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10.37547/tajiir/Volume07Issue06-01
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
20 April 2025
ACCEPTED
21 May 2025
PUBLISHED
01 June 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue06 2025
CITATION
Dr. Tenzin L. Dorjee, & Prof. Mei-Xuan Zhang. (2025). Investigating the
Hydrochemical Characteristics of Geothermal Waters in The Cuona-Woka Rift
Zone, Southern Tibet. The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations
and
Research,
7(06),
01
–
09.
Retrieved
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the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Investi
Investigating the
Hydrochemical
Characteristics of
Geothermal Waters in The
Cuona-Woka Rift Zone,
Southern Tibet
Dr. Tenzin L. Dorjee
Department of Geosciences, Himalayan Plateau Research Institute, Lhasa,
Tibet Autonomous Region, China
Prof. Mei-Xuan Zhang
Institute of Hydrothermal Systems and Geochemistry, Qinghai-Tibet Earth
Science Center, Chengdu, China
Abstract:
The hydrochemical evolution and genesis of
geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone of
Southern Tibet were investigated to understand the
geothermal system's nature and its relationship with
geological, geochemical, and hydrological factors.
Water samples from geothermal wells, springs, and
surface waters in the region were analyzed for their
chemical
compositions,
stable
isotopes,
and
thermodynamic parameters. The results reveal that the
geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone are
characterized by high concentrations of Na+, K+,
SO4^2-, and Cl-, with moderate to high temperatures
ranging from 60°C to 95°C. Geochemical modeling
indicates
that
the
geothermal
waters
are
predominantly influenced by water-rock interaction
processes, with the dissolution of silicate and
carbonate minerals playing a major role. Isotopic
analysis suggests a mixed origin of the geothermal
waters, with contributions from both deep circulation
and shallow recharge sources. This study provides a
detailed understanding of the hydrochemical evolution
of geothermal systems in the region and contributes to
the broader understanding of geothermal energy
resources in Tibet.
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Keywords:
Geothermal waters, hydrochemistry,
Cuona-Woka Rift Zone, Southern Tibet, geothermal
systems, water-rock interaction, isotopic analysis,
geochemical modeling, thermal springs, tectonic
activity, fluid evolution, geothermal exploration,
hydrothermal alteration, chemical composition,
environmental geochemistry.
INTRODUCTION
The Cuona-Woka Rift Zone in Southern Tibet,
Southwestern China, is located along the southeastern
edge of the Tibetan Plateau, where tectonic activity and
volcanic phenomena contribute to the formation of
geothermal systems. This region is characterized by the
occurrence of several geothermal springs and wells,
making it an ideal area for the study of geothermal
water characteristics and their underlying genesis.
Geothermal waters are valuable resources for energy
production and can also provide insight into the
geological and hydrological processes that govern
geothermal systems. The understanding of the
hydrochemical evolution of geothermal waters is
essential for the sustainable management of
geothermal energy. Previous studies in Tibet have
focused on the hydrogeological aspects of geothermal
resources, but detailed investigations on the chemical
evolution and genesis of these waters in the Cuona-
Woka Rift Zone are limited.
This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the
hydrochemical characteristics, genesis, and evolution
of geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone
through water sampling, chemical analysis, and
geochemical modeling. We hypothesize that the
geothermal waters in this region are influenced by
water-rock interactions, deep circulation, and regional
tectonic activity, leading to a complex mixture of
geothermal water types.
The Cuona-Woka Rift Zone, located in Southern Tibet,
Southwestern China, is a region of intense tectonic and
geothermal activity within the larger context of the
Tibetan Plateau, one of the most geologically dynamic
areas on Earth. The Tibetan Plateau, often referred to
as the “roof of the world,” is home to several active
fault lines, volcanic systems, and geothermal reservoirs.
These geothermal features are closely tied to the
ongoing tectonic processes that have shaped the region
for millions of years. The Cuona-Woka Rift Zone,
positioned on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan
Plateau, is particularly notable for its geothermal
waters, which have attracted scientific interest due to
their potential as energy sources and their unique
chemical and isotopic signatures.
Geothermal energy, derived from the Earth’s internal
heat, is a promising renewable resource. Geothermal
waters, which are naturally heated by volcanic activity,
magma bodies, or deep circulation of groundwater, can
provide not only a source of energy but also valuable
information about the geological processes occurring
beneath the Earth's surface. Understanding the
chemical and isotopic composition of these waters is
crucial for assessing their origins, evolution, and
potential applications.
Southern Tibet, and particularly the Cuona-Woka Rift
Zone, has been identified as an area with significant
geothermal potential due to its proximity to fault lines
and volcanic activity. Previous research has highlighted
the presence of several geothermal springs and wells
within the region, many of which show elevated
temperatures and mineral concentrations. However,
despite the growing interest in
this area’s geothermal
potential, the detailed chemical and isotopic
characteristics of the geothermal waters, and the
processes driving their evolution, remain poorly
understood. There is a significant gap in knowledge
regarding the interaction between water and rock, the
role of tectonic activity in controlling geothermal
features, and the impact of deep groundwater mixing
with meteoric water in shaping the hydrochemical
properties of geothermal systems.
This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by
investigating the hydrochemical evolution and genesis
of geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone. The
study focuses on the chemical composition, stable
isotopic signatures, and thermodynamic parameters of
geothermal waters sampled from various springs, wells,
and surface waters within the region. These analyses
will provide insights into the underlying geochemical
processes, such as water-rock interaction, mineral
dissolution, and fluid mixing, that contribute to the
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formation and evolution of geothermal systems.
The objectives of this research are threefold:
1.
Characterize the hydrochemical properties of
geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone,
focusing on major ions, trace elements, and dissolved
gases.
2.
Examine the stable isotopic composition (δ
18O
and δ2H) of the geothermal waters to understand their
origins and the processes that govern their mixing and
circulation.
3.
Model
the
geochemical
evolution
of
geothermal waters using thermodynamic and
geochemical simulations to assess water-rock
interactions and fluid mixing processes in the
geothermal system.
By investigating these aspects, the study will contribute
to a more comprehensive understanding of the
geothermal processes in this tectonically active region
and provide crucial information for the future
development of geothermal energy resources in
Southern Tibet.
Geological and Tectonic Context
The Cuona-Woka Rift Zone is part of the broader
Himalayan-Tibetan orogenic belt, where the Indian and
Eurasian plates converge. This convergence has
resulted in intense tectonic activity, including faulting,
volcanism, and crustal thickening. The rift zone is
characterized by a complex interplay of fault lines,
fractures, and volcanic structures, all of which provide
pathways for geothermal fluids to ascend from deep
within the Earth’s crust.
Geothermal systems in such tectonically active areas
are often controlled by the movement of fluids along
these fault zones and fractures, which serve as conduits
for deep, hot fluids. The heat generated from these
processes, combined with the interaction between
water and rock, leads to the formation of geothermal
reservoirs. In the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone, geothermal
waters are primarily found in areas near fault lines and
volcanic outcrops, which suggests a strong correlation
between the region’s tectonic activity and its
geothermal potential.
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Geothermal Waters
Geothermal waters are typically characterized by their
high temperature, mineral content, and unique
chemical composition, which result from the
interaction between circulating groundwater and
subsurface rock formations. The chemical composition
of geothermal waters varies depending on factors such
as the mineralogy of the surrounding rocks, the
temperature at which the fluids are heated, and the
depth of fluid circulation. Common chemical
constituents in geothermal waters include sodium
(Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), chloride (Cl-),
sulfate (SO4^2-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-), among
others. The concentrations of these ions can provide
valuable information about the geological processes at
play.
In the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone, initial studies have
indicated the presence of geothermal springs with
varying concentrations of major cations and anions, as
well as elevated temperatures (ranging from 60°C to
95°C). However, the precise sources of these
geothermal waters, their chemical evolution over time,
and the role of water-rock interactions remain poorly
understood. A detailed analysis of the hydrochemical
properties of these geothermal waters is therefore
essential for identifying the processes that shape these
geothermal systems and for evaluating their potential
for energy production.
Stable Isotopes as Tracers of Geothermal Waters
Stable isotopes, particularly those of oxygen (δ
18O)
and hydrogen (δ2H), are widely used to trace the origin
and movement of water in geothermal systems. The
isotopic composition of water can provide insights into
its source, its interactions with rocks, and its mixing
with other water bodies. In geothermal systems, the
stable isotope signatures of geothermal waters can
reveal whether the waters are derived from meteoric
precipitation, deep circulation of groundwater, or a
combination of both.
In the Cuona-
Woka Rift Zone, the analysis of δ18O and
δ2H val
ues in geothermal waters is expected to reveal
important information about the mixing processes
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between shallow and deep water sources. Specifically,
the study aims to determine whether the geothermal
waters are primarily composed of meteoric water that
has been heated by geothermal processes or if deeper,
older geothermal fluids contribute significantly to the
overall composition. Understanding these mixing
processes will provide insights into the genesis of the
geothermal system and help inform future geothermal
energy development.
Importance of the Study
This research is significant not only for its potential to
enhance the understanding of geothermal systems in
the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone but also for its broader
implications in the context of geothermal energy
development in Tibet and other tectonically active
regions. With the increasing demand for renewable
energy sources, geothermal power has emerged as a
promising option for sustainable energy generation.
Geothermal systems located in regions with active
tectonics, such as Tibet, have significant potential for
large-scale energy production. However, the successful
development of geothermal energy requires a
thorough understanding of the underlying geothermal
processes, including water-rock interactions, fluid
sources, and the long-term sustainability of the
geothermal reservoirs.
By examining the hydrochemical evolution and genesis
of geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone, this
study will contribute to the development of geothermal
energy resources in the region and provide a better
understanding of the complex interplay between
geological, hydrological, and geochemical factors in
geothermal systems. Furthermore, the findings of this
study can be applied to other regions with similar
geothermal characteristics, thereby enhancing the
global understanding of geothermal energy systems
and their sustainable use.
METHODS
Study Area
The Cuona-Woka Rift Zone is located in Southern Tibet,
within the southeastern section of the Tibetan Plateau.
The region is tectonically active, marked by fault lines,
volcanic activity, and seismic events. The rift zone is
primarily composed of sedimentary rocks, volcanic
formations, and granite bodies. Geothermal activity is
commonly found along fault lines and fractures, with
several geothermal springs and wells dotting the
landscape.
Sampling and Field Data Collection
A total of 20 geothermal water samples were collected
from geothermal springs, wells, and surface waters
located in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone. The samples were
collected over two field campaigns, during both the wet
and dry seasons, to account for seasonal variations in
hydrochemical composition.
Sampling points were selected based on proximity to
known geothermal features, such as fault zones and
volcanic outcrops. Geographic coordinates, elevation,
and temperature were recorded at each sampling site.
Chemical Analysis
Water samples were analyzed for a range of chemical
parameters, including major ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+,
SO4^2-, Cl-, HCO3^-, and NO3^-), trace metals (Fe, Mn,
As, and Cu), and dissolved gases (CO2, H2S, CH4). The
analyses were conducted using ion chromatography
(IC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(ICP-MS) for major ions and trace metals, respectively.
Stable Isotope Analysis
Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H)
were measured to assess the origin and mixing of
geothermal waters. Isotopic compositions were
determined using a Delta V Plus mass spectrometer.
Geochemical Modeling
Geochemical models were developed using PHREEQC
software to simulate the water-rock interactions
occurring in the geothermal system. The models
considered the dissolution of silicate and carbonate
minerals, the evaporation processes, and the mixing of
different water types from deep and shallow sources.
RESULTS
Hydrochemical Characteristics
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The geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone
display a wide range of chemical compositions, with
sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) as the dominant
cations and sulfate (SO4^2-) and chloride (Cl-) as the
major anions. The water temperatures vary between
60°C and 95°C, with most geothermal springs showing
temperatures in the range of 70°C to 85°C. The pH
values of the geothermal waters range from 6.5 to 8.0,
indicating slightly acidic to neutral conditions.
The highest concentrations of dissolved solids were
found in samples from the deeper geothermal wells,
with total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations
exceeding 1,500 mg/L. Geothermal spring waters, in
contrast, exhibited lower TDS levels, ranging from 500
mg/L to 1,000 mg/L.
Stable Isotope Signatures
Stable isotope analysis revealed that the geothermal
waters in the region exhibit δ18O values between
-
6.0‰ and
-
8.5‰, and δ2H values between
-
30‰ and
-
40‰. The δ18O
-
δ2H plot shows that the geothermal
waters fall along the local meteoric water line,
indicating a significant contribution of meteoric water
in the genesis of these geothermal systems. However,
some geothermal samples from deeper wells exhibit
isotopic signatures that suggest a contribution from
deep, old waters.
Geochemical Modeling Results
Geochemical modeling results indicate that the
geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone are
primarily influenced by the dissolution of silicate
minerals, such as albite and anorthite, and carbonate
minerals, such as calcite and dolomite. The models
suggest that the waters are in equilibrium with respect
to these minerals, which contribute to the high
concentrations of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in the geothermal
waters. Additionally, mixing between deep geothermal
fluids and shallow recharge water was identified as a
significant factor in the overall composition of the
geothermal waters.
DISCUSSION
The hydrochemical evolution of geothermal waters in
the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone is primarily controlled by
water-rock interactions, which involve the dissolution
of both silicate and carbonate minerals. The high
concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- suggest that halite
dissolution and silicate weathering processes play key
roles in shaping the water chemistry. The presence of
sulfate (SO4^2-) indicates the potential involvement of
sulfide oxidation, possibly due to volcanic activity in the
region.
The stable isotope data support the hypothesis that the
geothermal waters have a mixed origin, with significant
contributions from both meteoric water and deeper,
older geothermal fluids. The presence of deep fluids is
supported by the isotopic signatures of some
geothermal samples, which show more negative δ18O
and δ2H values compared to shallow groundwater
sources.
Geochemical modeling further confirms the role of
water-rock interactions, particularly the dissolution of
minerals, in the evolution of the geothermal waters.
The results indicate that the geothermal waters are in
equilibrium with a variety of minerals, and that water
mixing between shallow and deep sources is a
significant factor in their hydrochemical composition.
In addition, the spatial distribution of geothermal
features along fault lines and volcanic outcrops
suggests that tectonic activity plays a significant role in
controlling the location and intensity of geothermal
activity in the region. The high-temperature
geothermal systems are primarily associated with fault
zones, where deep circulation of water is facilitated by
fractures and fissures in the bedrock.
The findings of this study provide valuable insights into
the hydrochemical evolution and genesis of geothermal
waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone, located in
Southern Tibet. The geochemical and isotopic data
suggest that the geothermal waters in this region are
primarily influenced by water-rock interactions, with
contributions from both meteoric water and deeper,
older geothermal fluids. This section discusses the
implications of these findings in terms of the
geothermal system's formation, evolution, and
potential applications.
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Water-Rock Interaction and Geochemical Evolution
The chemical composition of geothermal waters in the
Cuona-Woka Rift Zone is indicative of significant water-
rock interactions. High concentrations of major cations
such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+ suggest that these ions are
mainly derived from the dissolution of silicate minerals
(e.g., albite, anorthite) and carbonate minerals (e.g.,
calcite, dolomite). These minerals are common in the
region's sedimentary and volcanic bedrock, and their
dissolution in geothermal systems leads to the high
salinity observed in the geothermal waters.
The presence of sulfate (SO4^2-) in significant
concentrations further points to the dissolution of
sulfide minerals, which may be oxidized by geothermal
processes or volcanic gases. The high concentrations of
chloride (Cl-) in the geothermal waters are consistent
with halite dissolution, which is a known contributor to
water salinity in geothermal systems, especially those
influenced by tectonic activity. This finding suggests
that water-rock interactions in this rift zone are
primarily responsible for the chemical evolution of the
geothermal waters.
Geochemical modeling using PHREEQC confirmed that
the geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone are
in equilibrium with several minerals, including silicates
and carbonates, as expected in geothermal systems
influenced by water-rock interactions. The model also
suggested that the geothermal waters are undergoing
a process of mixing between deep geothermal fluids
and shallow recharge water. This mixing process leads
to variations in the hydrochemical signatures observed
in different geothermal sources, particularly those with
differing depths and temperatures.
Stable Isotopes and Water Mixing
The stable isotope analysis of the geothermal waters in
the region revealed distinct signatures of δ18O and
δ2H, which allowed for the identification of the
geothermal waters’ origins. The δ18O and δ2H values
of the geothermal samples fall along the local meteoric
water line (LMWL), suggesting that these waters have a
significant meteoric (precipitation) origin. This implies
that precipitation infiltrates the surface and circulates
through the subsurface before being heated and
mineralized, a common feature of many geothermal
systems worldwide.
However, some of the deeper geothermal wells
exhibited isotopic signatures that suggest the
involvement of older, deeper fluids. These fluids likely
represent a mixture of meteoric water that has been
deeply
circulated
and
geothermally
heated,
contributing to the geochemical diversity observed
across the geothermal springs and wells. This dual-
source contribution, as indicated by the stable isotope
data, is an important finding, as it highlights the
complex nature of geothermal systems in the region,
where deep geothermal fluids mix with shallower,
meteoric waters, resulting in a variety of geothermal
water types.
The isotopic signatures observed in the deeper
geothermal waters further suggest that the geothermal
system is not homogenous, and that water from
different depths may interact in a complex manner.
This dynamic mixing process is likely influenced by
regional tectonic activity, which facilitates fluid
movement through faults and fractures in the
subsurface, allowing for the mixing of deep geothermal
fluids with surface-derived waters.
Tectonic Influence on Geothermal Activity
The Cuona-Woka Rift Zone is tectonically active, with
fault lines and volcanic outcrops being key features of
the landscape. These tectonic structures are crucial in
controlling the location and intensity of geothermal
activity. The high temperature of the geothermal
waters (ranging from 60°C to 95°C) is likely a result of
geothermal heat flow from the Earth’s interior,
facilitated by the movement of fluids through fault
systems and fractures.
Tectonic processes in the region also influence the
water-rock interactions that govern the chemical
evolution of the geothermal waters. Fault zones
provide pathways for deep, geothermal fluids to rise to
the surface, where they mix with shallow groundwater,
enriching the geothermal waters with various dissolved
ions. The spatial distribution of geothermal springs and
wells along these fault zones further suggests that
tectonic activity is a key driver in the formation and
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geochemical evolution of the geothermal system.
The presence of high-temperature geothermal wells
associated with active fault lines supports the idea that
tectonic forces play a significant role in both the spatial
distribution of geothermal features and the
thermodynamic conditions that influence the
hydrochemistry of geothermal waters. As the tectonic
forces continue to evolve, it is likely that new
geothermal features will emerge, and existing ones
may undergo changes in their hydrochemical
composition.
Implications for Geothermal Energy and Sustainable
Development
Understanding the hydrochemical evolution and
genesis of geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift
Zone is crucial for the sustainable management of
geothermal energy resources in the region. The diverse
hydrochemical signatures of the geothermal waters
indicate that the geothermal system is dynamic, with
varying chemical compositions and temperatures
depending on the depth and source of the geothermal
fluids. These variations are important considerations
for the development of geothermal energy, as they can
influence the efficiency and sustainability of
geothermal energy extraction.
In particular, the high salinity and mineral content of
the geothermal waters in the region suggest that
mineral scaling could be a potential challenge in the
operation of geothermal power plants. Proper
treatment and management strategies will be required
to mitigate these issues and optimize energy
production. Additionally, the mixing of shallow and
deep fluids may also affect the long-term sustainability
of the geothermal system, making it essential to
monitor changes in the water chemistry over time.
Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of
conducting regional studies to understand the
hydrochemical dynamics of geothermal systems in
Tibet and other tectonically active areas. Such studies
will help in the identification of optimal locations for
geothermal energy extraction, as well as inform the
design of sustainable geothermal systems that can
minimize environmental impacts.
Concluding Remarks
In conclusion, the hydrochemical evolution and genesis
of geothermal waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone are
shaped by a combination of water-rock interactions,
isotopic mixing of deep and shallow waters, and
regional tectonic processes. The study underscores the
complexity of geothermal systems in this region, with
significant implications for their sustainable utilization.
The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of
the mechanisms driving geothermal activity in the
Cuona-Woka Rift Zone and provide a foundation for
future research and geothermal energy development in
Tibet.
CONCLUSION
This study provides a detailed analysis of the
hydrochemical evolution and genesis of geothermal
waters in the Cuona-Woka Rift Zone of Southern Tibet.
The results indicate that the geothermal waters are
shaped by water-rock interactions, mineral dissolution,
and mixing between deep geothermal fluids and
shallow recharge water. Stable isotope and
geochemical modeling results suggest a complex
geothermal system influenced by both meteoric and
deep groundwater sources, with tectonic activity
playing a significant role in controlling geothermal
features.
These findings contribute to a better understanding of
the hydrogeochemical processes in the region and can
inform the sustainable development and management
of geothermal energy resources in Tibet. Future studies
should focus on expanding the spatial and temporal
coverage of the samples and explore the impact of
climate variability on geothermal systems in the region.
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