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PUBLISHED DATE: - 22-07-2024
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajet/Volume06Issue07-07
PAGE NO.: - 57-65
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE USE OF COMPOSITE
MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION
Valigun Margarita
CEO, Nova Ceiling design, Orlando, USA
INTRODUCTION
Various knowledge-intensive approaches are used
in the construction of modern structures both in
the creation and fabrication of traditional and new
composite materials [1-3], for example, by additive
manufacturing [4,5], and in the creation of
structures and structures using new techniques [6-
8], finite element calculation programs [9,10] and
neural
network
technologies
[11-13]
in
engineering calculations. Neural networks are used
in the creation of modern structural materials [14],
analysis of mechanical characteristics of materials
[15], prediction of loads on a structure,
optimization of structures [16], and calculation of
their construction characteristics. These factors
are the reason for the tightening of requirements
for structural materials, especially composite
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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materials [17-21].
METHODS
The material is designed and strength is calculated
simultaneously with the product development. As
noted in [22], it is no longer possible to separate
material and design. The process of designing and
creating a material construction with specified
properties
includes
interconnected
design
calculation, calculation of material properties
depending on the structure, and technological
methods of manufacturing.
A necessary property of structural composite
material becomes a planned, subject to calculation
nature and process of its damage and destruction.
This makes it possible to monitor the process of
material degradation in the structure with the help
of special sensors. Observation of the appearance
of structural damage and its development in the
process of operation, by the principle of “safe
damage”, assumes that the damage must be
detected, and in case of its development, the
structure must be repaired.
In English, composite material is called composite
['k
ɔ
mp
ə
zit] with stress on the first syllable, which
means something composite, complex. There are
not many simple substances in nature (~400),
much more complex composites. The main
difference between structural composite material
and many other structural complex materials is
that it is designed by man in such a way that it
became possible to control its structure and
through it, mainly mechanical and thermophysical
properties in the process of manufacturing the
material and the product from it.
RESULTS
The creation of new materials is rarely observed
because a large number of “simple” (non
-
composite) materials have already been
discovered.
Therefore,
combining
known
substances is the main way to create new
composite materials.
Figure 1 shows a graph comparing the specific
modulus of elasticity of some composites and
metallic materials [22]. The record holder in
specific stiffness is beryllium, which has a high
modulus of elasticity (E = 250 GPa), heat capacity,
and corrosion resistance, but it is highly toxic and
has low ductility and anisotropy properties.
Figure 1. The effect of temperature on the specific modulus of elasticity of
various materials (E – modulus of elasticity; d – density; g – acceleration of gravity)
[22, 23]
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There is a huge number of composite materials and
their detailed enumeration cannot be presented
within the framework of one scientific article, so
the main types of composites are shown
schematically in Figure 2.
Figure 2. The main types of composite materials
The most widely used composite materials are
polymer composite materials (PCM) [24, 25].
Strong anisotropy of mechanical characteristics
forces the designer together with the technologist,
using the accumulated experience of designing
products from quasi-isotropic materials, to lead
carbon fiber-reinforced plastic by choice of
reinforcement schemes to a quasi-isotropic
structure. Or, which is more difficult and less
worked out by design practice, using only the
strengths of the material, to apply the rule of
coincidence of reinforcement scheme with the flow
of forces and to design the optimal product
structure for the perception of external forces. Both
options can be realized using carbon harnesses.
The second option allows to significantly reduce
the weight of the product. Examples of such designs
are the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the Shukhov
Tower in Moscow, mesh structures, designed using
additive technologies, in which, with an isotropic
material, this is solved by the optimal choice of the
cross-sectional area of the load-bearing direction.
Table 1 presents the physical and mechanical
characteristics of composite and traditional
building materials.
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Table 1. Physical and mechanical characteristics of composite and building
materials [22]
Matrix/Materi
al
Reinforcing Filler/Brand
of Material
Density,
g/cm³
Strength,
MPa
Modulus of
Elasticity, GPa
Epoxy Matrix
Carbon Fiber
1.4 – 1.5
800 – 1500
120 – 220
Fiberglass
1.9 – 2.2
1200 – 2500 50 – 68
Organic (Aramid) Fiber
1.3 – 1.4
1700 – 2500 75 – 90
Boron Fiber
2.0 – 2.1
1000 – 1700 220
Al Matrix
Carbon Fiber
2.3
800 – 1000
200 – 220
Boron Fiber
2.6
1000 – 1500 220 – 250
C Matrix
Carbon Fiber
1.5 – 1.8
350 – 1000* 120 – 220
Mg Matrix
Carbon Fiber
1.8
600 – 800
180 – 220
Boron Fiber
2.0
700 – 1000
200 – 220
Ni Matrix
Molybdenum Wire
9.3
700
235
Tungsten Wire
12.5
800
265
Steel
High Carbon (Steel 45)
7.8 – 7.9
200 – 230
205
Aluminum
D16
2.7 – 2.8
400 – 470
70
Brick
Silicate (M300)
1.8 – 2.0
4*
25 – 27
Concrete
Heavy
2.4 – 2.5
0.9 – 18
28
*Flexural strength.
Table 2 shows the disadvantages of composite
materials compared to traditional building
materials (Table 2).
Table 2. Disadvantages of composite materials
Material
Properties and Characteristics
Carbon Fiber
Complex and lengthy manufacturing process. Sensitive to impact damage which
reduces its strength characteristics. To avoid contact with metal, carbon fiber
inserts are made from fiberglass. High cost.
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Fiberglass
High cost. Low modulus of elasticity. Strength decreases in aggressive
environments.
Organoplastic
Short lifespan (about five years). Low compressive strength (significantly lower
than tensile strength). Begins to age in humid conditions.
Textolite
Strength and water resistance drastically decrease if manufacturing technology
is violated. Dust from mechanical processing is explosive.
Carbon
Concrete
Susceptible to chemical effects, hence it is coated with special protection.
Textile material used to reinforce carbon concrete needs to be treated with a
special coating to ensure adhesion. High cost. Low density.
Polystyrene
Concrete
Low adhesion levels.
The properties of composite reinforcement are
selected by choosing the type of reinforcing
material, resin, percentage of reinforcing material,
and its orientation. The choice of fiber type and
percentage is based on the requirements for
stiffness, strength, and durability, while the choice
of matrix is determined by the production
technology of the composite itself and the external
operating conditions. Deformation diagrams of
some fiber types for composites are shown in
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Deformation diagrams for the main types of reinforcing fibers
Among the most widely used composite materials
in construction are: fiber concretes; polymer
concretes; textiles; organoplastic composites; glass
plastics and carbon plastics [27];
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Among the most widely used building elements
and structural solutions are: piles; rebars; panels;
bridges; water supply systems; poles; tanks;
ceilings, etc.
Figure 4 shows examples of reinforcement of
building structures.
а
б
в
г
Figure 4. Reinforcement of building structures:
a – reinforced concrete reinforcement; b – reinforcement of the floor slab; c – reinforcement of
columns; d – reinforcement of brick walls
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DISCUSSION
This study highlights the transformative potential
and crucial role of composite materials in modern
construction. Through the integration of advanced
scientific approaches and advanced technologies,
composite materials are becoming increasingly
indispensable in the design and engineering of
modern structures. These materials offer improved
performance characteristics, such as superior
strength-to-weight ratio and adapted mechanical
properties, which are essential to meet the
stringent requirements of modern construction
projects.
The significance of this research lies in the
comprehensive study of the design, fabrication, and
application of composite materials. Using
methodologies such as additive manufacturing,
finite element analysis, and neural network
technologies, the study shows how these materials
can be optimized for specific structural and
performance requirements. Such optimization is
critical to ensure the durability, safety, and
efficiency of constructed structures.
A notable contribution of this work is the detailed
study of the physical and mechanical properties of
various composite materials in comparison to
traditional building materials. This comparison
provides valuable information on the advantages
and limitations of composites, helping engineers
and architects select and apply the materials. The
analysis shows that while composites offer many
advantages, they also pose challenges such as
complex manufacturing processes and sensitivity
to environmental conditions.
Despite the promising results, this study
recognizes several limitations. One major
limitation is the lack of a standardized regulatory
framework governing the use of composite
materials in construction. This regulatory gap may
hinder wider adoption and require further
development of industry standards and guidelines.
In addition, the high costs associated with
composite materials and manufacturing processes
pose economic challenges that need to be
addressed to facilitate wider adoption.
Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of
continuous research and innovation in the field of
composite materials. Continuous progress in
materials science and engineering is necessary to
overcome current limitations and discover new
applications. This includes developing more cost-
effective manufacturing techniques, improving
material
properties,
and
establishing
comprehensive testing and validation protocols.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, composite materials represent a
major advancement in the construction industry,
offering
unprecedented
opportunities
for
innovation and performance enhancement. This
study provides a fundamental understanding of
their potential and challenges and serves as a guide
for future developments. By addressing the
identified limitations and continuing to push the
boundaries of materials science, the construction
industry will be able to take full advantage of the
benefits of composite materials, leading to safer,
more
efficient,
and
sustainable
building
environments.
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