Vol. 6 No. 02 (2024): Volume 06 Issue 02

Glaucoma is a chronic optical neuropathy characterized by loss of ganglion cells with the development of specific changes in the optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL).

Early detection of the disease plays an important role in preventing the development structural abnormalities and irreversible vision loss. Diagnosis of glaucoma is based on assessing the safety of optic nerve structures and visual functions results clinical examination of the optic disc and RNFL are subjective and vary greatly.

In connection with this, research in recent years has been aimed at developing additional objective methods for diagnosing glaucoma. The possibility of using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, scanning laser perimetry and optical coherence tomography to assess the condition of the optic disc.  In order to ensure early detection of visual field defects options are currently being considered replacing standard automated perimetry (SAP) with selective, which includes short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) and perimetry with the illusion of spatial doubling frequencies (frequency-doubling technology perimetry, FDT). The article is an overview modern method for diagnosing glaucoma in the context of their use in clinical practice.

The application of the developed therapeutic and diagnostic algorithms allowed, in the main group of patients in comparison with the control group, to increase the number of good treatment results from 30.9% to 35.1%, satisfactory - from 53.4% to 56.4% and to reduce unsatisfactory treatment results from 14.8% to 8.1%, and lethality - from 1.0% to 0.3%.

Atrial fibrillation is not uncommon in the general population and is associated with a significant deterioration in quality of life and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease can coexist: 17-47% of patients with atrial fibrillation also have coronary heart disease, and 1-5% of patients with coronary heart disease also have atrial fibrillation.

Chronic laryngitis, characterized by inflammation of laryngeal tissue, is the most commonly diagnosed organic voice disorder, but treatments targeting putative etiologic factors have shown limited effectiveness. A major obstacle to the development of improved treatments for chronic laryngitis is a fundamental gap in knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of laryngeal inflammation. This article provides a review of the literature on the polymorphism of chronic laryngitis.

Infectious diseases are one of the most serious problems because they are the most widespread and the leading cause of death. Although significant advances have been made over the past decades in addressing this problem, this statement is still true today. Sepsis is the leading cause of death in critical care patients. It develops in 750000 people each year and more than 210000 of them die. Progress in the study of the pathophysiology and genetic basis of the individual response to sepsis has changed the common understanding of this syndrome, and some therapeutic interventions used in recent years have demonstrated efficacy; however, the problem of intensive care is still quite acute and requires further research.

Premature newborns requiring observation and examination and treatment in the intensive care unit are at high risk for the development of perinatal brain lesions. Congenital pneumonia and early neonatal sepsis are one of the most common causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality in premature infants. According to various authors, the incidence of congenital pneumonia and early neonatal sepsis in children ranges from 4 to 20 per 1,000 live births.

Acute appendicitis is the most common urgent disease in pediatric surgery (75% of emergency operations). Not only pediatric surgeons, but also pediatricians, pediatric gastroenterologists, and pediatric gynecologists have to deal with appendicitis in children. In childhood, inflammation of the cecum develops rapidly, which causes an increase in destructive changes in the appendix in a relatively short time. With appendicitis in a child, the peritoneum is often involved in the inflammatory process, leading to the development of appendicular peritonitis. The peak incidence of appendicitis in children (more than 80% of cases) is at school age, in preschool children the disease occurs in 13%, in toddlers - in 5% of cases.

Rapid ramp up of immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 during pandemic enables adequate prevention and treatment for COVID-19. Estimating levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies post vaccination is crucial for designing mass-vaccination strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of Sputnik V first dose in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study of 1000 participants was conducted for examining Gam-COVID-Vac or Sputnik V first dose effects at 21st days post administration at Islamabad Diagnostic Center, Islamabad, Pakistan. From 1000 real-time PCR negative (SARS-CoV-2 RNA) individuals, samples were collected and analyzed for antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using Electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) (Elecsys # 09289267190 Roche, USA). 85% of the participants showed strong positive results with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies >1.5 AU/ml. The individuals with antibody titer >250 AU/ml were 34.9%. While participants with >100 AU/ml of antibodies were 12.7%. However 9.5% showed antibody titer of >25 AU/ml. 27% of participants had antibody titers of >1.5-2.5 AU/ml. While antibody titers of <1.5 AU/ml were observed among 15.9% of participants. Majority of the individuals represented significantly strong antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 even before second booster dose of Ad5 based Sputnik V vaccine.  Continuous monitoring of antibody levels among COVID-19 vaccinated populations are deemed to assess humoral immunity status against SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious health issue which infected 3.3% of world’s population. The major transmission route of this virus is blood and blood products. Thalaseemic patients are dependent upon blood transfusions throughout their life and are at high risk of getting HCV infections.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to estimate the presence of hepatitis C virus in multitransfused thalaseemic population of capital twin cities of Pakistan.

Patients and Methods: The study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022 and 262 multitransfused beta thalaseemic from the capital twin cities of Pakistan were enrolled for analysis. The presence of hepatitis C virus, alanine amino transferase (ALT) level, serum creatinine, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and splenectomy were analyzed.

Results: The overall prevalence of Hepatitis C virus was 55.73% observed with 100% of patients greater than 20 years of age have HCV infection. The average ALT in HCV positive thalaseemic patients was observed 98U/L and average creatinine values were 0.39 mg/dl. 82.20% of HCV positive thalaseemic patients have hepatomegaly with average increase of 4.33 cm in liver size. Splenomegaly was observed in 67.12% of HCV positive thalaseemic patients with average increase of 4.46 cm in spleen size. Splenectomy was observed in 15.75% of cases.

Conclusion: The presence of HCV is very high in thalaseemic population of Pakistan. The chance of getting HCV infections also increases with the increase in age of thalaseemic patient. Raised ALT and hepatomegaly was observed in majority of HCV positive thalaseemic patients. There is a strong need to properly screen the blood before transfusions to decrease the future load of HCV from Pakistan.

The intricate interplay between viral infections and cardiovascular complications has become a focal point of research attention. This period of extensive investigation has uncovered substantial connections between various viruses and cardiovascular diseases, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), coxsackievirus, influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as well as coxsackievirus A and B, enteroviruses, adenovirus, and parvovirus B19. These viruses exert diverse influences on cardiovascular health through multiple pathways, contributing to endothelial dysfunction, causing direct damage to cardiac tissue, and triggering inflammatory responses. The intricate interplay between viral infections and cardiovascular health emphasizes the importance of considering viral pathogens in the context of cardiovascular disease development, clinical management practices, and future research initiatives. This systematic review thoroughly examines the cardiovascular impacts resulting from various viral infections, shedding light on their underlying mechanisms and associated clinical implications. These valuable insights can inform clinical management strategies, preventive measures, and further investigations into the complex connection between viral infections and cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the necessity for ongoing research and vigilance in understanding and managing these pathogen-induced cardiac manifestations.

The One Health paradigm, emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. Recognizing that disruptions in one domain affect others, the study underscores the importance of collaborative efforts across disciplines to address complex health issues. Herein we have highligted the challenges posed by diseases such as Bovine TB, Brucellosis, Q fever, Leptospirosis, rabies, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, and others. The narrative extends to global warming, environmental impacts, and the intricate relationships between climate change, agriculture, and health in low-income countries. 60% of infectious diseases are zoonotic, emphasizing the need for a One Health strategy. One Health initiative in various countries, including the Netherlands, the U.S., Kenya, Thailand, Australia, Norway, and Canada has remained successful. The study delves into the challenges faced by low-income countries, in implementing the One Health approach amidst climate-induced events, floods, and disease outbreaks. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of health education, surveillance, and prevention strategies for mitigating the impact of zoonotic diseases on public health, animal health, and the environment in low-income nations. The complex interplay of environmental changes, agricultural dynamics, and socio-economic factors underscores the need for a comprehensive and transdisciplinary approach to address zoonotic challenges effectively.

Sarcopenia is diagnosed in 20-70% of patients with advanced neoplasms and is associated with a number of negative consequences. At the same time, this condition rarely comes to the attention of practicing oncologists, including due to diagnostic difficulties. Correcting sarcopenia requires a multidisciplinary approach, including optimal nutrition with adequate protein intake, micronutrients, and aerobic and strength-training exercise.

This study investigates the apoptotic effects of ethanolic extracts derived from Hexalobus Monopetalus leaves on cervical cancer in Wistar rats. Cervical cancer remains a significant health concern globally, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic agents. Hexalobus Monopetalus, a plant from the Annonaceae family, has exhibited promising pharmacological properties. The ethanolic extracts from its leaves are evaluated for their potential apoptotic effects on cervical cancer cells in an animal model. Through histopathological examination, biochemical assays, and molecular analyses, the study elucidates the apoptotic mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of Hexalobus Monopetalus extracts, offering insights into their therapeutic potential for cervical cancer treatment.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease primarily affecting the axial skeleton. Recent research has shed light on a concerning association between AS and venous thromboembolic disease (VTE), comprising deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). This paper explores the emerging evidence elucidating the heightened risk of VTE in patients with AS, emphasizing the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications. Factors such as chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and immobility contribute to the prothrombotic state observed in AS patients. Understanding this association is crucial for timely recognition, risk stratification, and implementation of preventive measures in clinical practice.