46
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research
(ISSN
–
2689-1026)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
46-50
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
286
)
(2021:
5.
64
)
(2022:
6.
319
)
OCLC
–
1121105510
METADATA
IF
–
7.569
Publisher:
The USA Journals
ABSTRACT
In this article we will review the anatomy and histology of the nasal cavity - its sections, structure and vascular and
nerve supply. For experimental rhinology, the choice of a laboratory animal is very important. The scattered
information on the morphology of the nose and paranasal sinuses forces the researcher to study the literature from
various branches of biology (zoology, embryology, veterinary medicine, etc.) for a long time. Having analysed works
describing the anatomy and morphology of the nose and paranasal sinuses in various laboratory animals.
KEYWORDS
Nose, nasal cavity anatomy.
INTRODUCTION
An innocuous runny nose can develop into an
inflammation of the sinuses, or sinusitis. [...] If
secretions due to swelling of the nasal passages cannot
be drained, they become trapped. Mucus accumulates
in the paranasal sinuses, where it can easily lead to
inflammation. Studying the anatomical features of the
Research Article
ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY
Submission Date:
February 28, 2022,
Accepted Date:
March 20, 2022,
Published Date:
March 31, 2022 |
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/TAJMSPR/Volume04Issue03-09
Kamalova Malika Ilhomovna
Assistant at the Department of Human Anatomy Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan
Ziyadulla Erkinovich Khidirov
Assistant at the Department of Human Anatomy Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan
Abduraimov Zafarjon Abduraimovich
Assistant at the Department of Human Anatomy Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theamericanjou
rnals.com/index.php/ta
jmspr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
47
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research
(ISSN
–
2689-1026)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
46-50
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
286
)
(2021:
5.
64
)
(2022:
6.
319
)
OCLC
–
1121105510
METADATA
IF
–
7.569
Publisher:
The USA Journals
nose and nasal cavity is one of the important studies to
prevent inflammatory diseases of the nose and nasal
cavity
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To study the anatomical features of the nose and
paranasal sinuses of rabbits
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We macroscopically examined the nasal cavity of 25
adult rabbits. The animals were removed from the
experiment with ethominal-sodium anaesthesia, the
solution of which was injected intraperitoneally at a
dose of 50 mg/kg div weight.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study of macroscopic preparations showed that
laboratory rodents belong to the mammalian
macrosomatids, the nose of which is characterized by
the fact that, firstly, the nasal cavity is separated from
the oropharynx; secondly, only a rudiment of the
primary choana remains in the form of a narrow
stenson canal in the palate; thirdly, the nasal cavity
receives access to the nasopharynx through secondary
choanas, bypassing the mouth; fourthly, the system of
shell and paranasal cavities is well developed [2].
Anatomy of the rabbit nose
. The outer nose of the
rabbit is covered with wool and overhangs the
bifurcated upper lip, to which it is connected by a
frenulum. It is separated from the lip by two oblique
nostrils that lead to the nasal cavity. The skin at the
nostrils gradually changes to a mucous membrane.
There is no nasal cavity. The nostrils are supported in
an extended state by a special cartilaginous skeleton
embedded in the wings of the nose. The skeleton is
represented by nasal cartilage attached to the front of
the nasal septum. The passage through the nostrils
into the nasal cavity in the rabbit is severely narrowed.
The nasal cavity is relatively small and elongated in
length. It is divided into 2 symmetrical halves by a thin
cartilaginous septum, the posterior part of which also
ossifies into 2 symmetrical halves [3].
The nasal septum is low and thick in the front, but
becomes thinner and higher towards the back and
divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves [2].
The base of the nasal septum is formed by hyaline
cartilage, which is an extension of the perpendicular
lamina of the dentate bone.
Each half of the nasal cavity is filled with 3 strongly
developed nasal shells consisting of the thinnest bony
or cartilaginous plates covered by a mucous
membrane. The nasal shells, which form complete
curls, create a system of labyrinth-like passages for the
air passing through the nasal cavity; passing through
them, the cold air is warmed before entering the
pharynx and larynx, and the polluted air leaves its dust
behind. In addition, the air in the nasal cavity
humidifies. This is the respiratory part of the nasal
cavity. The largest and shortest of the nasal crusts is
the inferior crust, originating from below the maxillary
bone and occupying almost the entire front half of the
nasal cavity. The longest and narrowest and the upper
one, arises above the nasal bone and extends upwards
along the entire nasal cavity. The middle shell is short
and wide, arises at the back of the nasal cavity from the
cuspid bone and extends inward to the lower shell.
Between the shells and the adjacent walls of the nasal
cavity, passages are formed, of which the width of the
lower one - respiratory, leading to the choroid, and the
upper one - olfactory, leading to the olfactory part. In
the rabbit, most of the nasal cavity is occupied by the
shells, while the lower nasopharyngeal passage and
the choana leading to the pharynx are poorly
developed. The nasal cavity of the rabbit is therefore
48
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research
(ISSN
–
2689-1026)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
46-50
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
286
)
(2021:
5.
64
)
(2022:
6.
319
)
OCLC
–
1121105510
METADATA
IF
–
7.569
Publisher:
The USA Journals
underdeveloped due to its lifestyle. The nasal shells
divide each half of the nasal cavity into 4 nasal
passages: dorsal, middle, ventral and common.
The dorsal nasal passage (meatus nasi dorsalis) is
olfactory, located between the vault of the nasal cavity
and the long, narrow dorsal nasal concha, leading to
the back into the labyrinth of the dentate bone.
The middle nasal passage (meatus nasi medius) is a
mixed, olfactory and respiratory passage located
between the dorsal and ventral shells. It leads to the
choana, the slits of the olfactory labyrinth and
communicates with the paranasal sinuses. The ventral
nasal concha is wide, divided by a longitudinal septum
into dorsal and ventral parts. The dorsal part
communicates with the middle nasal passage and the
ventral part with the ventral passage. The ventral nasal
passage (meatus nasi ventrilis) is respiratory, located
between the ventral shell and the floor of the nasal
cavity and leads to the choana.
The common nasal passage (meatus nasi communis) is
mixed and occupies the space between the nasal
septum and the medial surface of the nasal shells and
the olfactory labyrinth. It communicates with the 3
described passages, passes to the back of the
exopharyngeal passage, which opens into the
nasopharynx via the choana.
At the bottom of the nasal cavity along the base of the
septum there are cartilaginous tubes called
nasopharyngeal or Jacobson's organs. They are 15-20
mm long, with a larger diameter of 3.1 mm and a
smaller diameter of 1.3 mm and a lumen of 0.45 mm.
The organ's orifice is very small and lies slightly anterior
to the orifice of the nasolabial canal.
Anatomy of the paranasal sinuses: Of the cranial bones
in the rabbit, only the maxillary bones are retained; the
frontal and cuneiform bones are reduced.
The maxillary sinuses (sinusmaxillaries) are the most
extensive. It combines the air cavity of the maxillary
sinus and part of the air cavities present in the cuspid
bone. At the front the maxillary sinus reaches the level
of the 3rd molar and at the back the bone lacrimal
bladder. Medially, at the level of the 5th-6th root tooth,
the sinus communicates with the middle nasal passage
via a wide nasolacrimal passage, ventrally with the
palatine sinus, and dorsocaudally with the lacrimal
bone cavity.
The maxillary sinus in the rabbit is divided into 3 widely
communicating cavities, one above the other [2]. The
maxillary sinus communicates with the nasal cavity via
an anterior connection to the lamina (Fig. 1) [17].
Figure 1. Nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses of an adult rabbit.
49
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research
(ISSN
–
2689-1026)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
46-50
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
286
)
(2021:
5.
64
)
(2022:
6.
319
)
OCLC
–
1121105510
METADATA
IF
–
7.569
Publisher:
The USA Journals
The olfactory analyzer.The anatomy of the rabbit's
olfactory analyzer is the least covered, although
rabbits have a better developed sense of smell than
their eyesight. This is evidenced by the fact that when
a rabbit is placed with an alien rabbit, its colour is
completely irrelevant, as only by smell the mother can
distinguish and destroy it. The rabbit, as it moves
forward, sniffs out everything in its path and
constantly holds its nose up, picking up the constant
change in the atmosphere around it. It is able to sense
the faintest traces of the scent around it.
Odourant molecules, which are signals of certain
objects or events in the environment, reach the
olfactory cells when they are inhaled through the nose
(during meals - through the choana). The olfactory
organ is located in the upper posterior part of the
cavity and consists of 10-12 hairs that respond to
aromatic molecules [1].
Anatomy of the olfactory cortex lobe. The nervous
system of rabbits is characterized by a number of
essential features, many of which are united by
primitive features. In structure and development, the
nervous system of the rabbit, in particular the central
nervous system, is at a low stage of development
compared to other placental animals. Particularly
striking is the poor development of the cerebral
hemisphere cortex and its lack of furrows and gyrus.
The central nervous system consists of the brain,
located in the cranial cavity, and the spinal cord in the
form of a thick cord running through the spinal canal.
Thus, the most significant features of the rabbit brain
are the following:
1)
The cerebral hemispheres are small and the
longitudinal gap between them is shallow;
2)
The cerebral cortex is poorly developed, with little
or no gyrus or foramen;
3)
The greater cerebrum is strongly narrowed and
triangularly pointed anteriorly;
4)
The medulla is sharply elongated anteriorly in the
form of very large and distinct olfactory bulbs;
5)
The pituitary gland is relatively poorly developed;
6)
The cerebellum is not compact and flattened
anteriorly to the rear, with small hemispheres
sharply set aside and containing what are known as
wisps on the sides;
7)
The variolar bridge is weakly marked [3].
A pair of elongated rounded outgrowths, the olfactory
lobes, depart from the lower surface of the anterior
part of the hemispheres, pointing forward. They are
connected, as can be seen on the fresh brain, by a cord
of white nerve fibres with the temporal lobes of their
side. In turn, the olfactory nerves branch off from the
anterior and inferior surfaces of the olfactory lobes. It
is very difficult to see them, as they depart in great
numbers in the form of the finest filaments. As they
leave the brain, the olfactory nerves pass through the
numerous openings of the septum, which separates
the cranial box from the nasal cavity. The olfactory
nerves are considered to be the first pair of nerves in
the brain. When the large hemispheres are spread
apart from above, they are connected to each other in
the middle third of their length by a white transverse
tendon, the so-called corpus callosum.
CONCLUSIONS
Thus, our analysis and data on the anatomy of the nasal
cavity
will
certainly
be
useful
for
otorhinolaryngologists
who
plan
to
perform
experimental studies on rhinology problems
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50
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research
(ISSN
–
2689-1026)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
46-50
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
286
)
(2021:
5.
64
)
(2022:
6.
319
)
OCLC
–
1121105510
METADATA
IF
–
7.569
Publisher:
The USA Journals
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