Vol. 5 No. 05 (2023): Volume 05 Issue 05

A 35-year-old patient, a native of Uzbekistan, had shortness of breath and swelling of the lower extremities at the 35th week of the fourth pregnancy. She gave birth at the 39th gestational week naturally.  Symptoms progressed within 3 months after delivery: ascites and hydrothorax appeared. According to echocardiography, dilation of the heart chambers was detected, the left ventricular ejection fraction was 30%.  A diagnosis of peripartal cardiomyopathy (CMP) complicated by CHF third degree was established. During 10 days of treatment, the manifestations of HF decreased significantly.

Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. It plays a crucial role in protecting cells against oxidative stress by acting as an antioxidant. Glutathione also has other important functions, such as detoxification, immune system modulation, and regulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Decreased levels of glutathione have been associated with various diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. This article reviews the current literature on glutathione, its role as an antioxidant and other functions, and its association with various diseases.

A 35-year-old patient, a native of Uzbekistan, had shortness of breath and swelling of the lower extremities at the 35th week of the fourth pregnancy. She gave birth at the 39th gestational week naturally.  Symptoms progressed within 3 months after delivery: ascites and hydrothorax appeared. According to echocardiography, dilation of the heart chambers was detected, the left ventricular ejection fraction was 30%.  A diagnosis of peripartal cardiomyopathy (CMP) complicated by CHF third degree was established. During 10 days of treatment, the manifestations of HF decreased significantly.

This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in the evaluation of neoplastic cutaneous nodular skin lesions and to provide insights from a tertiary care institute. A total of 150 patients with cutaneous nodular skin lesions were included in the study, and FNAC was performed using a 23-gauge needle attached to a 10-ml syringe. The study found that FNAC is a valuable diagnostic tool for the evaluation of neoplastic cutaneous nodular skin lesions. It had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100% for diagnosing malignant lesions. The high sensitivity and specificity of FNAC for diagnosing malignant lesions indicate its usefulness as a diagnostic tool, and it can also help to guide appropriate management and treatment decisions. Therefore, FNAC should be considered as an initial diagnostic tool for evaluating cutaneous nodular skin lesions.

The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a validated subjective measure of acute and chronic pain. Scores are recorded by making a handwritten mark on a 10-cm line that represents a continuum between "no pain" and "most severe pain.

Currently, many studies are being carried out to study the effectiveness of ointment ophthalmic preparations. Ophthalmic ointments are unique in that they have a multicomponent mechanism of action. On the one hand, due to the ointment base, the effect of the medicinal substance itself is prolonged, and on the other hand, due to the structural features of the mucous membrane of the conjunctival cavity, these medicinal substances are very quickly absorbed. In the treatment of pathology of the ocular surface, including meibomyitis, barley and chalazion, preference is given to local therapy and ointment forms. The study was aimed at studying the effectiveness of antibacterial ophthalmic ointment of domestic production Tobrex - in the treatment of acute and chronic diseases of the eyelids and conjunctiva.

Drug-induced dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures resulting from the use of certain medications. This study investigates the patterns and outcomes of drug-induced dystonia in pediatric patients presenting to the Pediatric Emergency Room (PER) of a teaching hospital in southwestern Nigeria. A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted, focusing on pediatric patients diagnosed with drug-induced dystonia over a specified period. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, implicated medications, management approaches, and outcomes were analyzed. The study aims to provide insights into the epidemiology and management of drug-induced dystonia in the pediatric population in Nigeria, aiding in early recognition, appropriate treatment, and improved patient outcomes. The findings of this study contribute to the existing literature on drug-induced dystonia and inform healthcare providers about the specific challenges faced in the Nigerian context, facilitating targeted interventions and better patient care.

According to WHO, vascular diseases of the brain in the developed countries of the world account for 15% of the total mortality. At the same time, acute and chronic encephalopathies occupy a special place in the structure of vascular diseases. In recent years, special attention has been paid to encephalopathies developing as a result of renal pathology, since kidney diseases, namely chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a huge socio-economic problem that leads to cerebral complications, with a significant deterioration in the quality of life, a sharp loss of working capacity, and a high percentage of mortality. In the diagnosis of various encephalopathies and other disorders of cerebral circulation, an invaluable role is played by MRI, MSCT, brain angiography with their wide diagnostic capabilities.

The high level of dental morbidity of the child population remains an urgent general medical and social problem. It is known that dental caries and its complications, being chronic foci of oral infection, can lead to premature tooth loss, as well as contribute to the development of focal-conditioned diseases. At the same time, despite the active development of therapeutic measures for patients with dental caries, some problems of its prevention remain unresolved. It should be noted that knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the composition and properties of mixed saliva in school-age children is important in improving the effectiveness of preventive measures. It should be noted that dental caries has a polyfactorial genesis, which is associated with the aggressive effects of exogenous and endogenous factors.

We examined 55 patients (62 eyes) with primary closed-angle glaucoma. All of them were operated by ultrasonic phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. The patients' age ranged from 55 to 75 years (mean age 65 years). There were 42 (78.7%) women and 13 (21.3%) men. The initial stage of glaucoma was detected in 29 eyes, advanced glaucoma in 47 eyes, and advanced glaucoma in 45 eyes. The operation was performed in 42 patients against the background of acute and subacute glaucoma attack. Intraocular pressure level was decreased in 51 eyes (36.4 %) before the planned operation. In the remaining patients the level remained elevated and high. Refraction in patients was mostly hyperopic. Complicated cataract of various degrees was detected in 127 (77,9%) eyes, preoperative visual acuity was 0,01 to 0,8, which averaged 0,31 to 0,09. 

Diabetes mellitus is undoubtedly due to the high medical and social significance of diabetes, which affects mostly young people and causes complications of the nervous system, both central and peripheral. The leading complication of diabetes is diabetic encephalopathies (DEC), forming cognitive impairment, reducing the quality of life (QOL) of patients, leading to disability and as the most fatal manifestation - death. 

Article contains the review of literature data in vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Characteristic of vertebrobasilar system blood vessels topography. etiology and pathogenesis of brain stem blood circulation disturbances are described. The biochemical and pathophysiological mechanisms of brain tissue ischem^ changes. and main clinical manifestations and modern methods of vertebrobasilar insufficiency diagnostic are discussed. 

Globally, the incidence of neurological diseases has increased over the past 25 years due to an increase in the population and an increase in the duration of residence. Tension headaches are the most common neurological disorder and are estimated to suffer from 1.5 billion populations worldwide. According to data given by various authors, the prevalence of tension headaches is 20.6% to 78% indicative. The chronic form of headache is assessed as a long-term condition leading to patient dezadaptation compared to the episodic form. Chronic tension headaches are observed mainly in women, accounting for 0.5% to 4.8% of indications, and this requires qualified medical care.   

Immunological mechanisms play the leading role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory destructive processes in periodontium. That's why clinical manifestations of chronic generalized periodontitis depend not so much on pathogenicity and virulence of corresponding microflora but on the character of bacterial-gostal interrelations, that is, in many respects - on the degree of macroorganism reactivity, which is determined by the functional state of immune system. Consequently, an important step in understanding the nature of inflammatory periodontal diseases is the study of those immunological factors (cytokines and antibodies) as well as enzymes that can cause shifts in the morpho-functional state of the supporting apparatus of the tooth, as well as cause the corresponding clinic of the indicated pathology.   

We carried out rehabilitation of patients after surgery with post-COVID aseptic necrosis of the femoral head according to the method developed by us in 49 patients. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the main group of 25 and the control group of 24 patients. The main group underwent rehabilitation developed by us, the control group by the traditional method. The results of rehabilitation were checked by the Coordination-speed test, the test parameters before the operation to the main group of the operated leg and after the operation, the difference in the number of movements in 10 seconds was estimated. when performing the test with an operated and non-operated leg, at the same time, the hip abduction index increased to the greatest extent after the operation. The data of the coordination test showed that the control group before the operation on the operated leg (retraction, step forward, backward) was within 9.0 m. These indicators after the operation on the 3rd- 5th day became 8.5 m, on the 14th day they were noted within 9.4 m . The data of the coordination test were noted before the operation to the main group on the operated leg (retraction, step forward, backward) was within 9.4 m. These indicators after the operation on the 3rd- 5th day became 9.8 m, on the 14th day they were noted within 12.4 m. The data obtained shows that the result in all parameters is better in the main group than in the control group, and the difference in the dynamics of indicators is clearly visible. Conducting better postoperative rehabilitation shows the performance of the gluteal muscles, as it is most important in terms of prevention of dislocations of endoprostheses. Thus, the method of stage-by-stage rehabilitation developed by us, post-COVID femoral head aseptic necrosis, contributes to improving the results of treatment. A differentiated approach to the rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID femoral head aseptic necrosis has reduced the duration of rehabilitation and disability.   

Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. It plays a crucial role in protecting cells against oxidative stress by acting as an antioxidant. Glutathione also has other important functions, such as detoxification, immune system modulation, and regulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Decreased levels of glutathione have been associated with various diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. This article reviews the current literature on glutathione, its role as an antioxidant and other functions, and its association with various diseases.

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in driving economic growth, employment generation, and innovation. However, these enterprises face numerous challenges in the dynamic business landscape, along with various opportunities to thrive and expand. This article examines the challenges and opportunities for MSMEs and explores strategies to navigate these complexities. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and case studies, to gather data from a diverse sample of MSMEs. The results highlight key challenges such as limited access to finance, market competition, regulatory compliance burdens, and skill shortages. On the other hand, opportunities such as digital transformation, access to new markets, and supportive government policies emerged as potential avenues for MSME growth. The discussion section critically analyzes the findings and offers recommendations to enhance MSME competitiveness, including tailored business strategies, technological adoption, skill development initiatives, and policy reforms. This article contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the challenges and opportunities faced by MSMEs, providing insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners involved in fostering the growth and sustainability of these enterprises.

This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in the evaluation of neoplastic cutaneous nodular skin lesions and to provide insights from a tertiary care institute. A total of 150 patients with cutaneous nodular skin lesions were included in the study, and FNAC was performed using a 23-gauge needle attached to a 10-ml syringe. The study found that FNAC is a valuable diagnostic tool for the evaluation of neoplastic cutaneous nodular skin lesions. It had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100% for diagnosing malignant lesions. The high sensitivity and specificity of FNAC for diagnosing malignant lesions indicate its usefulness as a diagnostic tool, and it can also help to guide appropriate management and treatment decisions. Therefore, FNAC should be considered as an initial diagnostic tool for evaluating cutaneous nodular skin lesions.

The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a validated subjective measure of acute and chronic pain. Scores are recorded by making a handwritten mark on a 10-cm line that represents a continuum between "no pain" and "most severe pain.

Currently, many studies are being carried out to study the effectiveness of ointment ophthalmic preparations. Ophthalmic ointments are unique in that they have a multicomponent mechanism of action. On the one hand, due to the ointment base, the effect of the medicinal substance itself is prolonged, and on the other hand, due to the structural features of the mucous membrane of the conjunctival cavity, these medicinal substances are very quickly absorbed. In the treatment of pathology of the ocular surface, including meibomyitis, barley and chalazion, preference is given to local therapy and ointment forms. The study was aimed at studying the effectiveness of antibacterial ophthalmic ointment of domestic production Tobrex - in the treatment of acute and chronic diseases of the eyelids and conjunctiva.

Drug-induced dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures resulting from the use of certain medications. This study investigates the patterns and outcomes of drug-induced dystonia in pediatric patients presenting to the Pediatric Emergency Room (PER) of a teaching hospital in southwestern Nigeria. A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted, focusing on pediatric patients diagnosed with drug-induced dystonia over a specified period. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, implicated medications, management approaches, and outcomes were analyzed. The study aims to provide insights into the epidemiology and management of drug-induced dystonia in the pediatric population in Nigeria, aiding in early recognition, appropriate treatment, and improved patient outcomes. The findings of this study contribute to the existing literature on drug-induced dystonia and inform healthcare providers about the specific challenges faced in the Nigerian context, facilitating targeted interventions and better patient care.

According to WHO, vascular diseases of the brain in the developed countries of the world account for 15% of the total mortality. At the same time, acute and chronic encephalopathies occupy a special place in the structure of vascular diseases. In recent years, special attention has been paid to encephalopathies developing as a result of renal pathology, since kidney diseases, namely chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a huge socio-economic problem that leads to cerebral complications, with a significant deterioration in the quality of life, a sharp loss of working capacity, and a high percentage of mortality. In the diagnosis of various encephalopathies and other disorders of cerebral circulation, an invaluable role is played by MRI, MSCT, brain angiography with their wide diagnostic capabilities.

The high level of dental morbidity of the child population remains an urgent general medical and social problem. It is known that dental caries and its complications, being chronic foci of oral infection, can lead to premature tooth loss, as well as contribute to the development of focal-conditioned diseases. At the same time, despite the active development of therapeutic measures for patients with dental caries, some problems of its prevention remain unresolved. It should be noted that knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the composition and properties of mixed saliva in school-age children is important in improving the effectiveness of preventive measures. It should be noted that dental caries has a polyfactorial genesis, which is associated with the aggressive effects of exogenous and endogenous factors.

We examined 55 patients (62 eyes) with primary closed-angle glaucoma. All of them were operated by ultrasonic phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. The patients' age ranged from 55 to 75 years (mean age 65 years). There were 42 (78.7%) women and 13 (21.3%) men. The initial stage of glaucoma was detected in 29 eyes, advanced glaucoma in 47 eyes, and advanced glaucoma in 45 eyes. The operation was performed in 42 patients against the background of acute and subacute glaucoma attack. Intraocular pressure level was decreased in 51 eyes (36.4 %) before the planned operation. In the remaining patients the level remained elevated and high. Refraction in patients was mostly hyperopic. Complicated cataract of various degrees was detected in 127 (77,9%) eyes, preoperative visual acuity was 0,01 to 0,8, which averaged 0,31 to 0,09. 

Diabetes mellitus is undoubtedly due to the high medical and social significance of diabetes, which affects mostly young people and causes complications of the nervous system, both central and peripheral. The leading complication of diabetes is diabetic encephalopathies (DEC), forming cognitive impairment, reducing the quality of life (QOL) of patients, leading to disability and as the most fatal manifestation - death. 

Article contains the review of literature data in vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Characteristic of vertebrobasilar system blood vessels topography. etiology and pathogenesis of brain stem blood circulation disturbances are described. The biochemical and pathophysiological mechanisms of brain tissue ischem^ changes. and main clinical manifestations and modern methods of vertebrobasilar insufficiency diagnostic are discussed. 

Globally, the incidence of neurological diseases has increased over the past 25 years due to an increase in the population and an increase in the duration of residence. Tension headaches are the most common neurological disorder and are estimated to suffer from 1.5 billion populations worldwide. According to data given by various authors, the prevalence of tension headaches is 20.6% to 78% indicative. The chronic form of headache is assessed as a long-term condition leading to patient dezadaptation compared to the episodic form. Chronic tension headaches are observed mainly in women, accounting for 0.5% to 4.8% of indications, and this requires qualified medical care.   

Immunological mechanisms play the leading role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory destructive processes in periodontium. That's why clinical manifestations of chronic generalized periodontitis depend not so much on pathogenicity and virulence of corresponding microflora but on the character of bacterial-gostal interrelations, that is, in many respects - on the degree of macroorganism reactivity, which is determined by the functional state of immune system. Consequently, an important step in understanding the nature of inflammatory periodontal diseases is the study of those immunological factors (cytokines and antibodies) as well as enzymes that can cause shifts in the morpho-functional state of the supporting apparatus of the tooth, as well as cause the corresponding clinic of the indicated pathology.   

We carried out rehabilitation of patients after surgery with post-COVID aseptic necrosis of the femoral head according to the method developed by us in 49 patients. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the main group of 25 and the control group of 24 patients. The main group underwent rehabilitation developed by us, the control group by the traditional method. The results of rehabilitation were checked by the Coordination-speed test, the test parameters before the operation to the main group of the operated leg and after the operation, the difference in the number of movements in 10 seconds was estimated. when performing the test with an operated and non-operated leg, at the same time, the hip abduction index increased to the greatest extent after the operation. The data of the coordination test showed that the control group before the operation on the operated leg (retraction, step forward, backward) was within 9.0 m. These indicators after the operation on the 3rd- 5th day became 8.5 m, on the 14th day they were noted within 9.4 m . The data of the coordination test were noted before the operation to the main group on the operated leg (retraction, step forward, backward) was within 9.4 m. These indicators after the operation on the 3rd- 5th day became 9.8 m, on the 14th day they were noted within 12.4 m. The data obtained shows that the result in all parameters is better in the main group than in the control group, and the difference in the dynamics of indicators is clearly visible. Conducting better postoperative rehabilitation shows the performance of the gluteal muscles, as it is most important in terms of prevention of dislocations of endoprostheses. Thus, the method of stage-by-stage rehabilitation developed by us, post-COVID femoral head aseptic necrosis, contributes to improving the results of treatment. A differentiated approach to the rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID femoral head aseptic necrosis has reduced the duration of rehabilitation and disability.   

Nigeria's economy is heavily reliant on the oil industry, making external reserves and interest rates crucial indicators of economic stability and development. This paper examines the long-term relationship between interest rates and external reserves in Nigeria using cointegration analysis. The study finds a significant long-term relationship between the two variables and suggests that external reserves have a causal relationship with interest rates, indicating that external reserves are a crucial determinant of interest rates in Nigeria. The findings have important implications for policymakers in Nigeria, highlighting the importance of maintaining a stable external reserve to ensure economic stability and growth.

Every science develops and improves with time. The development of the science of Latin language and medical terminology in the field of medicine is related to medical sciences. The names of medical news, diseases, and drugs have been given in Latin-Greek for centuries and will remain so. It is not for nothing that Latin is recognized as the international medical language. This will further help medical scientists to work together.

This study presents a comparative analysis of different proportional-integral (PI) controller tuning methods for the control of a non-interacting liquid level process. Four different PI controller tuning methods, Ziegler-Nichols, Cohen-Coon, Tyreus-Luyben, and Internal Model Control, are evaluated based on their ability to track setpoint changes and reject disturbances. The simulation results show that all four tuning methods can provide satisfactory performance, but the Internal Model Control method outperforms the others in terms of all performance metrics evaluated. The Ziegler-Nichols method produces the worst performance, while the Cohen-Coon and Tyreus-Luyben methods perform better but still have limitations. This study highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate tuning method for liquid level control systems.