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THE DEPICTION OF THE HUMAN PSYCHE IN THE WORKS OF
CHARLES DICKENS (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY GREAT EXPECTATIONS)
Karimov Ilhom Tursunovich
Zarmed University assistant ingliz tili o’qituvchisi
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15273173
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada buyuk ingliz yozuvchisi Charlz Dikkensning
“Great Expectations” asarida inson ruhiyati tasviri, va uni inson tabiyatini
yoritishda adibning mahorati haqida so`z yuritilgan.
Kalit so’zlar:
inson ruhiyati tasviri, shaxlantirish, xarakter, simvolizm,
stilistik vositalar.
Аннотация.
В данной статье речь идет об изображении человеческой
психики в «Больших надеждах» великого английского писателя Чарльза
Диккенса, а также о мастерстве писателя в освещении человеческой
природы.
Ключевые слова:
изображение психики человека, олицетворение,
персонаж, символизм, стилистические средства.
Annotation.
This article talks about the depiction of the human psyche in
Great Expectations by the great English writer Charles Dickens, and the writer's
skill in illuminating human nature.
Key words:
depiction of the human psyche, personification, character,
symbolism, stylistic devices.
Good and Evil – Dickens shows the struggle between good and evil, bad
heroes always try to manipulate the good, the theme was a famous conflict in the
Victorian era, "Happy Ending" in the fight against evil the good wins.
The work "Great Expectations" tells the story of the growth and
development of Philip Pirrip, better known to himself and the world as Pip. Pip
is the most important character of "Great Expectations": he is both a hero whose
actions form the main plot of the novel, and a narrator who, with his thoughts
and attitudes, forms the reader's perception of events. Understanding Pip's
character is perhaps the most important step in understanding Great
Expectations.
Dickens opens up the theme of death at the beginning of the chapter. In the
second paragraph, he mentions the tombstones of Pip's parents:
"I gave Pirrip as my fathers family name on the authority of
histombstone".3
This tells us that Pip experienced death at an early age. He continues the
theme of death and general negativity by describing the churchyard and the
surrounding land.
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Pip says,
3 Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, Darlion Publications.-2021. P-5
4 Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, Darlion Publications.-2021. P-6
"My most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things, seems to
have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon towards evening."4
The word "burning" is used this afternoon to create an impression unlike
anything else that is clearly stored and forgotten in his memory and not so clear
in his mind. His use of the phrase "impression" and catchy words also shows that
his memory was affected - something clearly happened. The afternoon is
described as "raw," which means no cold, wind, winter, hazy pain, and no sun.
The place where Pip is located describes the churchyard as Charles Dickens
overgrown with dark and nettle grasses. When the nettle is viewed as a negative
object, it uses negative language to create a dim and colorless place. The theme
of death comes up again at the end of this sentence as it ends with the words
"dead and buried."
Pip mixes up images of a pirate and a prisoner in his mind, and Charles
Dickens also uses animation:
"as I saw the cattle lifting their heads to gaze after him, I wondered if they
thought so too."5
(personification)
This chapter effectively sets the tone for future events by providing a sense
of the colorless and dark world that Pip lives in and builds up throughout the
rest of the book. It also introduces the writer's ability to use language effectively
by showing his or her skill in describing places and personas in detail.
Dickens then goes on to describe the swamp outside the churchyard as dark
and flat, suggesting that it has no features at all – no signs, no color, and brings
back negative themes. He also uses classic sentence formation...
Because Pip tells his story many years after the events of the novel, "Great
Expectations" really has two Pips: Pip the Narrator and Pip the Hero – the voice
that tells the story and the person who plays it.
Everyone in life struggles to conform to what others and society expect
them in life, the next Harvard graduate or the next new celebrity. However, if he
believes that he must live up to society's expectations, those expectations begin
to torment a person. In Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations, young Pip
feels the pressure of society and his love, Estella, to be a gentleman. In an
attempt to climb his social ladder, Pip leaves behind his former good morals and
family members when he moves to London. Every hero has aspirations for Pip
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that he believes he needs to accomplish in order to succeed in life. She also sets
expectations for her friends and family, and is disappointed when they don't
meet her aspirations. The pressure of all the characters and the pressure they
put on others undermines Pip's ideals because he believes he should please
everyone.
5 Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, Darlion Publications.-2021. P-57
These great expectations that put pressure on Pip determine the storyline
of the novel and the development of each character. This is why in Charles
Dicken's novel Great Expectations, the title plays an important role because of
Pip's struggle against his inability to live for himself, but rather focuses on living
up to the standards placed on him and others.
Dickens pays great attention to distinguishing between the two Pips, while
the narrator imbues positivity and maturity into Pip's voice, while the hero
explains through Pip how he reacts to what is happening. Here, the narrator Pip
gently illuminates his youth in a cynical way, allowing the reader to see and feel
the story through his eyes. Pip has high hopes. At the beginning of the novel, Pip
expects Joe to be a fatherly figure and protects him from Mrs. Joe and Pip from
"looking at Joe in [her] heart." Joe and Pip rely on friends and each other to
survive in their home life when Ms. Joe "collides"
They warn them. However, after Pip is kind and receives the money, he
expects Joe to be someone other than himself.
Expectations for Pip are luck and a desire to be a gentleman, as he talks to
his personal tutor, Biddy:
"I want to be a gentleman on her account"6
Estella, even though she has a bitter attitude towards Pip, changes his
perspective, resulting in her wanting to be a gentleman. His approach to being a
gentleman is becoming an apprentice to his father-in-law, who is a blacksmith.
The first stage of her expectation was from Mr. Jaggers, Miss Havisham's
solicitor. The lawyer deliberately informs Pip:
"that he will come into a handsome property... be brought up as a young
gentleman"7
Hearing Mr. Jaggers, Pip was both shocked and excited, for he had aspired
to such a status. When Mr. Jaggers spoke of Pip's great wealth and importance,
he automatically considered his benefactor to be Miss Havisham. His first hope is
that Pip should receive professional training from Mr. Pocket.
Two of Pip's most important traits as a hero are his mature, romantic
idealism and innate clean conscience. On the one hand, Pip wants to improve
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himself and achieve every possible achievement, whether educational, moral, or
social. Pip, the setter, is very harshly critical of his past actions, rarely inspires
himself for his good deeds, but angrily condemns himself for his bad deeds. As a
hero, Pip's idealism often leads him to have a very narrow perception of the
world, overly simplifying situations based on superficial values, which leads him
to have a bad attitude towards the people he cares about. For example, when Pip
becomes a gentleman, he immediately starts acting like he thinks a gentleman
should act,
7 Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, Darlion Publishing.-2021. P-125
which leads him to treat Joe and Biddy in a nonsensical and cold-blooded
way.
On the other hand, Pip's very generous and sympathetic young man at heart
can be seen throughout the book in his many acts of kindness (helping Magvitch,
secretly buying Herbert's way into business, etc.) and in his primary love. Pip's
main developmental direction in the novel can be discerned from his desire to
put his innate sense of affection and conscience above all else.
Shortly after meeting Miss Havisham and Estella, Pip's desire for
development overshadows his core virtues. Having acquired his mysterious
wealth, his idealistic desires seem to be elegant, and he leads himself to a life of
idleness.
In "Great Expectations," blacksmith Joe Gargery cares for his young orphan
brother-in-law, Pip, more affectionately than his sister, who is disgruntled and
angry with his brother being raised "by hand." Joe takes care of Pip like a father,
but chooses Pip as the beneficiary of his fortune, and the fugitive prisoner
promises him "high hopes" for bringing him a special document once.
1.The characters of Dickens, despite many criticisms, are distinguished and
remembered by their distinctive qualities. The writer's characters are of interest
to readers all over the world because they are individuals with unique talents. If
any reader is asked about Charles Dickens, they will certainly be able to list a
few of the characters in the writer's work, as Charles Dickens' method of
depiction will not fail to impress many readers. In his work, the nature of the
characters is described not only by their speech, but also through their feelings,
views, inner thoughts.
Contrary to some of the views of critics, Ch. Dickens is a creative man with
an unusual characterization technique, otherwise, the reader-reader would have
forgotten about all his characters long ago.
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Thus, Charles Dickens is a writer who still takes a place in the hearts of
readers through his unique works in English literature.
References:
1.
Brook, G. L. The Language of Dickens. London: Andre Deutsch. Collins,
Phillip. (1962). Dickens and Crime. London: Macmillan. (Ref:1964) Dickens,
Charles. Bleak House, London: Penguin. (ref:1971 and abbreviated as BH). -1970
2.
Dickens, Charles. Hard Times, London: Longman. (ref:1973 and
abbreviated as
3.
HT)
4.
Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations, London: Longman. (ref:1975 and
5.
abbreviated as GE)
6.
Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist , London: Penguin Books. (ref:1985 and
abbreviated as OT)
7.
Ford, George H. The Poet and the Critics of Probability. Dickens: a
Collection of Critical Essays.-1967
8.
Ghent, Dorothy Van. The Dickens World: a View from Todger's Dickens.
Dickens: a Collection of Critical Essays. Martin Price. (Ed.) Englewood Cliffs, New
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Leavis, F. R. and Q. D. Leavis. Dickens the Novelist. Harmondsworth:
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Leech, N. Geoffrey and Michael Short. Style in Fiction. London: Longman. -
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