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PUBLISHED DATE: - 24-09-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume06Issue09-03a
PAGE NO.: - 13-18
GEOGRAPHICAL CROSS AND BIOSPHERE:
RELATIONSHIPS, SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES
Sh.Avazov
Ph.D., Professor, Department of Botany and Ecology, Tashkent State
Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
F.R. Saydamatov.
PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Geography and its Teaching
Methodology, Tashkent State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
A.T. Karimov
4th-year student, majoring in the basics of geography and economic
knowledge, Tashkent State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
J.N. Komilov.
4th year student of geography and economic fundamentals, Tashkent State
Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
The geographical shell is a self-developing system;
it is characterized by changes in space and time
due to the continuous influence of the Earth's and
the Sun's energy.
The interrelationship of the components of the
geographic crust is manifested in the exchange of
matter and energy. The structure of the
geographical crust is not homogeneous, each part
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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of it, all its constituents (zonal and azonal natural
complexes) have their own characteristics, and at
the same time, they are characterized by general
laws of development. The doctrine of the
geographical crust was developed in the 20th
century by A.A. Developed by Grigorev.
Geographical crust refers to the Earth's crust,
where the lower part of the atmosphere, the upper
part of the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the
biosphere interact with each other, enter and
connect with each other.
The geographic crust includes the hydrosphere
and the biosphere in its entirety, it includes areas
up to the ozone layer in the atmosphere, and the
hypergenesis zone in the lithosphere (from the
Greek hyper-topa, genesis-origin; a part of the
lithosphere near the Earth's surface). The
geological crust is not very thick, its greatest
thickness is 40 km. around (extending 15-20 km
above and below the surface of the Earth).
In the Earth's crust, these two groups of forces
collided on the Earth's surface and combined with
the unique conditions and features of the Earth's
surface, creating a unique natural system that is
completely unlike any other part of our planet.
Only within the geographic crust, which is a
natural and natural-anthropogenic system, there is
life, animals and plants live, soil cover is formed,
rocks and various landforms are formed.
Heat from the sun accumulates here, and only in
this shell water exists in three states: steam, liquid
and solid, and finally, human society appears and
lives and develops only in this shell.
In addition to the concept of geographic crust, the
concepts of landscape crust (Y.K. Efremov) and
epigeosphere (A.G. Isachenko) are also used. But
now the concept of geographical shell is
widespread.
Despite the widespread use of the concept of
geographic shell, scientists are currently trying to
replace this concept.
A.A. Grigorev and a number of scientists put
forward the idea that the scope of the geographical
shell and the geographical environment is one,
they are one concept. According to them, these two
concepts complement each other and describe the
same natural phenomenon from different angles.
However, the concept of geographic environment
proposed by the French scientist Elisa Reclue in
the 70s of the XIX century is not a natural category,
but rather a socio-historical category. The
boundary of the geographical environment
expands with the development of society. At
present, human activity has gone beyond the limits
of the geographical shell. So, the geographical
environment is expanding, and its boundary is
consistent with the boundary of the geographical
crust.
Yu.K. Efremov expresses the opinion that the
geographical shell should be called the landscape
shell. But landscapes form a very thin layer in the
geographical crust. Therefore, it is wrong to
contrast the concept of landscape shell with the
concept of geographical shell, because landscapes
are part of the geographical shell. Therefore, it is
better to use the concept of landscape shell
separately and in its place.
A.G. Isachenko recommends that the geographic
crust be called the epigeosphere (from the Greek
hyper-upper), since it is the outer, upper crust of
the Earth. However, as we said above, the Earth's
crusts are divided not only according to their
location, but also according to the properties of
substances, and if we take into account that the
outer crust of the Earth is made up of the
atmosphere and magni-tosphere, not the
geographic crust, it is clear that the term
epigeosphere does not correspond to the concept
of the geographic crust.
I.B. Zabelin recommended to replace the concept of
geographical shell with the concept of
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biogenosphere, since the origin and development
of life took place in the geographical crust. The
concept of "biogenosphere" is very close to the
widely used concept of "biosphere" in science. If
this concept is accepted, the concept of "biosphere"
becomes complicated and confused. In addition,
there is no need or basis to exchange the concept
of geographical shell.
There are different opinions among scientists
about the upper and lower limits of the geographic
crust. A.A. Grigorev defined the upper limit of the
geographical crust as 20-25 km. passes through
the ozone layer located above. The ozone layer
traps harmful rays from the Sun, and below it, air
movements are observed in the interaction of the
atmosphere with land and oceans. Above the ozone
layer, such movements are not observed.
According to A.A. Grigorev, the lower limit of the
geographic crust passes a little below the
Mokhorovich line. The interaction of the Earth's
crust with the layer under the Earth's crust, which
has a high viscosity, is important in the formation
of the Earth's surface relief. On land, the lower limit
of the geographic crust passes through a depth of
30-40 km (from the Earth's surface), and at the
bottom of the oceans, it passes through a depth of
5-8 km.
S.V. Kalesnik understands the geographical shell in
a very narrow sense. It is the upper limit of the
geographical crust 20-25 km. height, and its lower
limit is 500-800 m thick. passed through the lower
part of the hepergenesis zone. In this zone, the
mineral substances in the pit change under the
influence of external exogenous forces. A.G.
Isachenko includes the troposphere, hydrosphere
and 5-6 km of the lithosphere. includes the upper
part to the depth (sedimentary rocks retain their
properties at this depth). I.M. Zabelin also
approves the separation of the geographic crust at
the same limit, but suggests that the lower limit of
the geographic crust passes through the depth
where life and water are spread.
According to D. L. Armand, the upper limit of the
geographic crust extends to the tropopause, and
the lower limit extends to the bottom of the Earth's
crust. F.N. Milkov also agrees with this opinion and
proves this opinion as follows:
- The properties of air masses in the troposphere,
which form the Earth's climate, are formed under
the influence of the Earth's surface;
- Earth's crust forms the lithogenic basis of
landscapes.
At this border, the thickness of the geographic
crust is 80 km on land. up to 20-25 km in mid-
ocean underwater mountains. constitutes
At present, V.N. Solntsev's opinion on determining
the boundaries of the geographical crust is
spreading more widely. According to him,
substances in the geographic crust have a complex
hierarchical structure: from small atoms to large
bodies. Matter exists in the geological crust in three
states (solid, liquid, gas) or in the form of living
matter. Outside the geographic crust, substances
are in subatomic form (ionized gases in the
atmosphere at an altitude of 80 km; in the mantle,
substances are transferred from one state to
another transition, this transition is observed with
an increase in the density of atoms).
The biosphere is the outer shell of the Earth, which
includes the atmosphere up to 25-30 km (up to the
ozone layer), the entire hydrosphere, and the
upper part of the lithosphere up to a depth of about
3 km. Living organisms are located in the
biosphere, and therefore its composition and
energy are mainly determined by the activity of
living matter.
Composition, structure and boundaries of the
biosphere
Biosphere is a global ecological system consisting
of abiotic and biotic components, like any
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ecosystem.
The abiotic component of the biosphere includes
the soil, atmospheric air and water environment,
and the biotic component includes the set of living
organisms belonging to all biological units. It is this
biotic component that determines the essence of
the biosphere and life. Living organisms
(autotrophs and heterotrophs) provide exchange
of substances between components of the
biosphere during respiration, nutrition and
reproduction.
According to most scientists, the composition of
the biosphere includes the following four main
substances:
• ancient substance
- substances that are formed in
the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere
without the participation of living organisms (for
example, water, granite, basalt, etc.);
• living substance
- substances created from a set
of living organisms (for example, microorganisms,
fungi, plants, animals);
• biogenic substance
- substances that arise during
the vital activity of organisms (for example,
oxygen, coal, oil, limestone);
• biological substance
- substances created by the
joint activity of living organisms with ancient (non-
biological) processes (for example, mud, soil, etc.).
V. Vernadsky distinguished seven types of
substances in the biosphere: 1) ancient substance;
2) living matter; 3) biogenic substance; 4) bio-
based substance; 5) radioactive substance; 6)
spatial substance; 7) dispersed substance.
The boundaries of the biosphere extend from the
upper layers of the atmosphere dominated by low
pressure and cold to the ocean sediments with a
pressure of 12,000 atm.
The upper limit of the biosphere is determined by
the ozone "veil" consisting of a thin layer (2-4 mm)
of ozone (O3) gas. The ozone layer traps ultraviolet
rays from sunlight that are extremely harmful to
living organisms. This layer is located at an altitude
of 20-25 km (25-30 km in tropical latitudes, 20-25
km in temperate latitudes, 16-20 km in polar
latitudes).
The lower limit of the biosphere is uneven, that is,
living organisms can be found at a depth of 3.5-7.5
km in the lithosphere and 10-11 km in the world
ocean.
The circulation of substances in nature.
Within the boundaries of the biosphere, various
living organisms belonging to various groups of
microorganisms, fungi, plants and animals form
various biological associations, i.e. biocenoses,
biogeocenoses (eco-systems) in altitude regions
and geographical latitudes. thus, it is very unevenly
distributed in the composition of natural regions
(landscapes).
Biomass mainly accumulates in places where the
uppermost part of the lithosphere (soil), the
lowermost part of the atmosphere and the
uppermost part of the hydrosphere meet. In
particular, green plants on land - 2400 billion. t
(99.2 %), animal-
and microorganisms - 20 billion t (0.8%); plants in
the ocean - 0.2 billion t (6.3%), animals and
microorganisms - 3 billion. t (93.7%). So, land
biomass is mainly made up of forests, and ocean
biomass is made up of animals and
microorganisms.
There are mainly two types of circulation of
substances in nature: large (geo-logical) and small
(biogeochemical) circulation movements.
In nature, the large (geological) circulation of
substances is determined by the interaction
(connection) of solar energy with the energy in the
Earth's depths, which redistributes substances
between the biosphere and the deep layers of the
Earth.
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In nature, the circulation of water between the
ocean and the land through the atmosphere is also
a great circulation.
In particular, water evaporated from the surface of
the world's oceans (about half of the solar energy
falling on the Earth's surface is spent on it) moves
to the land under the influence of air currents -
winds, and falls to the surface of the earth in the
form of atmospheric precipitation. Then it returns
to the ocean in the form of surface and
underground water flows in accordance with the
local landforms. The circulation of water in nature
plays the most important role in the creation of
unique natural conditions in different regions of
the planet Earth.
In nature, the small, biogeochemical circulation of
substances, unlike the large circulation, occurs
only on the scale of the biosphere. This cycle is
reflected in the formation of organic matter from
inorganic compounds in the process of
photosynthesis and its decomposition and
transformation into inorganic substances.
In nature, the main source of energy for the
movement of substances is sunlight, which causes
photosynthesis. Solar energy is very unevenly
distributed over the surface of the Earth. For
example, the Arctic region (at 800 north latitude)
receives three times less heat per unit area than
the equator.
In most natural ecosystems, the transfer of matter
and energy takes place mainly through the trophic
chain (food chain). Trophic chain - interactions of
organisms that carry out the change of matter and
energy in the ecosystem; groups of species
connected to each other through the "food-
consumer" relationship, that is, a chain in which
each group serves as food for the next group. Such
circulation of substances in nature is called
biological circulation. At the scale of the biosphere,
the biogeochemical circulation is effective, that is,
macro- and microelements and simple inorganic
(SO2, N2O) substances are exchanged with the
substances of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and
lithosphere. V. Vernadsky distinguished five
functions of living matter:
• the first task
- gas generation - the main gases of
the Earth's atmosphere, i.e. nitrogen and oxygen,
are biogenically formed, as well as all underground
gases are the decomposition products of the
remains of animals and plants that have died;
• the second task
- accumulation (gathering) -
organisms accumulate many chemical elements in
their div, in particular carbon and calcium;
diatom algae - silicon, kelp - iodine, vertebrate
skeletons - phosphorus collectors;
• the third function
- oxidation-reduction -
organisms living in water bodies regulate the
oxygen regime and create conditions for a number
of metals (Mn, Fe) and non-metals (S) to melt or
settle;
• the fourth function
- biochemical - growth,
growth and migration of living substances in
space;
• the fifth task
- biogeochemical activity of man -
includes an ever-increasing amount of earth's
materials for economic and household needs of
man, in particular, carbonaceous materials such as
coal, oil, gas.
It is necessary to distinguish two parts of
biogeochemical circulation:
1) reserve fund (fund) is the largest mass
(overabundance) of substances in motion that are
not directly connected with the activity of
organisms;
2) exchangeable fund (fund) - conditioned by a
slightly less, but extremely active, direct exchange
of biogenic substances between organisms and the
environment.
If the biosphere is considered as a whole, then the
following are clearly visible:
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1) circulation of gaseous substances together with
the reserve fund in the atmosphere and
hydrosphere (ocean);
2) the cycle (period) of accumulation of sediments
with reserve funds in the earth's crust.
In this regard, it is worth noting that the only
process that does not consume solar energy on
Earth, but instead collects and accumulates it, is
the formation of organic substances due to
photosynthesis. So, the main planetary task of
living matter on Earth is to absorb and absorb the
Sun's energy.
Thus, the presence of biogeochemical circulation
creates the possibility of self-regulation (or
homeostasis), which ensures the stability of the
biosphere. In this case, living matter, i.e. biota,
receives the necessary energy and substances from
the Sun and Earth's geospheres, and releases
(returns) the products of its vital activity to the
geospheres, serving to ensure the natural balance
in the biosphere.
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