Жамият ва инновациялар –
Общество и инновации –
Society and innovations
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Modern models of social partnership in Uzbekistan
Alisher MUMINOV
1
National University of Uzbekistan
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received September 2020
Received in revised form
15 October 2020
Accepted 15 November
2020
Available online
31 December 2020
Currently, the special importance of social partnership is
acknowledged as an effective mechanism for involving the
general public in participation in the socio-political, socio-
economic and cultural life of the country in Uzbekistan.
In this regard, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Sh.Mirziyoyev
pointed
out
the
need
for
consistent
implementation: “the principle of mutual responsibility of
citizens, the state and society, the connection of their rights and
obligations.
This principle serves as the basis for effective interaction
between the state and the individual, the state and civil society in
solving the important tasks facing our country.
This article is devoted to the analysis of reforms aimed at the
development of social partnership in Uzbekistan.
2181-
1415/© 2020 in Science LLC.
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
Citizens
Society
NGOs
Entrepreneurship
Farming, partnership
Perspective
Unification.
Ўзбекистонда
ижтимоий
шерикликнинг
замонавий
моделлари
АННОТАЦИЯ
Калит сўзлар:
Фуқаролар
Жамият
Нодавлат ташкилотлар
Тадбиркорлик
Фермерлик
Шерикчилик
Истиқбол
Бирлашиш
.
Ҳозирда
ўзбекистон ижтимоий шерикликнинг алоҳида
аҳамиятини жамоатчиликни мамлакатнинг ижтимоий
-
сиёсий, ижтимоий
-
иқтисодий ва маданий ҳаётига жалб
қилишнинг самарали механизми сифатида тан олмоқда.
Шу
муносабат
билан
ўзбекистон
республикаси
президенти ш.мирзиёйев қуйидагиларни изчил амалга
ошириш зарурлигини таъкидлади: «фуқароларнинг, давлат
1
Doctor of political science, Professor, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
E-mail:
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ва жамиятнинг ўзаро жавобгарлиги принципи, уларнинг
ҳуқуқ ва мажбуриятлари ўзаро боғлиқлиги.
Ушбу тамойил мамлакатимиз олдида турган муҳим
вазифаларни ҳал қилишда давлат ва шахс, давлат ва
фуқаролик жамияти ўртасидаги самарали ўзаро алоқалар
учун асос бўлиб хизмат қилади.
Ушбу мақола ўзбекистонда ижтимоий шерикликни
ривожлантиришга
қаратилган
ислоҳотларни
таҳлил
қилишга бағишланган
.
Современные
модели
социального
партнерства
в
Узбекистане
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
Граждане
Общество
ННО
Предпринимательство
Фермерство
Партнерство
Перспектива
Унификация
.
В настоящее время в Узбекистане признается особая
важность социального партнерства как действенного
механизма вовлечения общественности в общественно
-
политическую, социально
-
экономическую и культурную
жизнь страны.
В этой связи Президент Республики Узбекистан
Ш.Мирзиёев указал на необходимость последовательной
реализации:
“принципа
взаимной
ответственности
граждан, государства и общества, взаимосвязи их прав и
обязанностей”.
Этот
принцип
служит
основой
эффективного
взаимодействия государства и личности, государства и
гражданского общества в решении важных задач, стоящих
перед нашей страной.
Эта статья посвящена анализу реформ,
направленных на
развитие социального партнёрства в Узбекистане.
INTRODUCTION
All of us
–
citizens, society and the state
–
equally responsible for the prosperity of
the Motherland, the strengthening of peace and stability in the
country.”[1]
It should be noted that a legislative framework that meets generally recognized
international standards has been formed in Uzbekistan, which creates the necessary
conditions for effective interaction of NGOs with state bodies in addressing actual issues
of social development. In particular, in 2014 the Law “On Social Partnership” was adopted
[2], in which:
- the mechanisms of interaction between government bodies and civil institutions
in the development and implementation of programs for the country's socio-economic
development have been fixed;
- such important areas of partnership as social protection, support and increasing
social activity of the population, employment, development of small business and private
entrepreneurship, farming, environmental protection, public health, the formation of a
harmoniously developed and healthy young generation, increasing legal knowledge, legal
awareness and legal culture of the population, strengthening the ideas of interethnic,
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intercultural and civil harmony, the revival and preservation of centuries-old, traditional
spiritual, moral and historical and cultural values and others have been identified.
RESULTS AND ITS DISCUSSION
At the same time, at present, there is a tendency in the world to develop relations
between the state and business in order to solve socially significant economic problems.
[3]
In order to accelerate the solution of socially significant problems on mutually
beneficial terms, to involve the resources of the private sector in these processes, as well
as to use private entrepreneurial initiative, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On
public-
private partnership” came into force in June 2019 in Uzbekistan.[4] The law also
provides for the introduction of effective mechanisms for dialogue with the people, the
development of modern forms of public control, an increase in the effectiveness of social
partnership, the development of civil society institutions, an increase in their social and
political activity.
Thanks to the formed legal framework and the created conditions, in the
implementation of the strong social policy pursued in the republic, along with state
institutions, on the basis of social partnership mechanisms, such NGOs as “The State Fund
for the Support of Entrepreneurs
hip”(“Tadbirkorlik faoliyatini qo’llab
-quvvatlash davlat
jamg’armasi”),[5] “National Cultural Centers”(“Milliy Madaniy Markazlar”),[6] , “Fund for
the Support of Free Media” (“Mustaqil ommaviy axborot vositalarini qo’llab
-quvvatlash
fondi”) [7], “Chamber of Advocates”(“Advokatlar palatasi”), [8] “Fund for supporting gifted
youths”(“El
-
yurt umidi”) [9], “Union of writers”(“Yozuvchilar uyushmasi”) [10] and many
others.
“The Yuksalish” Nationwide Movement, created in 2019, can be regarded as an NGO
of a fundamentally new type, the main goal of which is to assist in the implementation of
the planned reforms by:
- establishing an open dialogue with the people and the business community;
- formation of an effective system of public control;
- mobilization of efforts and forces of state authorities and administration, NGOs and
other institutions of civil society, as well as citizens, especially youths;
- active participation in discussions on the implementation of the planned reforms
in the chambers of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan and local councils of
people's deputies;
- regular submission of analytical information and proposals to the chambers of the
Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Administration of the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan and the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan. [11]
It is noteworthy that the presentation of “The Yuksalish” movement took place at
the Forum of Civil Initiatives “National Priorities and Perspectives for Invol
ving Civil
Society Institutions in State and Public Administration” [12], where one of the main topics
of discussion was the issues of social partnership as an engine of civil society.
In recent years, Public Councils [13] with the direct participation of representatives
of civil society institutions have been established at all state bodies in the center and at the
local level. They are entrusted with the responsible tasks of exercising public control and
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improving social partnership, including, inter alia, consideration and selection of
applications received from civil institutions for a social order.
Great openness of state bodies to cooperation with NGOs has been achieved through
the conclusion of contracts, development and implementation of joint projects and plans.
Only within the framework of the National Forum of NGOs, annually held by the National
Association of Non-Governmental and Non-Commercial Organizations of Uzbekistan
(NANNOUz) [14], over 600 memorandums and agreements on cooperation have been
signed between NGOs and government bodies.
One of the positive dynamics in the socio-political life of Uzbekistan in recent years
is the growing involvement of the population in the process of discussing various program
documents, draft resolutions, laws and other regulatory legal acts. For example, the
Strategy of Actions for the Further Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017-
2021, which includes 5 priority areas of development in the designated period, was
adopted taking into account the wishes and comments from the general public of the
country.
So, for example, by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated
August 8, 2017 № PD
-3182 [15] (article 9, part 2, paragraph 2), among the main directions
of the new Concept for summing up the results of the socio-economic development of the
country, it is determined: “increasing the openness and objectivity of monitoring
implementation of programs of socio-economic development of regions by involving state
and economic management bodies, representatives of civil society institutions, business
circles and the media in its implementation.”
Moreover, in order to expand the participation of citizens in managing the affairs of
society and the state, to ensure the transparency of the activities of state bodies, as well as
the viability and effectiveness of the adopted laws, at the beginning of 2018, the “Mening
fikrim” (“My opinion”) web portal [16] was created, with the help of which citizens of
Uzbekistan were able" to send proposals in the form of an electronic collective appeal on
actual issues related to the life of society and the state. If the appeal receives at least 10,000
votes (if it is addressed to the country's parliament), it goes to the chambers of the Oliy
Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan for further consideration and discussion. Thus, for the
first time, a single platform for public initiatives has been created in the country, which in
the future may grow into a popular law-making initiative guaranteed by law and become
a powerful impetus for the development of civil society as a whole.
The creation of the above listed institutional and regulatory frameworks and the
necessary prerequisites allowed the Republic to move to a qualitatively new stage in the
formation of a civil society in the country as a key partner of the state in the development
of dialogue with the people, providing reliable guarantees for the observance of human
rights and freedoms and solving problems of increasing the level of citizen involvement
into
public administration. The Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On
measures to radically increase the role of civil society institutions in the process of
democratic renewal of the country”, adopted on May 4, 2018, was aimed at solving th
e
relevant tasks. [17]
The Decree defines such priorities for the further development of civil society and
its institutions as:
-forming mechanisms of effective and constructive dialogue between the state and
civil society on the most important issues of state and social development;
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- increasing the level of participation of civil institutions in the development and
implementation of social and economic development programs;
- transformation of social partnership into an effective mechanism of interaction
between government bodies and non-governmental non-profit organizations on a wide
range of social problems of citizens.
The implementation of the tasks of creating favorable organizational and legal
conditions, as well as cooperation of state authorities with civil society institutions,
contributing to the establishment of dialogue and mutual understanding between society
and the state is seen in the improvement of procedural norms that determine the
mechanisms for the implementation by non-governmental non-profit organizations and
other civil society institutions of the legislatively provided to them rights and powers.
The positive tendency towards expanding the participation of citizens in various
spheres of society's life has predetermined the need to strengthen the legislative
framework. In particular, the conception of improving the rule-making activity, adopted in
August 2018 [18] assumes a further increase in the level of influence of public discussions
on the rule-making process by organizing effective work to involve citizens, civil society
institutions, the media, business entities and representatives of the business community.
At the same time, civil institutions of Uzbekistan are involved in a completely new
system of studying, considering and making decisions on appeals of individuals and legal
entities from government bodies and officials. This mechanism for the protection of human
rights, freedoms and legitimate interests is based on direct dialogue with the people.
The National Goals and Objectives for Sustainable Development approved by the
Government for the period up to 2030 (a total of 16 national goals, 127 tasks, 206
implementation indicators) [19] envisage an increase in the participation of citizens,
business entities and civil society institutions in the process of preparation and decision-
making at all levels of government. The specified mechanism of dialogue with the people
in the Republic of Uzbekistan complies with international standards and is aimed at
forming an active civil society by further expanding the tools of social partnership.
As attention to the institutions of civil society and recognition of their role in
energization of the participation of citizens in the life of the country, their consolidation
around the urgent problems of the socio-political and socio-economic development of the
country, as well as in order to support representatives of civil society institutions, the
Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan established a breastplate “For
cont
ribution to the development of civil society”. [20]
Moreover, additional platforms (mechanisms) continue to be created for citizens to
exercise their democratic rights and freedoms for broad participation in the life of the
country. In particular, in the c
oming period, the Presidential Decree (№. PD
-4473) on all
central state TV channels on a permanent basis provides for the organization of special
television programs in order to discuss the most important issues of the socio-economic,
political and legal life of the country (public debates). [21]
All adopted legislative acts, being aimed at increasing the activity of NGOs and other
institutions of civil society, including during public discussions and public examination of
draft laws, testify to the great urgency and significance of the problems of the formation
and development of civil society in Uzbekistan, as well as to the efforts of the state.
undertaken in this area.
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At the same time, the current legislative acts do not determine the mechanisms of
the corresponding activities of NGOs and other institutions of civil society.
In this plan, it is necessary to provide for the introduction of the following parallel
changes in the relevant related acts of legislation:
- unification of legal regulation of social partnership and public-private partnership,
providing, inter alia, the introduction of a procedure for notification of existing social
orders, similar to the procedure for notification of tenders (competitions) for the purchase
of equipment and work for government agencies;
- the transition from passive into active forms of public discussion, public hearings
and public expertise of draft regulations. For this purpose, it is necessary to more clearly
define the procedure for the preliminary assessment of the impact of legislative acts by
adopting the relevant Law;
-development of norms regulating the dialogue between the state and the people. It
is advisable that the relevant legal norms stimulate people to dialogue with the state by
making constructive proposals on solving certain urgent problems, and also determine the
status, rights and powers in this dialogue of civil society institutions representing the
interests of relevant social groups, labor collectives, neighboring communities and etc.;
- the introduction of modern forms of dialogue with the people and social
diagnostics, which ensure the effective identification of problems affecting the social well-
being of the population, and their proactive solution, as a factor in strengthening social
stability and reducing political risks.
Along with this, it is necessary to take measures to stimulate the development of the
infrastructure of republican NGOs at the grassroots level
–
directly among the population.
The study of the relevant foreign experience shows that direct work at the place of
residence is one of the criteria for the development of civil society, providing the necessary
conditions for the growth of civil and political participation of the population.
For example, in the historically established self-governing communities of Japan
(“djichikai”) [22] volunteer organizations are active, providing social support to
vulnerable segments of the population. For this purpose, public funds are created,
supported not only by the state, but also, first of all, by business entities. Other social
formations operate within the communities, contributing to the creation of an atmosphere
of good neighborhoods, mutual support and unity. Similar examples can be found in other
countries around the world.
In this context, it seems appropriate to create the necessary conditions for
organizing work on the territory of citizens' gatherings in all administrative-territorial
units, the primary organizations of public organizations of the republican level -
the “St
ate
Fund for the Support of Entrepreneurship” (“Tadbirkorlik faoliyatini qo’llab
-quvvatlash
davlat jamg’armasi”), Youth Support Fund, National Association of Non
-Governmental
Non-Commercial Organizations of Uzbekistan (NANNOUz), NGOs of women, the
Federation of Consumer Rights Protection Societies, the Society of Disabled People and
etc., as well as ensure their active interaction with members of the Councils of the makhalla
- deputy chairmen and their advisers on relevant issues.
In addition, despite the steady increase in the role and importance of civil society
institutions in the development and implementation of normative legal acts and programs
of socio-economic development, there is still a low level of involvement of the population
in managing the affairs of society and the state. Strengthening social partnership could be
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served by such a well-known practice of involving the general population in solving urgent
social problems, such as crowdsourcing. [23]
This practice can be applied at the present stage of the development of Uzbekistan
for effective interaction of NGOs with state bodies, when, with the help of crowdsourcing,
namely with the participation of a wide range of participants and the use of information
technologies, a search is carried out in solving actual issues of the socio-political and socio-
economic development of the country.
At the same time, it should be taken into consideration that people want to do more
and are ready to think and improve the processes that surround them. They just need to
be given the opportunity to participate in public discussions. Today, in the era of computer
networks, crowdsourcing can unite thousands of people, involve them in a completely new
system of studying, considering and making decisions on the most important issues of the
country's socio-economic, political and legal life. The advantages should also include the
fact that crowdsourcing often has no regional or any boundaries, it allows you to achieve
results at lower costs, with little or no additional resources or effort. Most crowdsourcing
projects have limited deadlines that contributors must meet. This allows not to delay the
resolution of the issue, but, on the contrary, to have clear time guidelines.
Crowdsourcing is already used in Uzbekistan on the example of the discussion by
the population of draft laws and program documents on the development of the country
in various fields, participation in the development of the logo of the city of Tashkent and
its slogan (“Tashkent loves you”), as well as
in other directions.[24] It is obvious that
further effective use of this mechanism in Uzbekistan will contribute to the transition to a
qualitatively new stage in the formation of civil society, the development of dialogue with
the people, and an increase in the level of citizens' involvement in public administration.
An interesting phenomenon of the last months of the social life of Uzbekistan,
characterizing the strengthening of the status of civil society institutions as independent
active actors, raising the legal consciousness of citizens in the country, has become the
consolidation of society around the problem of the spread of coronavirus infection and the
resulting socio-economic complications, which are felt by wide layers of the population.
Social
partnership in this case flows from the plane of “state
-
public institutions” to the
plane directly social, including such institutional units as civil society institutions,
entrepreneurship and the population. In order to provide assistance to the needy
population, whether with medicines or food, public figures, journalists, bloggers form
special channels in the “Telegram” social network, attracting the largest possible number
of the residents of the country to this process. In particular, the other day it became known
about the creation of the movement “Dishi, Uzbekistan” (“Breathe, Uzbekistan”), in which
an initiative group of public figures and entrepreneurs of Uzbekistan came up with the
initiative to purchase oxygen concentrators for patients with coronavirus undergoing
treatment at home. [25]
In addition, the “Blizkiye” (“Close people”) bot was launched on the “Telegram”
social network, which makes it possible to help those in need locally from the side of the
population living next to the needy. Since the launch of this bot, in three days out of 2874
applications, 77% were approved, for which the necessary assistance was provided. [26]
CONCLUSION
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This confirms the thesis that in difficult times new opportunities for development
appear, society is rallying, activates its full potential and begins to improve itself.
Moreover, in the conditions of Uzbekistan, this positive dynamics testifies to the growth of
social activity and responsibility of the citizens of our country for its current and future
development.
In general, as follows from many examples of the development of the mechanism of
social partnership in Uzbekistan, given in this article, one of the most positive tendencies
in the consistent development of dialogue between state bodies and civil society
institutions in the country is the expansion of the practice of delegating a part of
traditionally state functions (mainly socially oriented functions or functions with the
nature of public control) to individual institutions of civil society, while maintaining
leadership functions for state bodies.
In this regard, a limited but consistent strengthening of the interaction of civil
society with the state is gradually taking place. In this context, it is necessary to ensure
further consolidation in the republic of the above-mentioned practice, which will
contribute to the qualitative formation of a national model for the development of civil
society and its institutions as the basis for creating a complete system of functioning of
civil society in Uzbekistan.
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1.
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the solemn meeting dedicated to the 25
th
anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution
of
the
Republic
of
Uzbekistan.
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3.
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19.
19. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated
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sustainable development for the period up to 2030" // National database of legislation,
23.10.2018, No. 09/18 / 841/2081, 04.06.2019, No. 09/19/457/3235; 06/27/2020, No.
09/20/411/1000.
20.
20. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 14,
2018, No. PP-4017 "On measures to establish a badge" For contribution to the
development of civil society "// National database of legislation, 15.11.2018, No. 07/18 /
4017/2188; 12/14/2019, No. 06/19/5894/4161.
21.
21. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated October 04,
2019 No. PP-4473 "On additional measures to increase the efficiency of public control over
the ongoing reforms in the socio-economic sphere, as well as the activity of citizens in the
Жамият ва инновациялар –
Общество и инновации –
Society and innovations
Issue -
1, №03 (2020) / ISSN 2181
-1415
161
implementation of democratic transformations in the country" // National base data of
legislation, 05.10.2019, No. 07/19/4473/3864.
22.
Pekkanen, R. (2006), Japan’s dual civil society: members without advocates,
Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
23.
Краудсорсинг (crowdsourcing) –
attracting a large number of volunteers to
perform the work, transferring some functions and tasks to an indefinite circle of
performers acting on a voluntary basis. Crowdsourcing is derived from the English words
“crowd” and “sourcing”.
24.
Hope only for yourself: in Uzbekistan activists have created the movement
"DYSHI, UZBEKISTAN"//.
https://nuz.uz/sobytiya/1160307-v-uzbekistane-aktivisty-
sozdali-dvizhenie-dyshi-uzbekistan.html
25.
Telegram bot was launched in Uzbekistan helping the needy
//
https://daryo.uz/k/2020/07/20/ozbekistonda-muhtojlarga-yordam-korsatuvchi-
