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PUBLISHED DATE: - 23-11-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajmei/Volume06Issue11-08
FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE SPHERE OF
EDUCATION
Alieva Elnara Ametovna
Doctor of Philosophy of Economic Sciences (PhD), Associate Professor of
the Department of Economics of the Namangan Engineering and
Technological Institute, Uzbekistan
Saifiddinov Sarvarbek Anvarbek ugli
Master's student of the Namangan Engineering and Technology Institute,
Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
Today, youth is the main factor and potential for
the socio-economic development of the country,
requiring the development of effective tools and
measures to stimulate and activate them, directing
their activities to priority areas of development.
Therefore, the article pays special attention to the
analysis of the ongoing step-by-step reforms
aimed at the full and comprehensive development
of youth, as well as their active involvement in
entrepreneurial activity.
Youth entrepreneurship is one of the priority areas
for the development of small and medium-sized
businesses in Uzbekistan. According to the concept
of development until 2030, entrepreneurship for
young people is the basis for the implementation of
business activity, the basis for the formation and
expansion of the middle class, the creation and
development of a system of economic stability of
the state. The creation of favorable conditions for
the development of youth entrepreneurship and
the realization of the entrepreneurial potential of
young people will give a corresponding socio-
economic effect.
Today, special attention is paid to the development
of youth entrepreneurship, since young people
under 30 make up 60% of the population of
Uzbekistan and are the main labor force, therefore,
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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the main factor in the future socio-economic
development of the country. Therefore, today
effective tools are being created to attract young
people to entrepreneurship, aimed at developing
their potential, instilling in them modern
specialties, skills, creating conditions and benefits,
funds and platforms, ready-made business plans
for creating their own business.
Today in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in order to
increase employment, the standard of living of the
population, the economic growth of the country,
large-scale, effective reforms are being carried out
aimed at actively attracting young people to
entrepreneurial activity, creating new conditions
and opportunities for running a competitive
business. Young people are the most active part of
society, which quickly reacts to any changes in life
and effectively perceives their useful aspects,
therefore, they have much greater potential and
ability for entrepreneurial activity than other age
groups.
Analysis
of
the
activities
of
youth
entrepreneurship shows their need and
importance in the socio-economic development of
the country. Thus, the development of youth
entrepreneurship contributes to the achievement
of such priority tasks established in the
Development Strategy of Uzbekistan for 2026-
2030 as:
- increasing the level of employment, through the
creation of new jobs;
- reducing the level of unemployment and poverty,
through employment in high-paying jobs;
- increasing the level of labor migration and
expanding its geography;
- developing tourism in the country;
- introducing innovative technologies and
producing competitive products;
- GDP growth, and so on.
This indicates the effectiveness of the reforms
being carried out, as well as the need to further
improve the mechanisms for attracting, training
and stimulating youth entrepreneurship in the
country.
Literature review on the topic
Entrepreneurial activity of young people and the
issues of its regulation are of growing interest to
the scientific community. The main issues of the
research are the study of the following problems:
- entrepreneurs as a social phenomenon;
- youth entrepreneurship and its features;
- regional aspect of youth entrepreneurship;
- social and psychological aspect of youth
entrepreneurship;
- legal means of protecting entrepreneurship.
The
problems
of
youth
and
youth
entrepreneurship are presented and discussed in
numerous publications of various specialists. In
particular, a number of general problems of youth
sociology are considered in the works of
Abdullaeva I.M., [1] Ilyinsky I.M. [2], Rupasov E.G.,
Ruchkin B.A. [3], Mosyakin I.A. [4], Rakovskaya
O.A. [5], Lisovsky V.T. [6], Kukhtevich T.N. [7] and
a number of others. Special works on the study of
the importance of youth entrepreneurship
development and the need for its regulation have
appeared by the following authors: Ruchkina B.A.,
Saralieva Z.Kh. and Petrova T.E. [8], Golovacheva
B.V. [9], Babaeva L.V. and Chirikova A.E. [10],
Dryakhlova N.I. and Davydenko V.A., Perepelkina
O.V. and others.
The economic aspects of youth entrepreneurship
are reflected in the works of such authors as
Gorfinkel V.Ya. and Shvandar V.A.3, Zlobin B.K.,
Kushlin V.I., Rumyantsev A.F.4, Kotler F. [11],
Kotilko V. and Orlova D. [12], Savchenko V. [13],
Garankina L.[14], Shulus A., Garadzha M., etc.
Various aspects of social management and
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regulation of youth entrepreneurship are covered
in the works of N.S. Danakin, L.Ya. Dyatchenko, V.N.
Ivanov, G.A. Kotelnikov, V.I. Patrushev.
There are also studies examining regional
problems and aspects of youth entrepreneurship.
Thus, the works of Belgorod scientists devoted to
the
problems
of
developing
youth
entrepreneurship and state youth policy in the
field are of great importance for developing the
topic of dissertation research: V.P. Babintsev [15],
T.B. Berdnikova [16], V.M. Zakharov [17], Yu.V.
Kovrizhnykh [18], V.V. Ovchinnikov [19].
Despite the numerous studies and publications on
individual aspects of the development of youth
entrepreneurship, they pay little attention to its
social conditions and indicators, the regulation
mechanism.
An assessment of the relevance of the topic and the
degree of its study allows us to formulate the main
problem of the study, the essence of which is the
contradiction between the objective need for the
development of youth entrepreneurship, as well as
the needs and interests of individual groups of
young
people
in
the
development
of
entrepreneurship, on the one hand, and the lack of
an effective mechanism for regulating this activity,
on the other hand.
METHODOLOGY
The study, based on an analysis of the growth in
the number of young people and the need for youth
entrepreneurship, provides information on the
importance and prospects for its development.
RESULTS
Analysis of youth entrepreneurship activities
shows that young people today choose such areas
of activity as IT technologies, trade and education.
Young people play an important role in the field of
education, focusing on their own preferences. By
creating private training centers, they have
increased socio-economic development. From an
economic point of view, contributing to the
creation of new jobs, reducing unemployment,
increasing the interest of young people in career
growth, generating additional revenues to the
budget, providing quality services in the field of
education, through the creation of competition and
continuous improvement of the quality of teaching.
In addition, the training center contributes to the
professional sphere of existing enterprises,
helping to improve the level of knowledge of a
foreign language to a professional one, which helps
to find investors, partners, expand sales markets,
and so on.
In the social sphere, training centers contribute to
raising the cultural and intellectual level of the
population of the city of Namangan, increasing
interest in obtaining a quality education and
employment abroad, studying foreign culture and
literature, and developing a healthy generation.
In Uzbekistan, young people are a huge potential
influencing the socio-economic development of the
country. A distinctive feature of youth
entrepreneurship is its ability to create new
development directions, implement innovations,
and create new business models. Therefore, it is
necessary
to
create
an
entrepreneurial
environment, culture, and infrastructure aimed at
step-by-step support for the development of youth
entrepreneurship. Support should include not only
training of future entrepreneurs and provision of
preferential loans, but also an electronic
instruction database. It should contain:
- legislative and legal basis for entrepreneurial
activity;
- step-by-step instructions for any emerging
business situations. For example, how to start an
entrepreneurial activity, how to register, how to
correctly fill out and submit an accounting report;
- ready-made business plans for entrepreneurship
in any field;
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The main purpose of the infrastructure and
legislative and legal framework is to create
favorable conditions for the development of youth
entrepreneurship, revealing their creativity, skills,
and needs.
Youth entrepreneurs try to stand out from their
competitors with fresh, creative ideas. Therefore,
they
easily
introduce
innovations,
underestimating the risks of innovative activities.
Timely support for creativity and innovation
among youth entrepreneurs is a separate issue
that requires special attention. Teach young
entrepreneurs to identify, assess and manage risk.
The task is to prevent bankruptcy of a youth
entrepreneur. Of course, the development of youth
entrepreneurship leads to a reduction in
unemployment, creating additional employment
opportunities. Analysis of statistics on newly
opened enterprises shows that young people
prefer to start a business in the service sector. In
order not to upset the balance, it is necessary to
regulate and direct young entrepreneurs to
strategically important areas and industries for the
country. This process can be easily organized by
creating special courses in the center to teach the
necessary skills and professions. The task is to
solve social problems and stimulate positive
changes. solve problems such as sustainable
development, education, health care and the fight
against poverty,
Youth entrepreneurship is a force to be reckoned
with and effectively managed by creating a
favorable infrastructure and strong support. It
empowers young people, drives economic growth,
promotes social change, develops essential skills,
and inspires others to realize their entrepreneurial
dreams. By nurturing and supporting the next
generation of entrepreneurs, we can create a
brighter future for all.
To understand the prospects for the development
of youth entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan, it is
necessary to assess its scale. Uzbekistan is a
densely populated country, exceeding 37 million in
2024, growing at 2.1% in 2023. Since 2010, the
population has increased by more than 8 million
people and is projected to reach 43.6 million by
2035.
The number of youth as of September 1, 2024 was
9,845,036 people, which is 2.6% of the total
population.
Tabl 1.
Population aged 16 to 35 years
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024г
Population
33905,2
34558,9
35271,3
36024,9
37 799,8
Including
16-17
1017881,0
1027650,0
1052804,0
1069585,0
1 147 865,0
18-19
1010789,0
1018627,0
1015964,0
1025936,0
1 050 788,0
20-24
2890718,0
2758841,0
2645262,0
2580680,0
2 543 972,0
25-29
3212525,0
3218218,0
3157107,0
3081029,0
2969454,0
30-35
3037479
3081371
3130537
3163221
3183745
Labor resources
(LR)
19158,2
19334,9
19517,5
19739,6
19850,1
Employment (E)
13236,4
13538,9
13706,2
14014,2
Level
66
67
67,2
67,9
Economically active
14797,4
14980,7
15038,9
15038,3
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Level
73,8
74,1
73,7
72,9
Inactive (EIP)
4360,8
4354,2
4478,6
4701,3
Unemployed (U)
1561
1441,8
1332,7
1024,1
The table shows that the population of Uzbekistan
is growing, which means that the audience of
potential consumers is also growing. 56.4% of the
current population is of working age. Every year,
600-700 thousand young people enter the labor
market. Of these, 150-200 thousand enter a
bachelor's degree, 300 thousand find a job, 200
thousand start looking for work on their own,
including abroad. One of the solutions in this
situation is the development of organized labor
migration.
In the Republic of Uzbekistan, as of April 1, 2024,
when analyzing the composition of the permanent
population by gender and age groups (up to 65
years in a five-year age interval, and aged 65 years
and older - in total), among men, children under
four years of age accounted for the largest figure -
2,262.7 thousand people. Among men, the share of
60-64-year-olds was the smallest - 657.0 thousand
people. Among women, the highest figure was for
girls under the age of four - 2,108.1 thousand
people, the smallest number of women was in the
60-64-year-old age group - 736.0 thousand people.
As of April 1, 2024, the population density in the
country was 82.3 people per square kilometer.
This is 1.7 people more than in the same period in
2023 (80.6 people per 1 sq. km on April 1, 2023).
By region, the highest population density was
6,826.7 people in Tashkent, 792.8 in Andijan
region, 603.5 in Fergana region. The lowest figures
were recorded in Navoi region - 9.7 and the
Republic of Karakalpakstan - 12.1 people.
Fig. 1. Population density
The highest permanent population by region was
recorded in Samarkand (4,227.3 thousand people),
Fergana (4,079.5
thousand people) and
Kashkadarya (3,577.0 thousand people) regions.
The lowest population was recorded in Syrdarya
region - 917.9 thousand people, Navoi region -
1,079.9 thousand people and Jizzakh region -
1,514.5 thousand people.
The share of permanent population is highest in
Samarkand region - 11.4%, Fergana region -
11.0%, Kashkadarya region - 9.7%, Andijan region
- 9.2%, Namangan region - 8.3%.
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The share of permanent population is the lowest in
the Syrdarya region - 2.5%, Navoi region - 2.9%,
Jizzakh region - 4.1%, Khorezm region - 5.4%, the
Republic of Karakalpakstan - 5.4%.
In order to find employment, young people are
forced to migrate to foreign countries. According to
the Agency for External Labor Migration of
Uzbekistan, as of December 2023, almost 2 million
Uzbek labor migrants were registered. Of these:
•
about 1.2 million (60%) were in Russia,
•
191.8 thousand (10%) - in Kazakhstan,
•
113.8 thousand (6%) - in Turkey,
•
68.1 thousand (3%) - in South Korea,
•
and the remaining 424.4 thousand (21%)
were distributed among other countries.
As can be seen from the statistics provided, Russia
and Kazakhstan are the main destinations for
Uzbek labor migrants, as they have a good
knowledge of the Russian language. However,
there are many potential opportunities for
vocational training and employment in other
countries. Therefore, labor migration policy in
Uzbekistan remains an important tool to support
the young population. Uzbekistan has concluded
several bilateral labor agreements with major
destination countries, including Russia (since
2009) and Kazakhstan (since 2021), as well as with
almost 300 employers in 28 countries, including
South Korea, Japan, Turkey, the United Kingdom
and Qatar.
Uzbekistan seeks to diversify destinations and
improve conditions and legal protection for its
workers abroad. In 2023, the Agency for Foreign
Labor Activity under the Ministry of Employment
and Poverty Reduction of Uzbekistan facilitated
the employment of more than 38,000 migrants
through well-established recruitment programs,
mainly in Russia, South Korea, the United Kingdom
and Kazakhstan. South Korea has set a quota of
37,000 Uzbek migrants out of 100,000 applicants
for 2024. By the end of 2023, the Uzbek diaspora in
South Korea reached 87.6 thousand. In the EU in
2023, the number of work permits issued was
18,932, of which 6,860 were in Poland and 7,546 in
Lithuania.
These figures indicate the possibility of youth
employment not only in neighboring countries.
The main barrier to youth employment abroad is
lack of knowledge of the language.
Another important factor in the need to develop
language training centers is the number of our
students abroad. Today, Uzbekistan ranks third in
the world in terms of the number of students in
foreign universities studying abroad. China and
India are in first and second place with 1.05 million
and 621.6 thousand students, respectively.
Top 10 countries by number of students studying
abroad:
China
—
1052.3 thousand people;
India
—
621.6 thousand;
Uzbekistan
—
150.5 thousand;
Vietnam
—
134.1 thousand;
Germany
—
126.2 thousand;
USA
—
115.0 thousand;
France
—
113.5 thousand;
Saudi Arabia
—
105
Therefore, the main goal of creating language
training centers is to teach young people the main
languages at a professional level, contributing to:
- mastering a foreign language as a means of
intercultural communication, which greatly
facilitates living abroad;
- in employment abroad, choosing highly paid
specialties and positions, and not only as a cheap
labor force;
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- reorientation of labor migration directions.
The Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations
is carrying out large-scale work to create a
network of training and adaptation centers in the
territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Uzbek
citizens to obtain in-demand professions and pre-
departure (language, historical and cultural
heritage of the country, etc.) training for
temporary labor activity abroad.
CONCLUSIONS
An analysis of the demand for a foreign language
among young people identified 3 main reasons:
1. Departure from the Republic to other countries
for the purpose of study, employment or labor
migration, recreation. The number of citizens of
Uzbekistan who left the republic in January-March
2024 for tourism purposes reached 1,263.0
thousand people. The number of citizens of the
republic who left for the CIS countries during the
period under review in 2024, compared to 2023,
increased by 37.8%, and the number of tourists
who left for other countries by 58.8%.
Fig. 2. The number of citizens of Uzbekistan who left the republic in January-
March 2024
2. Development of entrepreneurship.
3. Development of tourism in Uzbekistan.
As the analysis shows, Russian, Turkish, Chinese,
and French are popular. Consequently, this
demand or need creates additional opportunities
for the development of youth entrepreneurship in
Uzbekistan. Analysis of the activities of the
language training center shows the importance
and effectiveness of this type of entrepreneurship.
Therefore, we consider it appropriate to apply the
strategy of language diversification - the
introduction of new languages into the curriculum,
offering a range of services for studying various
foreign languages for different levels of student
preparation.
Diversification is the process of expanding a
business by adding new products, services, or
entering other markets. It helps companies reduce
the risks associated with dependence on one
source of income or one business model.
Language diversification is an excellent strategy
for increasing profitability and expanding the
client base of the software center. It involves the
creation of specialized courses for each language.
The manager of the training center needs to
develop a language diversification strategy based
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on an analysis of the goals of learning foreign
languages. For example: "Chinese for business",
"Turkish for career growth", "French for travel",
"Russian for communication" and so on.
The program can include intensive classes in two
main areas:
- for tourism - who wants to master the language
faster,
- professional - professional long-term classes for
deeper study.
The language diversification strategy provides for
horizontal and vertical diversification. Horizontal
diversification is aimed at dividing training
courses into different languages. Vertical - dividing
courses by the level of difficulty of training.
Let's build a matrix of horizontal and vertical
diversification strategies for the training center,
using its courses in different languages and levels
of difficulty:
Table 2.
Horizontal and vertical diversification
English
Turkish
Chinese
Russian
А2
Conversational For tourism, leisure
Understands sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of
immediate concern (e.g. basic personal and family information, shopping, finding a
job, etc.). Can perform tasks involving a simple exchange of information on familiar
or everyday topics. Can describe in simple terms personal background, family
background, and the main aspects of everyday life.
В2
Для работы, трудоустройства, развития предпринимательства и
сотрудничества
Can understand the general idea of complex text on both abstract and concrete
topics, including highly technical texts. Can communicate with sufficient fluency and
spontaneity to be able to interact regularly with native speakers without undue strain
on either party. Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of topics and give a
personal viewpoint on a topical issue, giving the advantages and disadvantages of
different opinions.
С2
Профессиональный, для работы и учебы
Business English
Business
Turkish
Business
Chinese
Business Russian
Preparation for exams, writing research papers, textbooks, novels, business trips,
participation in conferences, searching for business partners. The student understands
almost any oral or written message, can compose a coherent text based on several oral
and written sources. Speaks spontaneously at a high rate and with a high degree of
accuracy, emphasizing shades of meaning even in the most complex cases.
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Horizontal
diversification
(horizontally).
Horizontal diversification involves expanding an
existing product line or entering new geographic
markets where the company already has
experience and knowledge.
For a training center, horizontal diversification and
expansion of the range of languages studied by
adding new languages (for example, Turkish,
Chinese, Russian) to the existing English language
course. This type of diversification helps to attract
attention to different needs and interests,
expanding the audience.
Vertical diversification is that the company begins
to control different stages of the value chain. In the
training center, you can open courses for each
language with different levels and degrees of
difficulty of training - "Easy", "Intermediate" and
"Hard". This approach makes training procedures
available for different levels of training, from
beginners to advanced, which also expands the
client base and expands the possibilities of offers.
Adding an average level of difficulty helps to better
cover a student who has already completed the
basic course, but is not yet ready for a difficult one.
In addition, you can add different formats, such as
online classes, practical training and short-term
internships with a teacher, which also increases
flexibility and the possibility of additional classes.
This strategy will help the training center better
organize the layout and present its services, taking
into account different needs and levels of training.
To do this, it is necessary to conduct trial lessons
by launching marketing campaigns and offering
free trial lessons in each new language to interest
potential clients and give them the opportunity to
get acquainted with the teachers and teaching
methods.
Also, in order to avoid the risk of losing demand for
the services provided by the training center, you
can diversify the training of not only languages, but
also other subjects. For applicants entering
medical institutes - chemistry, biology, with a
100% guarantee of admission. For applicants in
the engineering field - mathematics and geometry,
physics. For future philologists - literature, history,
and so on. Such diversification can be carried out
by the expansion method.
Expansion - expansion of entrepreneurial activity
occurs by adding production lines and opening
additional branches. This method is aimed at
increasing the efficiency of the company.
In
addition,
the
allocation
of
youth
entrepreneurship as a separate category requires
the formation of an effective legislative and legal
basis
for
management,
regulation
and
organization. Initially, it is necessary to clarify the
essence of the term "youth entrepreneurship". To
date, the criteria for its essence have not been fully
clarified. What business entities are considered
youth? According to the existing definition, youth
entrepreneurship includes young people aged 16
to 30 years engaged in entrepreneurial activity:
"youth entrepreneurship is an entrepreneurial
activity carried out by young citizens without
forming a legal entity, as well as legal entities
whose founders are young citizens." [20]
However, it is not specified who should be at this
age - the entire team, some part of it, or the
manager. First time carrying out activities or
having experience up to 5 years. For example, a
young man at 32 years old can have 10 years of
experience in this field. An enterprise can exist for
20 years, a young person will buy it out - will this
enterprise
then
be
considered
youth
entrepreneurship? In order to avoid controversial
issues, it is necessary to establish a precise
definition and criteria for youth entrepreneurship,
which will contain not only age restrictions, but
also work experience in this area, both of the
founder and the entire team, as well as the period
of existence of the enterprise on the market.
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We consider it appropriate to establish the
following definition. Youth entrepreneurship is an
entrepreneurial activity carried out by legal
entities or individuals, created for the first time in
this area and functioning on the market for no
more than 5 years, while at least 90% of all
employees of the organization must be between
the ages of 16 and 30.
The main criteria for youth entrepreneurship:
1. Criterion. Age (100%) of all employees - from 16
to 30 years in any field;
2. Criterion. The period of existence of this entity
on the market is from 0 to 5 years;
3. Criterion. Education.
–
have at least a bachelor's
degree in the specialty.
In addition, the lack of a clear legislative definition
of the concept of "youth entrepreneurship" makes
it impossible to identify its subjects for the
purposes of accounting and analyzing their
activities. This, in turn, prevents an objective
assessment of the effectiveness of legislative and
executive measures taken.
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