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Boundaries of implementation and protection of digital
rights in the provision of tourism services in the digital
reality: scientific and practical problems and solutions
Liliya ACHILOVA
Tashkent State University of Law
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received August 2024
Received in revised form
15 September 2024
Accepted 25 September 2024
Available online
15 October 2024
This article examines the boundaries of the realization and
protection of subjective civil digital rights during the reform of the
Civil Code of Uzbekistan, identifying specific problems and
developing corresponding solutions. The article presents
conceptual scientific-practical and educational-methodological
problems of realizing and protecting citizens' digital rights in the
Republic of Uzbekistan and ways to solve them. It is proposed that
an in-depth study of the scientific and methodological basis for the
realization and protection of subjective civil rights will allow for
reasonable legal regulation of this institution, taking into account
objective patterns and the need for social transformation. The
peculiarities of the digital space affecting law enforcement
practice and the effectiveness of civil rights protection are
analyzed. Issues of adapting traditional legal concepts to the new
conditions brought about by the development of digital
technologies are considered. The problems of legal regulation
arising from the use of virtual objects, digital assets, and smart
contracts are discussed. Recommendations are proposed for
improving the legislative framework and law enforcement
practice aimed at ensuring reliable protection of subjects' rights in
the digital environment.
2181-
1415/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol5-iss9/S-pp51-59
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
digital rights,
protection,
the realization of subjective
rights and their limits,
reform,
digitalization,
civil turnover.
1
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Law, Associate Professor, Department of Business Law, Tashkent State University of
Law. E-mail: Liliya.achilova@mail.ru
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Raqamli
haqiqat
sharoitida
turizm
xizmatlarini
ko'rsatishda raqamli huquqlarni amalga oshirish va
himoya qilish chegaralari: ilmiy va amaliy muammolar va
ularni hal qilish yo'llari
ANNOTATSIYA:
Kalit so'zlar:
raqamli huquqlar,
turizm xizmatlari,
raqamli voqelik,
sub'ektiv huquqlarni amalga
oshirish,
islohot,
raqamlashtirish,
fuqarolik muomalasi.
Maqolada O‘zbekiston Fuqarolik kodeksini isloh qilish
jarayonida subyektiv fuqarolik raqamli huquqlarni amalga
oshirish va himoya qilish chegaralari ko‘rib chiqiladi, raqamli
voqelik sharoitida turizm xizmatlarini ko‘rsatishga alohida
e’tibor qaratiladi.
Ushbu jarayon bilan bog'liq o'ziga xos
muammolar aniqlanadi va tegishli echimlar taklif etiladi. Ishda
O‘zbekistonda fuqarolarning raqamli huquqlarini tatbiq etish va
himoya qilishning ham kontseptual, ham amaliy muammolari,
shuningdek, ularni hal qilish yo
‘llarini izlashga qaratilgan o‘quv
-
uslubiy jihatlar ko‘rsatilgan. Turizm xizmatlarini ko'rsatish
kontekstida fuqarolik huquqlarini amalga oshirish va himoya
qilish bilan bog'liq ilmiy-uslubiy bazani chuqur o'rganish
ob'ektiv qonunlar va ijtimoiy o'zgarishlarni hisobga olgan holda
ushbu institutni tartibga solishning oqilona huquqiy
mexanizmlarini ishlab chiqish imkonini beradi. . Huquqni
qo‘llash amaliyotiga ta’sir etuvchi raqamli makonning
xususiyatlari va fuqarolik huquqlarini himoya qilish
samaradorligi ham tahlil qilingan. Turizm sohasida raqamli
texnologiyalar va xizmatlarni rivojlantirish bilan bog‘liq
an’anaviy
huquqiy
tushunchalarni
yangi
voqelikka
moslashtirishga alohida e’tibor qaratilmoqda. Virtual ob'ektlar,
raqamli aktivlar va aqlli shartnomalardan foydalanishda yuzaga
keladigan huquqiy tartibga solish masalalari ko'rib chiqiladi.
Xulosa qilib aytganda, raqamli muhitda, ayniqsa, turizm
xizmatlari sohasida subyektlar huquqlarini ishonchli himoya
qilishni ta’minlash maqsadida qonunchilik va huquqni
qo‘llash
amaliyotini takomillashtirish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar berildi.
Границы реализации и защиты цифровых прав при
оказании туристических услуг в условиях цифровой
реальности: научно
-
практические проблемы и пути их
решения
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
цифровые права,
туристические услуги,
цифровая реальность,
реализация субъективных
прав,
реформа,
цифровизация,
гражданский оборот.
В статье рассматриваются границы реализации и
защиты субъективных гражданских цифровых прав в
процессе
реформирования
Гражданского
кодекса
Узбекистана,
уделяя
особое
внимание
оказанию
туристических услуг в условиях цифровой реальности.
Выявляются конкретные проблемы, связанные с этим
процессом, и предлагаются соответствующие решения. В
работе представлены как концептуальные, так и
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практические проблемы реализации и защиты цифровых
прав граждан в Узбекистане, а также учебно
-
методические
аспекты, направленные на поиск путей их решения.
Углубленное
изучение
научно
-
методической
базы,
касающейся реализации и защиты гражданских прав в
контексте предоставления туристических услуг, позволяет
выработать разумные правовые механизмы регулирования
этого института с учётом объективных закономерностей и
социальной
трансформации.
Также
анализируются
особенности цифрового пространства, оказывающие
влияние
на
правоприменительную
практику
и
эффективность защиты гражданских прав. Особое
внимание уделяется адаптации традиционных правовых
концепций к новым реалиям, связанным с развитием
цифровых технологий и услуг в сфере туризма.
Рассматриваются вопросы правового регулирования,
возникающие при использовании виртуальных объектов,
цифровых активов и смарт
-
контрактов. В завершение
предлагаются рекомендации по совершенствованию
законодательства и правоприменительной практики с
целью обеспечения надёжной защиты прав субъектов в
цифровой среде, особенно в области туристических услуг.
INTRODUCTION
In the context of the transformation of digital civil turnover, the increasing role of
legal mechanisms in the exercise and protection of digital rights as an object of civil law
regulation is of great importance. During the reform of the Civil Code of the Republic of
Uzbekistan (hereinafter referred to as the "CC RUz"), the exercise and protection of
subjective digital rights are fundamental classical categories and key institutions of civil
law.
According to Article 33 of the Constitution of Uzbekistan, "The state creates
conditions to ensure access to the global information network, the Internet." In accordance
with the Presidential Decree of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated April 5, 2019, No. P-5464
"On measures to improve the civil legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan," the current
edition of the Civil Code does not fully meet the requirements of the rapidly developing
economic relations in the country and international civil law standards. Specifically:
Firstly, the Civil Code retains outdated legal institutions and organizational-legal
forms of legal entities, which no longer exist in the legal systems of developed market
economies.
Secondly, the Civil Code lacks such classical civil law institutions as "commercial
risk," "equality of economic entities," "fair compensation," and "repudiation of contractual
obligations."
Thirdly, there is no regulation of specific forms of civil contracts and relationships
that are in demand under modern market conditions, including public-private partnership
contracts, dealership agreements, shared construction, cluster production, electronic
commerce, cryptocurrency transactions, land privatization, and others.
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Fourthly, the presence of a large number of referral norms in the Civil Code (about
80) prevents the Code from becoming a self-executing act, reducing its status in regulating
civil relations.
Fifthly, there is an unjustifiably large number of organizational-legal forms of legal
entities, many of which are similar to each other, consisting of a mixture of rules borrowed
from other organizational-legal forms (for example, private enterprises and unitary
enterprises, which cannot attract investments because the law does not provide for the
inclusion of other participants in their composition).
Sixthly, the Civil Code contains public law norms that do not pertain to the
institutions of civil law, and there is an unreasonable number of restrictions regarding
private property and contractual relations.
Seventhly, the Civil Code almost completely lacks provisions regulating the use of
information and communication technologies in civil relations.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
In legal science, the theoretical and methodological problems of exercising and
protecting subjective rights have been studied by both national and foreign scholars. Legal
literature correctly notes that "the mechanism for exercising subjective civil rights and
fulfilling obligations is a legislatively determined procedure for organizing legal methods,
means, and actions of participants in civil turnover, ensuring the actual achievement by
the subject of the legal goal (obtaining a benefit)" [1]. Special attention should be given to
the works of H. Rakhmankulov, who thoroughly examines the issues of exercising and
protecting subjective civil rights [2]. In civil law science, the issue of protecting civil rights
has received the most attention from Russian scholars such as S.N. Bratus (in studying the
problems of civil liability), V.P. Gribanov (in investigating the boundaries of exercising and
protecting civil rights) [3], V.V. Vitryansky (in researching problems of judicial protection
of civil rights in property turnover), T.I. Illarionova (in studying protective measures in
civil law), and G.Ya. Stoyakin (in researching civil law measures of protection).
Every person is considered a legal entity in the juridical sense
[4]. Legal
capacity refers to the ability of natural and legal persons to hold subjective rights and legal
obligations. In Roman law, every person was considered legally capable and possessed a
specific range of subjective rights that were protected in court [5]. Specifically, according
to G.F. Shershenevich’s viewpoint, "A subject of law can be a person who is capable of
entering into legal relationships, i.e., owning property rights, acquiring claims, and
committing to certain actions" [6]. S.S. Alekseev wrote that "subjective rights are a measure
of permissible behavior provided for an authorized person to satisfy their interests,
ensured by the legal obligations of other persons" [7]. The exercise of such subjective
rights is ensured by the obligations of the other party and third parties [8].
In recent years, the exercise and protection of subjective rights on the Internet have
been actively studied from the perspective of general theoretical and sectoral legal science,
particularly in the field of private law [9]. One of the first attempts at a comprehensive
study in this area was the work of S.V. Malakhov [10]. In his dissertation research, V.Yu.
Mochenov [11] examines network communications as one of the ways to conclude
compensated contracts, paying significant attention to issues such as electronic document
management, digital signatures, contract authentication, and so on. Additionally, N.A.
Dmitrik examines the methods of exercising subjective civil rights and fulfilling obligations
using the Internet [12], and I.V. Nevzorov addresses the problems of regulating business
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activities carried out via the Internet [13]. M.V. Tarasov, in his dissertation, studies the
subjects and objects of civil legal relations in information and communication networks
[14], and T.V. Dzagoev reveals civil law violations resulting from unlawful actions using
the global information network in modern information society [15], among others.
In our view
, the circulation of digital rights in civil transactions is only possible
within a specialized information system accessible to the subjects of civil legal relations. In
this format, the exercise, disposition, including transfer, encumbrance by pledge, or other
limitations or restrictions on the exercise of digital rights, can only occur within the
information system without involving a third party. The holder of the digital right is the
person entitled to dispose of it following the rules of this information system unless
otherwise provided by law.
A.A. Kartskhiya, in his dissertation research, rightly points out that the rapidly
developing modern technological environment, shaped by contemporary digital
technologies, represents a combination of interconnected and jointly applied technologies,
including artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI and Deep Learning), big data and
analytics (Big Data), cloud computing and services (Cloud Computing), the Internet of
Things (IoT), smart robotic systems and devices (Smart Everything), augmented reality
(AR) and virtual reality (VR), 3D and 4D printing, high-speed Internet (5G), distributed
ledger technology (Blockchain), quantum computing, as well as Internet security and
protection technologies (Cybersecurity) [16].
Some authors correctly note that, to date, there are no effective measures for
protecting property-based digital rights. Therefore, it is necessary for national legislators,
taking into account the experience of advanced countries, to develop an effective means of
protecting property-based digital rights and establishing measures of liability for their
violation [17]. In this regard, it should be noted that the Internet is the primary
technological means for exercising subjective digital rights and protecting the legal
interests of participants in civil transactions.
In our opinion
, the good faith and reasonable exercise of subjective digital rights
and the protection of their legally protected interests will not only create objective
conditions for the expression of citizens' will but also ensure the strategic development of
a digital state and society through modern digital technologies.
The Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan is one of the primary laws that govern
the exercise and protection of subjective digital civil rights. Article 9 of the CC RUz outlines
the rules for exercising civil rights. Citizens and legal entities may, at their discretion,
dispose of the civil rights belonging to them, including the right to their protection. Refusal
by citizens and legal entities to exercise their rights does not lead to the termination of
these rights, except in cases provided by law. The exercise of civil rights must not infringe
upon the rights and legally protected interests of others. Good faith, reasonableness, and
fairness in the actions of participants in civil legal relations are presumed. When exercising
their rights, citizens and legal entities must respect moral principles and the ethical norms
of society, and entrepreneurs must also observe the rules of business ethics. Citizens and
legal entities are prohibited from actions aimed at causing harm to others, abusing their
rights in other forms, or exercising rights contrary to their intended purpose. In cases of
non-compliance with the requirements outlined in paragraphs three, four, and five of this
article, the court may refuse to protect the rights of the individual.
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The limits of exercising subjective civil rights
are one of the essential elements
of an individual's legal capacity. They create a necessary and reasonable range for the
lawful exercise of digital rights and legally protected interests. Therefore, the statutory
limits or boundaries on the exercise of subjective rights are aimed at shaping permissible
behavior for an authorized subject, to prevent unlawful actions and violations of the rights
and interests of others. Thus, the boundaries of exercising subjective digital rights should
be understood as constitutionally established and socially safeguarded limits for the
realization of subjective civil digital rights, aimed at ensuring the lawful behavior of the
authorized subject in legal relations to prevent the infringement of the rights of others. In
this regard, the limits of exercising subjective digital rights are directed at preventing
abuse of such rights. Furthermore, the good faith in the exercise of subjective digital rights,
and the inadmissibility of abusing them, is of particular importance for modern civil law.
In the context of the digital transformation of civil turnover, due to the evolutionary
development of digital technologies, it is impossible to cover all methods of exercising
rights in digital space. In modern conditions, the trends of digital law development and the
limits of subjective civil rights remain insufficiently studied, given the demands of the
digital transformation of civil turnover. A reasonable limit in exercising subjective civil
digital rights is the inadmissibility of using a citizen's rights to violate the rights of others
or to abuse their own rights.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It should be noted that there are numerous unresolved problems of a scientific,
legislative, law enforcement, and educational-methodological nature in the
implementation and protection of subjective civil digital rights. The current legal
framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of digital legislation is neither
systematized nor unified in accordance with modern trends in the development of
international and regional legislation, as well as the best practices of foreign countries. In
this context, the legal regime of digital rights as an object of civil law regulation is
insufficiently regulated, which negatively impacts the realization and protection of
subjective digital rights of participants in civil transactions. It must be recognized that
national legislation does not keep pace with the rapid development of digital technologies,
which hinders the reasonable exercise and protection of subjective civil rights on the
Internet.
In this context, a relevant scientific and theoretical problem in the scientific and
methodological doctrine is the conceptual and terminological apparatus related to the
right of access to secure Internet networks and the use of modules in digital technologies
for the realization of civil rights and obligations, subjective rights to digital technologies
and artificial intelligence (blockchain technology, Internet of Things, cloud services,
augmented reality, etc.), the right to create, publish, and protect digital works, the
subjective right to provide digital services (digital mobile communication, etc.), the
subjective right to use digital works and services, the subjective right to exchange
electronic (digital) information, free communication, and expression of opinion in
information communication networks, the subjective right to confidentiality and
anonymity of personal information, and so on. At the same time, it is necessary to study in
detail and conceptually the general and specific legal and technological principles of digital
civil transactions and the limits of the exercise of subjective civil digital rights on the
Internet, the abuse of material and procedural digital rights, the concept and legal nature
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of the protection of subjective civil digital rights, the role, place, and protection of
subjective civil digital rights in the mechanism of smart civil law regulation, the correlation
between the categories of "protection of subjective civil digital rights" and "civil liability
for unlawful actions of civil transaction participants," the jurisdictional and non-
jurisdictional forms of protection of subjective civil digital rights, public-law and private-
law means and methods of protecting subjective civil digital rights, the peculiarities of
protecting property rights, the proper fulfillment of electronic contractual obligations,
including smart contracts, and so on.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the research show that violations of the confidentiality of citizens'
data are widespread in the sphere of the protection of digital rights on electronic
platforms, undermining their right to privacy. In exercising their subjective rights, citizens
face discrimination based on digital data, such as race, gender, age, etc. Additionally, they
may encounter problems with the availability of resources and services in the digital
environment due to limited access to the Internet or technical issues. When subjective civil
digital rights are violated, citizens often find it difficult to obtain compensation or redress.
The legal mechanisms for appealing violations of civil digital rights are ineffective, which
complicates the fair and reasonable resolution of disputes. The development of digital
technologies can lead to technical and technological problems, such as data security, which
can hinder the exercise and protection of civil digital rights. In law enforcement and
judicial practice, certain skills for handling cases related to digital rights have not yet been
developed, complicating their fair and lawful protection. It should be noted that sufficient
experience in teaching methods on the exercise of subjective digital rights has not yet been
formed, negatively affecting the activities of human rights educational structures
operating on the Internet. Digital transformation and the development of new technologies
in the field of subjective digital rights are progressing so rapidly that lawmakers cannot
keep up, making it difficult to adapt digital civil legislation to the contemporary natural
and technological challenges of freedom for participants in economic and entrepreneurial
transactions. In this context, internet platforms may not provide sufficient transparency
regarding the handling of large user data, creating theoretical and practical challenges for
the effective and reasonable protection of their digital rights on the platform. Another
important postulate is that in the digital environment, it is difficult to prove the fact of a
violation of digital rights due to anonymity or difficulty in obtaining reliable information,
including in digital form. In the sphere of the exercise and protection of subjective digital
rights, challenges arise with the confidentiality of citizens' data unrelated to trade secrets,
complicating their exercise on digital platforms. In the process of exercising subjective civil
digital rights, citizens may encounter the problem of insufficient protection against
hacking attacks and violations in the field of information technology and legal security on
the internet. Moreover, determining property liability for the violation of subjective civil
digital rights can be complicated due to the difficulty in identifying and defining violators,
as well as the implementation of effective measures for such unlawful digital actions.
Thus, it can be concluded that a deep study of the scientific and methodological
foundations of the exercise and protection of subjective civil rights will enable the
reasonable legal regulation of this institution, taking into account the objective necessity
and demand for digital transformation in all spheres of a social state and society.
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