. Matskovsky, A.G. Kharchev) and sociological, demographic,
economic, medical-genetic principles of large families [9].
DISCUSSION
For psychology, it is of particular interest due to the uniqueness of relationships
within a large family, as well as the existence of psychological characteristics of its
members. These characteristics determine largely the emergence of a large family, as
well as its further existence and life characteristics. Currently, a family with three or
more children under the age of eighteen (including adopted children, as well as
stepchildren) is considered a large family. According to the classification of
E.F. Achildiyeva, the following types of families with many children are distinguished:
–
Families where parents love their children and consciously want to have them. In
such families, the child acts as one of the values in life, and parents do everything they
can for their children to live a good life.
–
Families where parents do not consciously try to have many children. Third and
subsequent children can occur mainly due to lack of family planning. As a result of the
birth of such seven twins or triplets, fear of termination of pregnancy, a doctor's
prohibition of abortion due to the mother's health, religious beliefs, and rejection of
abortion and contraception may arise.
–
Families formed as a result of the union of two incomplete families, where each
of them already has a child.
–
Families where having a large number of children can be considered a
manifestation of a problem. Here, children are often a means of obtaining various
privileges and allowances. In addition, in most cases, children in such families are born as
a result of promiscuous sex, alcohol or drug addiction, and the typical psychological
attitude of parents is to believe that their main task is to raise a child [11].
Families with many children have become an object of psychological research
since the beginning of the 90s of the last centuries. The study of the psychological
characteristics of parents and the characteristics of relations within the family in large
families was carried out only in a few foreign studies. These phenomena are practically
not studied in psychology abroad, especially in the CIS countries. This creates a
contradiction between the important social role of a large family in modern society and
the lack of psychological research on this phenomenon.
As noted by I.S. Demina, it works as a special model that allows studying the role of
various factors (economic, biological, psychological) in the development of the child's
individuality in families with many children. Among the factors described in
psychological studies of large families, the following are distinguished:
–
configuration parameters (family size, birth order, intervals between births of
children);
–
characteristics of environmental conditions of development (social and economic
status of the family, intelligence, education of parents, cultural differences, interpersonal
relations);
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individual characteristics of family members (age, gender of children and
parents) [12].
The famous Russian psychologist N.N.Obozov identifies family orientation, striving
for unity and family harmony as the main characteristics of a large family. According to
the author, as the family grows, the relations between its members
“
child-
child”
relationships of different ages.
RESULTS
Divorce is less common in families with many children, but even if it does happen,
it is considered to be caused only by economic or moral-psychological incompetence of
the husband. According to the research conducted by E.V. Foteeva, the motive to have
many children is natural, and families of this type are distinguished from the beginning
by the trust of the spouses in each other and in the future of the family, which allows
them to have many children. All the children in the family had a forced influence on the
family. A large family is rich in different relationships between children, adults and
children, brothers and sisters. It is of great importance in forming the personality and
preparing the young generation to participate in social activities, including marriage and
parental roles [13].
A separate research problem is related to the influence of parents
’
reproductive
relations on the number of children in the family. For example, in the research of the
Nigerian scientist U. Isuigo-Abani, it is concluded that the decision about the number of
children and the size of the family in Nigerian families is made only by men [6]. According
to Y.Z. Garipov and I.S. Mavlyautdinov, both spouses should be ready to create a big
family. At the same time, they note that in large families, the initiative to have a child
belongs to both the father and the mother in almost equal shares.
Table 1
Relationships between the orientation of the meaning of life and the institution of
couples in large families
Indicators
G
oal
P
ro
cess
Result
Lo
cus
o
f c
on
tr
ol
Lo
cus
o
f c
on
tr
ol
o
f
life
Attitude to divorce
-0,237
*
-0,169
-0,248
*
-0,079
-0,067
Attitude to sex life
-0,084
-0,103
-0,185
-0,247
*
-0,106
An egalitarian family attitude
-0,256
*
-0,273
*
-0,281
*
-0,163
-0,211
Attitude to money
-0,089
-0,123
-0,135
*
-0,015
-0,115
Comment:
*
–
p<0.05
Based on the correlations between the direction of the meaning of life and the
institution of couples in families with many children, attitude and purpose of divorce
(r=-0,237, p<0,05), attitude and result of divorce (r=-0,248, p<0,05), attitude to sexual
life and ban locus of control (r=-0.247, p<0.05), attitude and goal to egalitarian family
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(r=-0.256, p<0.05), process (r=-0.273, p<0.05), inverse, negative correlations were noted
in the result (r=-0.281, p<0.05) scales. From the obtained empirical results, the reaction
to divorce is lower in families with many children, and if such an idea is born in couples,
it is known that this decision can have a negative impact on the effectiveness of their life
goals and lifestyle results. Therefore, the phenomenon of divorce can be observed less
often in families with many children. Also, the fact that the relationship to sex life takes
precedence in the hierarchy of needs of husbands and wives in a family with many
children creates the ground for their self-control and serious impact on their
reproductive health.
It was found that the observation of installation in families with many children can
have an adverse effect on the quality of family goals, plans, and the quality of the
processes that take place during their lifestyle, compared to being an egalitarian type of
family, characterized as families with equal rights, where there are no clearly defined
family heads and the distribution of power between father and mother prevails
depending on the situation. In this case, family roles change according to the
requirements of the situation, and household chores also take place depending on the
dynamic state of the situation. It is clearly stated that an equal family is a blessing and
a miracle in improving family relations. Spouses rarely achieve full equality. In such
a marriage, nothing “restricts the breath” of the second half, but it is one of the
characteristic aspects that such a comfortable home world should be created only on the
basis of mutual agreement, without breaking the partner or forcing him to dance under
“revolutionary” ideas.
According to the analysis obtained by the methodology of the couple’s
establishment, it can be seen that the minimum indicators in the scales of attitude to the
child, sense of duty and pleasure, and attitude to sexual life are less than other value
indicators (min=2; min=3). It can be concluded that as a result of the large number of
children, parents have a low level of attitude towards time and space speed in terms of
individual approach to children. This is also important because it can increase the
possibility of dysfunctional relations with father and mother in children. Also, due to the
minimum scores, lower results were recorded in the indicators of the sense of duty and
pleasure and attitude to sexual life, in terms of responsibility and diversity of views in
families with many children, family duty and enjoyment of family life and family
traditions are not stable and can be explained by, the attitude to sexual life, the level of
evaluation of it indicates that it serves less in the way of spiritual and psychological
satisfaction of couples in terms of intimate relationships.
CONCLUSION
Through marriage or family relationships, common life and mutual moral
responsibility and social need arise from society’s need for physical and spiritual
reproduction of the population. V.N.
Arkhangelsky’s works reveal the issues of changes in
reproductive behavior at different historical stages of the transition from a large lifestyle
to a medium and small lifestyle. An alternative approach is related to the current
consideration of certain priority life strategies and the choice of the structure of value
orientations for spouses in the system of ethno-demographic and socio-economic
determination of personality, a simple understanding of macro-
regional and “family
planning” tasks, and historical forms of demographic transition.
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The wide range of value orientations of modern families complicates the process of
their legalization, which leads to the existence of different family trajectories. From the
point of view of structural-functional analysis, the traditional family model remains
normatively recognized, and the rest are considered outside the framework of this norm.
On the other hand, knowing that there are many family models that do not meet the
standards leads to attempts to institutionalize them. Institution of foster family,
institution of maternal family, institution of incomplete family, etc. will be established.
Without going beyond the methodology based on the scientific tradition, researchers
return the right to exist to families that differ in their normative, functional and
structural foundations.
An important trend in the research of interpersonal relations in modern large
families is the search for new methodological bases that reveal the essence of the
processes taking place in the family. This is due to the need to understand a number of
situations that have arisen as a result of changes in social life and, accordingly,
the conflicting and uncertain consequences for the institution of the family. Interpersonal
relations in large families are also studied as a self-developing microsocial system
operating in the conditions of dynamic socio-economic and socio-cultural, social changes.
Analyzing large families as a reality allows us to solve at least two problems.
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