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PUBLISHED DATE: - 03-08-2024
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/ NICSPEEP-2024-01-08
THE INFLUENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
ON LOCAL ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MEDAN
Jonson Rajagukguk
HKBP Nommensen University, Indonesia
Email: -
INTRODUCTION
The Indonesian state is currently promoting
infrastructure to increase the development of the
country, as well as create equal distribution of
income, where equal distribution of income is
related to the ability of a region to increase its
economic activities through the provision of
infrastructure that is inherent and in accordance
with the conditions and conditions of the region or
area where the infrastructure will be built
(Gustiana, Nana, Sadalia, Isfenti and Sinulingga,
2023)
Infrastructure development can be realized to
enable a country to increase its economic activity,
where the economy often does not develop if the
existing infrastructure cannot be developed for the
benefit of the community, so that it has an impact
on increasing or decreasing the community's
economy, where the decline in the community's
economy will have an impact on decreasing
national income through Gross domestic product is
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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increasingly decreasing, on the other hand, if
people's income increases, then gross domestic
product will also increase and can contribute to
increasing economic growth in a country or region
(Pradana, Ade Novid and Sumarsono, 2018) .
Infrastructure development has various significant
impacts, both positive and negative, on society, the
economy and the environment, including good
infrastructure, such as roads, ports and
telecommunications
networks,
increasing
economic efficiency and productivity, developing
infrastructure such as health facilities, education ,
and clean water increases community access to
essential basic services (Matondang, 2022) .
Infrastructure projects create many jobs in the
construction sector, and once completed, jobs in
operations and maintenance, infrastructure
development helps reduce regional disparities by
developing disadvantaged areas and improving the
welfare of local communities (Sofian, Moh,
Estetiono & and Sofian Asmirza, 2018) .
Apart from that, there is the development of
modern infrastructure, such as environmentally
friendly power plants, supporting the use of new
technology
that
is
more
efficient
and
environmentally friendly, where all of this
infrastructure development will have a significant
impact on the sustainability of economic activities,
all of which will lead to increasing income not only
for people throughout the world. business, as well
as for regions, regions and also for the State
(Sinaga, Arnaldo M., 2022) .
There are negative impacts from infrastructure
development which not only harm society and the
business world, but also harm the Government,
because the existing damage can also harm an area,
region or country, so that the Government will not
get big benefits from economic activities, where the
community's economy income will decrease, and
will have implications for a decrease in national
income which will result in a decrease in economic
growth (Sebayar & Sebayar, 2020) .
The negative impacts are that large construction
projects can cause deforestation, destroy habitats
and loss of biodiversity, large infrastructure
projects often require the removal of people from
the project site, which can cause loss of homes and
livelihoods, construction and maintenance of
infrastructure requires very large investments
which can burden the government budget (Azizah,
SIrojusilam and Fachrudin, 2021) . Infrastructure
projects are often vulnerable to corruption and
fund protection, which can hinder project
completion and reduce their benefits, and the
infrastructure built may favor certain groups or
certain regions, thereby increasing social and
economic inequality (Isyandi, 2021) .
Apart from gross domestic product and economic
growth, infrastructure development can have an
impact on increasing employment opportunities,
where infrastructure development requires
investment, both from within the country and
direct investment from abroad, where this
investment can generate large increases in
economic benefits and can also increase investor
confidence to invest in infrastructure development
(Yandi, Delpra, 2023) .
Infrastructure development has broad and
complex impacts. It is important for governments
and project implementers to consider all these
aspects and take steps to maximize positive
benefits while minimizing negative impacts.
Careful planning, effective implementation, as well
as community participation and transparency are
the keys to achieving the desired results in
infrastructure development (Siahaan, Elisabet,
Fachrudin, Khaira Amali and Fachrudin, 2018) .
Infrastructure development in Medan City is one of
the
Central
Government's
infrastructure
development programs, where the Central
Government carries out this infrastructure
development program in order to boost the
economy. In the last 45 years, infrastructure
development has not been able to increase income
distribution in Medan City, where Medan City has
not been able to increase economic growth
significantly, and has not been able to produce
gross domestic product according to the targets set
by the Medan City Government. This is caused by a
lack of analysis regarding the negative impacts of
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this infrastructure development, as well as a lack of
investment that has a real impact, complicated
bureaucracy, and the lack of will of the Medan City
Government to organize good infrastructure
development which results in losses experienced
by the community, such as The construction of the
revitalization of the Merdeka Square in Medan City
is actually detrimental to MSMEs around the
Merdeka Square, because the impact of the long
revitalization actually increases costs and reduces
regional income, which results in a decrease in
Medan City's gross domestic product. This can be
seen from the realization of Medan City's gross
domestic product in 2023 of IDR 233.31 trillion
compared to 2022 of IDR 280.165 trillion, actually
a decrease compared to 2022, where the average
economic growth of Medan City in 2022 was 5.04%
compared to 2023 which was 4. 71% decreased,
where the impact of decreasing GRDP will reduce
the economic growth of Medan City
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
The problem formulation that emerges from this
research is how the GRDP and investment variables
influence local economic growth in Medan City
through increasing community income as an
intervening variable .
RESEARCH PURPOSES
The aim of this research is to determine and
analyze the extent to which GRDP and investment
variables influence local economic growth in
Medan City through increasing community income
as an intervening variable .
RESEARCH ORIGINALITY
The subjects of this research are residents/society
in Medan City, where the variables in this research
are the independent variables, namely GRDP and
investment , the dependent variable, namely the
local economic growth variable in Medan City and
the intervening variable is the community income
variable . The results of data analysis used SEM
analysis using SMART PLS 4.0 software. as for data
collection techniques using questionnaires and
interviews, as well as observation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Economic growth
Economic growth is an increase in a country's
capacity to produce goods and services compared
to the previous period. Economic growth is
measured through an increase in real Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), which is the total value of
goods and services produced in a country after
adjusting for inflation (Agustini, Fauzia, Amanah &
Harahap, 2022) .
Economic growth is the main goal of economic
policy which can bring many benefits to society and
the country. However, to ensure sustainable and
inclusive growth, policies are needed that pay
attention to equity, environmental sustainability
and social justice. With a holistic approach,
economic growth can be a powerful tool for
improving people's welfare and quality of life
(Cahyo D., Herman and Kurnia O., Leni and
Yunitasari, 2021) .
The indicators of economic growth are:
1.
Direct investment
2.
Technology
3.
Economic policy
4.
International trade
5.
There is an increase in business income
(Kurniasari, Indah and Hasmarini, 2023)
GRDP
GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) is an
economic indicator that measures the total value of
goods and services produced in a certain region in
a certain time period, usually one year. GRDP is
similar to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) but
focuses on the regional or provincial level within a
country (IP Sari, 2020) .
GRDP is an important tool for measuring and
understanding economic performance at the
regional level. By identifying the contribution of
various sectors and factors that influence economic
growth, the government and stakeholders can take
more effective policies and decisions to encourage
sustainable and inclusive economic development
throughout the region (AB, Ismail, Tanjung, 2023) .
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The indicators of GRDP are:
1.
Household consumption
2.
Government Expenditures
3.
Investment
Investment
Investment is the activity of investing capital or
assets with the hope of gaining profits or increasing
value in the future. Investment plays an important
role in economic growth and financial stability of
individuals, companies and countries (Izharsyah,
Jehan Ridho and Lubis, 2020) .
Investing is an important tool for achieving
financial goals and building long-term wealth. With
a good understanding of investment types,
benefits, risks, and factors that influence
investment decisions, individuals and institutions
can make wiser and strategic decisions.
Diversification and regular monitoring are also
very important to manage risk and maximize
investment returns (MDI Sari, 2021) .
The investment indicators are:
1.
Increase in community income
2.
Infrastructure development
3.
Economic growth
Community Income
Community income is the amount of money or
income earned by individuals or households from
various sources during a certain period, usually
one year. People's income plays an important role
in determining living standards, consumption and
overall economic welfare (Adi Syahputra,
Muhammad Yusrizal and Sintara, 2019) .
Community income is an important indicator of
economic and social welfare. Efforts to increase
people's incomes through education, job creation,
fair wage policies, and support for MSMEs can
bring great benefits to the economy and the welfare
of society as a whole. A deep understanding of
income sources, influencing factors, and their
impact on the economy is very important for policy
makers and other stakeholders (Ardian,
Muhammad and Purba, 2020) .
The indicators of community income are:
1.
Level of education
2.
Work experience
3.
Investment
4.
Economic growth (Taufiq, Muhammad and
Kombaitan, 2019) .
Infrastructure development
Infrastructure development is the process of
planning, developing and maintaining basic
facilities and systems needed to support the
economic and social activities of a country or
region. Infrastructure covers various sectors, such
as transportation, energy, air, telecommunications
and other public facilities (Evi Purba, Naomi, Sari,
Raina Linda and Tanjung, 2022) .
Infrastructure development is a long-term
investment that is crucial for the growth and
development of a country. With good planning and
effective
implementation,
infrastructure
development can bring many benefits to society
and the economy as a whole (Hardiningsih,
Pancawati, Meita Oktaviani, Rachmawati and
Srimindarti, 2018) .
Infrastructure development indicators are:
1.
Infrastructure quality
2.
Economic growth
3.
Investment (Zubaydah, Rafika, Afifuddin,
Sya'ad and Albar Tanjung, 2022) .
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The description of the research conceptual
framework is:
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Figure 1 Conceptual Framework
Hypothesis
1.
GRDP influences the economic growth of
Medan City
2.
Investment influences the economic growth
of Medan City
3.
GRDP influences the income performance of
the people in Medan City
4.
Investment influences people's income in
Medan City
5.
People's income in Medan City influences the
economic growth of Medan City
6.
GRDP influences the economic growth of
Medan City, Medan City through community
income as an intervening variable
7.
Investment influences the economic growth
of the Medan City Government through
community income as an intervening
variable.
RESEARCH METHODS
Method This research was carried out using a
quantitative descriptive method using structural
equation model (SEM) analysis method, where
according to (Rashid, Yasir, 2019) SEM analysis is a
data analysis technique which aims to determine
the factors that influence the constructive variable
which originates from the influence of the
independent variable on the dependent variable. .
The population in this study was 2,494,512
residents of Medan City in 2023, where the
sampling method was carried out using the
accidental sampling method , where according to
the sampling method using accidental sampling is
a sampling method where samples are taken where
the object is on the spot.
The number of samples taken can be done using the
Slovin formula as follows:
n = N / ( 1 + Ne² ) = 2,494,512 / (1 + 2,494,512 x
0.1²) = 99.99 = 100 inhabitants of Medan City .
RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION
RESEARCH RESULT
The output from the SEM test can be described
through the following Bootstrapping diagram :
Kinerja
Pemerinta
han
PDRB
Investasi
Pendapatan
Masyarakat
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Convergent Validity Analysis
(Rashid, Yasir, 2019) states that convergent validity analysis is a type of validity in measurements or
research instruments that shows data from existing construct variables is suitable for use for further
testing . The results of the convergent validity test in this research are as follows:
Table 1 Test Convergent Validity
Variable
Indicator
Outer
Loading
GRDP (X
1
)
GRDP 1
0.867
GRDP 2
0.877
GRDP 3
0.868
Investment (X
2
)
INV 1
0.849
INV 2
0.759
INV 3
0.869
Economic
Growth (Y)
PE 1
0.834
PE 2
0.844
PE 3
0.884
PE 4
0.845
PE 5
0.824
Community
Income (Z)
PM 1
0.886
PM 2
0.766
PDRB
PDRB
2
PDRB
3
0,8
68
0,8
67
PM
PE
PE
1
PE
2
PE
3
PE
4
0,8
84
0,8
44
0,8
34
4,2
15
6,4
13
PDRB
1
0,8
77
0,8
45
0,7
46
PM
1
PM
2
PM
3
PM
6,3
30
5,1
23
0,8
86
0,7
66
PE
5
4,4
20
0,8
16
INV
1
INV
2
INV
3
0,8
49
0,7
59
0,8
69
3,5
01
0,8
24
6,5
31
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PM 3
0.816
PM 4
0.746
Source: Data Processing Results with PLS 3.0, 2024
The table above states that the data from each
variable is suitable for use, so it can be used
properly to analyze the various influences of each
existing variable .
Average Variant Extracted (AVE) Analysis
(Rashid, Yasir, 2019) states that the AVE test is one
of the techniques used to assess how much data
from a construct variable is valid or not. The
Average Variant Extracted (AVE) test results are in
the following table:
Table 2 AVE Test
Variable
AVE
GRDP (X
1
)
0.83 1
Investment (X
2
)
0.871
Economic Growth (Y)
0.841
Community Income (Z)
0.851
Source: Data Processing Results with PLS 4.0, 2024
The table above describes the Average Variant
Extracted (AVE) value of greater than 0.5, which
means that the equation model of the data
distribution is appropriate and valid to be used for
further analysis .
Composite Reliability Analysis
According to (Rashid, Yasir, 2019) Composite
Reliability testing is a technique for understanding
the construct model that has been analyzed. This
can be seen in the following table:
Table 3 Composite Reliability Test
Variable
Composite
Reliability
GRDP (X
1
)
0.882
Investment (X
2
)
0.822
Economic Growth (Y)
0.772
Community Income (Z)
0.850
Source: Data Processing Results with PLS 4.0, 2024
The table above states that value composite
reliability is greater than 0.6, where the existing
data is reliable and appropriate, and suitable for
further analysis.
Discriminant Validity Analysis
In confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) or structural
equation modeling (SEM), discriminant validity
analysis is a technique used to assess how different
a construct is from other constructs in the model.
The results of the Discriminant Validity analysis
can be seen in Table 5 below:
Table 5 Discriminant Validity Analysis
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Economic
growth
Moderating
Effect 1
Economic
growth
Moderating
Effect 2
Economic
growth
Moderating
Effect 3
Economic
growth
Moderating
Effect 4
GRDP
,757
1,000
,756
,624
Investment
,664
,737
1,000
,724
Community
Income (Z)
,756
,784
,837
1,000
Economic
growth
1,000
,746
,668
,636
Source: PLS Data Processing Results, 2023
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the AVE value from one equation to another construct
equation means that this value meets the assumption of Discriminant Validity .
Path Coefficient Testing
As for the path coefficient test , it can be seen from the following table:
Table 6 R Square Test
Variable
R Square
GRDP (X
1
)
0.884
Investment (X
2
)
0.844
Economic Growth (Y)
0.876
Community Income (Z)
0.867
Source: Data Processing Results with PLS 3.0, 2023
From the existing table, the R Square of the economic growth variable can be explained by the GDP,
investment and community income variables of 87.6%, while the remaining 12.4% can be explained by
other variables that are not in the discussion.
Hypothesis testing
The results of hypothesis testing can be seen in the following table:
Table 7 Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis
Influence
T-Statistics
P-Value
Results
H1
GRDP on local
economic growth
in Medan City
6,413
0,000
Accepted
H2
Investment in
the local
economic growth
of Medan City
5,123
0.001
Accepted
H3
GRDP on
people's income
in Medan City
6,330
0.001
Accepted
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H4
Investment in
the income of the
people of Medan
City
6,531
0,000
Accepted
H5
The income of the
people of Medan
City
on
the
growth of the
local economy of
Medan City
4,215
0,000
Accepted
H9
GRDP on local
economic growth
in Medan City
through
the
income of the
people of Medan
City
as
an
intervening
variable
4,420
0,000
Accepted
H10
Investment in the
local
economic
growth of Medan
City through the
income of the
people of Medan
City
as
an
intervening
variable
3,501
0,000
Accepted
Source: Data Processing Results with PLS 3.0, 2023
According to the table above, it can be concluded
that partially the GRDP and investment variables
have an effect on the local economic growth of
Medan City and have an effect on the income of the
people of Medan City. Simultaneously, the GRDP
and investment variables influence the local
economic growth of Medan City through the
income variable of the people of Medan City as an
intervening variable.
DISCUSSION
GRDP Influences the Economic Growth of Medan
City
The research results state that GRDP has an
influence on the economic growth of Medan City .
This is in accordance with research from
(Sembiring, Rahmat and Faried, 2019) which states
that increasing GRDP will tend to increase
government income, the economy will grow and
will contribute to increasing regional income.
Investment Influences the Economic Growth of
Medan City
The research results explain that investment
influences the economic growth of Medan City .
This is in line with research (Afandi, Ratno, Lubis,
Suwandi and Maas, 2022) which states that the
greater the investment, the more likely it is to
increase employment and people's income, so that
it will contribute to the economic growth of a
country or region.
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GRDP Influences the Income of the People of
Medan City
According to research results, the GRDP variable
influences the income of the people of Medan City .
This is in accordance with research (Raynaldo,
2021) which states that the greater the GRDP, the
greater the contribution to increasing employment
opportunities and reducing unemployment, where
the increase in GRDP which is aimed at the process
of distributing development funds is aimed at
increasing people's income.
Investment Affects the Income of the People of
Medan City
According to research results, investment variables
influence the income of the people of Medan City .
This is in accordance with research (Hapsari, 2022)
which states that the greater the investment, the
more it will contribute to increasing employment
opportunities and will make people in the
workforce have income that can make the economy
grow.
The Income of the People of Medan City
Influences the Economic Growth of Medan City
The results of the research state that the income of
the people of Medan City influences the economic
growth of Medan City. This is in accordance with
research (Sebayar, Saimara AM, Nasution, 2019)
which explains that as people's income increases,
their purchasing power tends to increase and they
are able to buy goods in large quantities and
contribute to economic growth.
GRDP has an influence on the economic growth of
Medan City through community income as an
intervening variable
The research results show that the GRDP variable
influences the local economic growth of Medan City
through community income as an intervening
variable . This is in accordance with research
(Sutono, 2023) which explains that a large PDARAB
will tend to increase people's income, which
indicates an increase in economic growth which
contributes to improving the community's
economy.
Investment Influences the Economic Growth of
Medan City through Community Income as an
Intervening Variable
The research results show that investment
variables influence the local economic growth of
Medan City through community income as an
intervening variable . This is in accordance with
research (Iskandar, 2023) which states that if there
is a lot of investment, it will tend to reduce income
and increase wages. Rising wages will contribute to
increased economic activity and tend to make
economic growth increase significantly.
IMPLEMENTATION
The greater the factors that influence
infrastructure development through investment
and increasing GRDP, the more employment
opportunities there will be and the people's income
will increase, and will significantly increase
economic growth in the city of Medan.
CONCLUSION
From the results of this research, the conclusion
that exists is that the GDP and investment variables
partially influence the local economic growth of
Medan City and influence the income of the people
of Medan City. Simultaneously, the GRDP and
investment variables influence the local economic
growth of Medan City through the income variable
of the people of Medan City as an intervening
variable.
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