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Specific aspects of the architecture of the Tashkent region
in the second half of the 19th century
–
the beginning of
the 20th century
Boburmirzo BOTIROV
National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received July 2024
Received in revised form
15 August 2024
Accepted 25 August 2024
Available online
15 September 2024
This thesis examines the changes in the architecture of
Tashkent during the colonial period of the Russian Empire,
focusing on the construction projects carried out by the
Russians in the city and the distinctive features of local
architecture. Additionally, it explores the introduction of new
architectural styles that entered the country due to the Russian
invasion, their impact on regional architecture, the new
buildings constructed in Tashkent, and their characteristics. The
interaction between Eastern and European architectural styles
will also be discussed in detail.
2181-
1415/© 2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol5-iss8/S-pp93-97
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
old city,
new city,
military fortress,
railway,
radial-ring,
architect,
stone road,
Governor-General,
brick,
eaves,
composition,
architecture.
Toshkent mintaqasi arxitekturasining XIX asrning
ikkinchi yarmi
–
XX asr boshlari o‘ziga xos jihatlari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
eski shahar,
yangi shahar,
harbiy qal’a,
temir yo‘l,
radial-halqa,
me’mor,
tosh yo‘l,
general-gubernator,
Ushbu ishda Rossiya imperiyasi mustamlakachilik davrida
Toshkent arxitekturasidagi o‘zgarishlar, shahar hududida ruslar
tomonidan amalga oshirilgan qurilish loyihalari va mahalliy
arxitekturaga xos xususiyatlar o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, Rossiya
istilosi natijasida mamlakatga kirib kelgan yangi arxitektura
uslublari, ularning mahalliy arxitekturaga ta’siri, Toshkentda
qurilgan yangi binolar va ularning xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi.
1
National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek. Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
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g‘isht,
karniz,
kompozitsiya,
arxitektura.
Sharq va Yevropa arxitektura uslublarining o‘zaro ta’siri ham
batafsil ko‘rib chiqiladi.
Специфические аспекты архитектуры Ташкентского
региона во второй половине XIX века –
начале XX века
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
старая часть города,
новая часть города,
военная крепость,
железная дорога,
радиально
-
кольцевая,
архитектор,
каменная дорога,
генерал
-
губернатор,
кирпич,
карниз,
композиция,
архитектура.
В данной работе рассматриваются изменения в
архитектуре Ташкента в период колониальной эпохи
Российской империи, с акцентом на строительные
проекты, реализованные русскими, и характерные черты
местной архитектуры. Также исследуется введение новых
архитектурных стилей, проникших в страну в результате
российского вторжения, их влияние на местную
архитектуру, новые здания, построенные в Ташкенте, и их
особенности. Подробно обсуждается взаимодействие
восточных и европейских архитектурных стилей.
The colonial power established in Turkestan by the Russian Empire in the second
half of the 19th century not only deprived the local population of political rights but also
affected the national cultural values. During this period, along with very complex socio-
political events, rapid and intense changes took place in its cultural life. In particular, this
process was also noticeable in the country's architecture.
The imperial government forced European architectural traditions and styles to
enter the country. This process was taking place based on several main factors. First,
after the Russians entered Central Asia, they destroyed the city arch and fortress wall and
built Russian fortresses. Such fortresses had a purely military appearance and were built
mainly for support and control. For example, the new constructions built in the summer
and autumn of 1865 were intended for this purpose. The main one was the new fortress,
the construction work of which was started immediately after the conquest of Tashkent.
This fort has a hexagonal shape and was destroyed in September 1865. It has three gates,
of the military officers who fought bravely in the conquest of the city. he was called by his
name, that is, Obukha, Khmelev, Mesyatsev. Inside the fortress, there are residential
buildings for 6 infantry companies, a military hospital with 150 beds, and ammunition
depots. It was not by chance that a large group of military constructions were located
here. He took control of the road leading to the gates of Kokand and Kashghar and made
it possible to immediately send troops to the old city center in case of necessity [6. B.75-
76]. In addition, as a result of the invasions of the Russian troops and mutual wars
between the khanates in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, most of the architectural
monuments were destroyed and it became necessary to restore them [6, B.54- 55].
Secondly, Russian capitalism and the settlement of people of other languages and
religions in Central Asia directly affected the structure of the city[2, B.120].
Thirdly, as a result of the reforms carried out by some local rulers in the field of
architecture, new styles entered the country. For example, at the beginning of the 20th
century, reforms were carried out in the Kokan Khanate. Khudoyar Khan was at the head of
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the reforms. In addition to carrying out internal political reforms, he realized the need to
build new educational schools, a hospital, a pharmacy, and communication departments, and
allocated the necessary funds for their construction. Great attention was paid to construction
based on new principles, extensive use of imported materials. Invited architects together
with local craftsmen took an active part in the construction [6, B.61].
Fourthly, at the beginning of the 20th century, the structure of cities was greatly
affected by the transfer of railways. In particular, industrial zones are developed in the
areas of cities where railways pass. This aspect is visible even today in the structure of
cities [7, B.26]. Changes such as the appearance of railway transport in the country, the
construction of stone roads and improved Russian towns, the introduction of some
rational methods in agriculture and the introduction of new crops, the use of many
improved tools in farming and crafts, and the changes of the local people gradually began
to have a positive effect on economic and cultural development and household lifestyle.
In cities such as Tashkent, Samarkand, Fergana, and Jizzakh, representatives of the rich
class began to build houses similar to Russian residential buildings [1, B.190].
The city of Tashkent was surrounded by a straw wall before it was conquered by
the Russian Empire, the area was 1.6 thousand (population 80 thousand). After 1865, a
new city was established on the left bank of Ankhor, the administrative center of the
Turkestan region. In the "old city" of Tashkent city, many buildings built based on folk
architecture traditions are unique for their neatness and comfort, earthquake resistance,
and adaptation to hot climate [3, B. 243].
After Tashkent was occupied by the Russian Empire, new buildings for military
units and administrative offices were built on its territory. To the east of the Koymas Gate
of the city, a new fortress, Tashkent Tuproqkorgoni, was built. Inside it were barracks,
officers' houses, a 150-bed military hospital, and an ammunition depot [6 B.60-61]. The
construction of the mound was the first step in the construction of the new part. This
fortress, located at a height, made it possible to control the "old" city and guard the "new"
city. Opposite the castle, a small house was built for MGChernyaev, which became the
first European-style house that appeared after the occupation of Tashkent by Russian
troops. In this way, without taking into account the historically formed city, the
construction of a "new" part of the city began alongside it. The first constructions
consisted mainly of military fortifications [5, B.6].
In Tashkent, the new city is planned based on the laws of urban planning, which
are formed in the country, that is, on the basis of the law of a walking radius of 1500
meters. Such "new cities" were created on the outskirts of some ancient cities, next to
them, at a certain distance from them. In Samarkand and Tashkent, the first "new cities"
were demolished old fortresses and built in their place. Such cities, consisting of old and
new parts, were later called "two-part" or "two-structure" cities. In the cities of
Samarkand and Tashkent, a new city will be formed in a three-beam plan in an empty
area. In 1865, a Russian fortress was built in the city of Tashkent, based on Pisarevsky's
project, about 700 meters south of the territory of the Horde. According to Pisarevsky's
project of 1866, the Russian city was supposed to develop in a radial-ring fashion from
the fortress to the south. However, the goal of the General Governorate of Turkestan to
make Tashkent the center does not allow this project to be realized [7, B.23-24].
The first architectural project of the new city of Tashkent was drawn up by the
military topographer M.N Kolesnikov in 1866-1867. Based on this architectural plan, the
Palace of the Governor-General of Turkestan (White House), the Spas Preobrazheniye
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Cathedral with a Byzantine-style bell tower was built near the present Independence
Square. A number of other administrative and public buildings, including the court of the
Governor General of Turkestan, its Syrdarya regional administration, and the building of
the City Duma can be noted. The second project of the new part of the city was drawn up
in 1870 by military engineer A.V Makarov. The draft plan calls for widening city streets,
paying attention to the internal harmony and external appearance of buildings in the
fast-paced construction, greening the streets, preserving the old parks and building
avenues based on them. was held [6, B.74-75].
During this period, the development of the city was greatly influenced by the
construction and commissioning of the Trans-Caspian (1899) and Orenburg (1906)
railways. Because various industrial enterprises, cotton ginning, wine, oil factories,
railway workshops, and warehouses were built in the vicinity of the railway.
In 1885, a Construction Committee was established under the office of the
Governor-General under the leadership of the Chief Engineer, who directly reports to the
Governor-General. At the end of the 19th century, the position of city architect officially
appeared in Tashkent. Russian architects have worked in this position for many years.
In particular, V.S. Geinselman, G.M. Svarichevsky, A.V. Makarov, N.F. Ulyanov,
Ye.P. Dubrovin, G.M. Svarichevsky, G. Beppel, K.M. Tiltin, I.A. Markevich worked during
this period. After that, the position of city architect appeared in other large cities of the
country [6, B.75,77].
At the end of the 19th century
–
the beginning of the 20th century, special
attention was paid to the creation of projects of multi-story national houses that created
a standard heat regime based on the thousand-year-old principles of housing
construction, to reflect their peculiarities, and to the volume-planning work. [6, B.64]. In
the early days, the residential areas of the suburbs were largely preserved in the old
architectural features, were located near the market, had more merchants, and were the
central areas where many foreigners came and went, bringing new fashions, tastes, and
interests. was the first to absorb all the news. These changes in the field of housing
construction are manifested in changes in house design and planning, in the use of new
building materials, and in the use of new methods of decoration [8, B.33].
The main part of the buildings built at the beginning of the 20th century are
caravanserais and palaces that are the residence of the khanate. Their exteriors are
mainly made of adobe bricks or bricks in a patterned pattern and decorated with various
cornices. The unique features of these buildings were that they reflected national
architectural traditions. For example, the roofs of these houses were made flat based on
local house-building traditions, that is, the main features of national architecture. The
European type, which creates a source of heat in the summer and worsens the situation
in the living room in the evenings, is abandoned, and is typical of national traditions,
which do not heat up in the summer, and have a lot of precipitation from the atmosphere.
It was covered with roofs adapted to the lack of heat and good heat protection. This type
of roofing style became a staple in the military and all other forms at the beginning of the
20th century. As an example of such buildings, we can cite several buildings designed for
public purposes, as well as a large, one-story building of a store in the eastern part of the
city, where a shopping center began to emerge. [6, B.80]
New socio-political and economic conditions had a great impact on the
architecture of residential buildings in the city. With a certain level of political stability,
the construction of local residential buildings, at the same time helped the development
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of folk architecture traditions in Tashkent. The traditional division of a residential
building in Tashkent architecture. that is, the internal (personal) and external (reception
and hotel) style division was preserved and developed. Division in this way is typical for
all schools of Turkestan architecture and is the main method of composition taking into
account natural and climatic conditions. The houses were built as before, mainly from
local raw materials and based on the design methods of local master builders and
decorators. It should be noted that during this period, the specific characteristics of
Tashkent architecture were preserved, and even the national characteristics are visible in
buildings built in the European style but related to the administration of the Russian tsar.
New design methods have been introduced in the architecture of several houses
belonging to very rich people who visited Russia and Russian officials.
As we conclude our research work, new architectural styles entered Turkestan as a
result of the invasion of the Russian Empire. Architecture in this period developed in
three ways, having its unique style. A lot of changes took place in the field of architecture
in Tashkent. In particular, local architectural styles were mixed with newly introduced
architectural styles, and a new type of urban planning was created. But it is worth
mentioning that the introduction of new styles has brought some negative consequences.
Unfortunately, one-sidedness was allowed in the assimilation of advanced construction
and architectural methods that came with European engineering science. There was a
false belief that everything that comes from Europe is advanced and vice versa
–
all local
traditions are harmful and outdated. As a result, a number of positive architectural
sciences were forgotten. In particular, the methods of geometric integration in our
medieval architecture, the art of tying patterns, tiling, domes, tying of kanos and similar
traditions have become devalued and out of use. As a result, at the end of the 19th
century
–
the beginning of the 20th century, it changed the appearance of the city of
Tashkent
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