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DEFINITION OF FIQH SCIENCE AND ITS BRIEF HISTORY
Ro‘zmetov Muhammad Mustafo
Teacher of Mir Arab Higher Madrasa
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13853948
Annotation.
Undoubtedly, the science of jurisprudence is one of the
necessary sciences that a Muslim must learn. Because this knowledge includes
rulings on the circumstances of a person from birth to death. This article describes
popular definitions of this science and its brief history.
Key words:
Kufa, jurisprudence, jurist, madhhab, Hanafi, tarif, istelah,
fuqaha.
“In the dictionary, the word "Fiqh" means detailed understanding, that is,
understanding something down to its subtle parts. In the term of Sharia, "It is said
that it is fiqh to extract legal rulings from Shari'i evidence. When we say "shar'i
evidence" in this definition, we mainly mean the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of
our Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. "Far'i rulings"
means the opposite of the original, that is, shahabcha, of minor importance. "And
in Shariat, rulings that include prayers and treatment are considered.
The meaning of jurisprudence and how high its importance is indicated by
the following verse of the Holy Qur'an in Surah "Tawba":
اَم َو
ََناَك
ََنوُن ِمْؤُمْلا
اوُرِفْنَيِل
َ ةَّفاَك
ََل ْوَلَف
ََرَفَن
َْنِم
َِ لُك
َ ةَق ْرِف
َْمُهْنِم
َ ةَفِئاَط
اوُهَّقَفَتَيِل
يِف
َِنيِ دلا
اوُرِذْنُيِل َو
َْمُهَم ْوَق
اَذِإ
اوُعَجَر
َْمِهْيَلِإ
َْمُهَّلَعَل
ََنو ُرَذْحَي
“Believers do not have to go to battle. Doesn't one category emerge from
each of their groups?! Do they not warn them when their people return to
them after learning religion (from the Prophet) so that they avoid (sin)?!
This verse shows that the Islamic society should pay special attention to the
training of scholars who have deep knowledge of religious sciences. At the same
time, he also emphasizes that the positions and responsibilities of scholars in
society are high. Also, the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace,
praised being a jurist in religion in his hadith as follows:
“ The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: "Whoever
Allah wills good for, He makes him a jurist in religion." ”.
Derived from the word "Fiqh", the science that ensures the understanding of
the rulings of Sharia to the smallest detail is also called "Fiqh". A scientist with
such scientific qualifications is called a "faqih".
It can be seen from the above verses and hadiths that striving to understand
the teachings of religion is a great happiness for a servant. It is a sign that Allah
wills good for him.
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If we look at the history of the science of fiqh, we will see that in the earlier
period of Islam, the science of fiqh, like tafsir, hadith, usul al-fiqh and other
sciences, was not separated as a separate science.
At first, the Makkah Mukarramah contained verses related to belief for
thirteen years. Later, after the emigration to Madinah Munawwara, the verses
related to Shariah rulings also began to be revealed. The Messenger of Allah, peace
and blessings be upon him, used to read and explain all of them to the Muslim
community, which had not yet increased much. Almost all of the Muslims at that
time were Arabs, they understood the Arabic language well to the smallest detail,
they understood and followed the verses of the Holy Qur'an and the hadiths of the
Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, without any difficulty.
In the age of happiness, if there were any misunderstandings, they would
immediately ask the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,
and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, would
explain the answer to them. At that time, this was the main work of the
companions in their simple lives.
Towards the end of the blessed life of the Messenger of Allah, may God bless
him and grant him peace, the verses of the Holy Qur'an came to an end. Most of
the verses in the next stage were related to jurisprudence.
People of different tribes and countries accepted Islam. The new Muslims
faced a huge task of reading and studying the verses that had been revealed for
almost twenty-three years, following them, and applying the Sharia rules to their
lives. Naturally, the young Companions began to ask their elders, the new Muslims
to the old ones, and the ignorant to those who knew. In these works, some
companions stood out from others with their knowledge and resourcefulness. The
companions of our scholars who are famous for fiqh are Abu Bakr Siddiq, Umar
ibn Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abu Talib, Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, Abdullah
ibn Umar, Abdullah ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Oss, Zayd ibn Thabit, may
God bless him and grant him peace. and they cite our mother Aisha as an example.
Our Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, sent his
representatives from the learned Companions to teach Muslims in distant lands
the rules of Sharia and to solve new issues that arise in their lives. For example,
they sent Muaz ibn Jabal, may God bless him and grant him peace, to Yemen.
In the second half of the first and second centuries of the Hijri, the religion of
Islam spread widely throughout the world. Various non-Arab peoples also
became Muslims. Naturally, they did not have the opportunity to extract the
sharia rules from the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of our Prophet Muhammad, may
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God bless him and grant him peace. On the one hand, they do not know the
language, and on the other hand, they have no knowledge. What to do? Of course,
you should ask those who know. Thus, gradually, people started to emerge who
would teach people religious rulings and answer their questions. Later, the
situation demanded to write whole books and summarize the issues.
Gradually, in different parts of the Islamic world, scholars of jurisprudence
began to grow. These scholars used four things as the main sources for their
jurisprudence in their scientific work..
The first:
the Holy Qur'an. That is, if a jurist wants to know the ruling of
something in Islam, he first turns to the Holy Qur'an. Whatever judgment he has,
he accepts without any hesitation.
The second:
the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah, may God bless him and
grant him peace. If a jurist cannot find the answer to something in the Holy Qur'an,
he turns to the Sunnah. He finds him and declares his verdict.
The third: Ijma is the unanimous acceptance of an issue by scholars who are
ijtihad scholars of the same era. For example, the need to convert the Holy Qur'an
into a book is not emphasized in the Qur'an itself or in the Sunnah of the Prophet,
may God bless him and grant him peace. However, after the death of the
Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, he was worried that many
reciters of the Holy Qur'an were martyred in the wars, and with the suggestions
of Hazrat Umar, Caliph Abu Bakr Siddiq ordered the compilation of the Qur'an.
Everyone agreed, no one objected. This work was done through "ijma".
Fourth:
Comparison. That is, judging a matter that has not been ruled on in
the previous sources, by comparing it with something that has a ruling on it in the
current sources. For example, in the Qur'an, khamr, that is, an intoxicating drink
obtained by fermenting things such as grapes, barley, honey, dates, etc., is
forbidden. The scholars compared it to this and said that intoxicating drinks other
than them are haram. The jurists presented many judgments to the public with
the help of these evidences.
Conclusion.
In conclusion, it should be said that the history of the Hanafi
sect has a very interesting history. Some of them began to spread to different
regions. But even though their knowledge was sometimes developed on a
scientific basis, under the influence of a number of factors, it did not have the
opportunity to penetrate among the people on a large scale, and gradually gave
its place to the schools of Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i. released and left the field of
action. In the end, the four schools of jurisprudence, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and
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Hanbali, which retained their status, are still gaining popularity in the Islamic
world and satisfying the needs of Muslims.
SOURCES AND REFERENCES USED:
1.
Shayx Abdulaziz Mansur. “Qur’oni Karim ma’nolari tarjima va tafsiri”. Sharq
nashriyoti 2004.
2.
Imom Buxoriy. Sahihul Buxoriy. – Bayrut: Muaassatur risala, 2018. – 71-
hadis.
3.
Muhammad Amin ibn Umar ibn Obidin. “Hoshiyatu Roddul Muxtor
aladdurrul Muxtor sharhu Tanviyrul Absor”. Dorul fikr, 2005.
4.
Mulla Aliyyul Qoriy. “Fathu Bobil Inoya Bisharhin Nuqoya”. Shirkatu Dorul
Arqam Ibn Abu Arqam, 1997.
5.
Shayx Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf. “Fiqhiy yo’nalishlar va
kitoblar”. “Sharq” nashriyot-matbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi bosh tahririyati.
Toshkent – 2011.
6.
Nazir Muhammad Maktabiy. “Ar-Rovzotul Bahiyya fi sharhi ahodiysul
qudsiyya al-arbaiyniyya”. Dorul bashairul islomiyya, 2003.
