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VOLUME 06 ISSUE08
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PUBLISHED DATE: - 16-08-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume06Issue08-05
PREVENTION OF ECONOMIC VIOLENCE AS A
FORM OF FAMILY VIOLENCE: THEORETICAL
AND PRACTICAL MEASURES
Gulnora Amanovna Ishankhanova
Tashkent State University of Law, Researcher, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
Violence against women is one of the most common
human rights violations as it takes various forms
(physical,
sexual,
psychological,
economic
violence), is committed against girls and women of
all ages, and is not limited to any socio-economic
group or group population with a certain level of
education and occurs in all countries. Despite its
prevalence, violence against women continues to
be a hidden issue and efforts to increase awareness
and understanding of the issue are still needed to
combat it more effectively. Although violence
against women is the most common violation of
women's human rights, the pace of law and policy
reform remains slow in many countries. Therefore,
this topic requires the attention of researchers.
A World Health Organization report on the impact
of violence on global health notes that “women are
limited in their choice of means of protecting
themselves from domestic violence. This is due to
fear of retaliation, lack of alternative means of
economic support, concern for children, emotional
dependence, lack of support from family and
friends, and the ineradicable hope that the man will
change.” [1].
Definition of economic violence.
One form of domestic abuse is economic abuse. In
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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most cases, the man manages the family budget and
uses this to discriminate against the woman. The
victim, under pressure from the rapist, feels
violated. This form of violence is accompanied by
emotional and psychological discomfort, since the
spouse has complete control over the other’s
finances, while demanding full accountabilities for
all expenses. Or the man does not allow his wife to
get a job in order to maintain his power over the
ability to manage finances. Another form of
violence is when a non-working spouse controls his
wife’s finances. In this c
ase, the woman is not
financially dependent on her husband, however,
she submits to him out of fear of being left alone [2].
Economic violence is a form of gender-based
violence in which the actions (or inactions) of one
partner limit the economic freedom of the other
partner, creating dependency and impairing rights.
This violence can manifest itself both in everyday
life and in the workplace and other places of public
life.
Thus, I.D. Badamshin and F.F. Nabiev characterized
economic violence as follows: “
We note that in
criminological terms, in addition to physical,
psychological and sexual violence, economic
violence is also distinguished. In our opinion,
economic violence is the use of financial potential
for control, infringement or limitation, slavery”
[3].
D.S. Krylov in the abstract of his dissertation notes:
“The author, based on data obtained during a
sociological survey, shows that the degree of
satisfaction with family relationships of men
significantly exceeds that of women, which
indicates the presence of inequality in the most
important aspects of family life: distribution family
responsibilities and the formation of a family
budget. Most men (80%) consider the distribution
of household responsibilities as fair, but among
women this assessment is significantly lower. The
data obtained give grounds to assert that in most
families represented by respondents, the man
retains the dominant position. This is manifested,
first, in the positions of the spouses on the
formation of the family budget and it
s distribution”
[4].
Forms of economic violence
1. Restriction of access to financial resources:
- Prohibition or restriction of access to family
finances.
-
Control over the partner’s income and expenses.
- Forced refusal of work or education, which
deprives the partner of economic independence.
2. Denial of basic needs
- Refusal to provide funds for food, medical care,
clothing and other resources necessary for life.
- Creating conditions in which the partner cannot
satisfy his or her basic needs and the needs of the
children.
3. Control over property
- Prohibition or restriction of access to property
belonging to the partner.
-
Appropriation of a partner’s property or refusal to
share property.
4. Creating debt addiction
- Forcing a partner to sign credit agreements or
loans that he is unable to pay.
- Creation of debts that become a burden for the
partner and limit his financial capabilities.
Consequences of economic violence
Economic violence has serious consequences for
victims:
- Loss of economic independence and inability to
make important life decisions.
- Limitation of access to education and professional
development.
- Increased vulnerability to other forms of violence
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(physical, psychological).
- Decreased quality of life and the ability to provide
a decent existence for themselves and their
children.
Examples of economic violence
- The husband forbids his wife to work, controls all
family finances, and does not give money for
personal needs.
-
The boss at work does not pay a woman’s salary
or threatens her with dismissal for refusing sexual
advances.
- An ex-partner refuses to pay child support,
creating financial difficulties for a single mother.
Economic violence is a serious violation of human
rights and requires adequate measures to prevent
and eradicate it. It is important that victims of
economic violence are aware of their rights and
have access to help and support.
International instruments protecting human rights
and combating violence against women include
provisions aimed at protecting victims of economic
violence. Here are the main ones:
UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW):
[5].
- Article 16 emphasizes the need for equal rights
and responsibilities in marriage and family, which
includes women's right to access family resources
and property.
- Article 14 protects the rights of women in rural
areas, including the right to access credit and
financial resources.
UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence
against Women (1993) [6].
- Recognizes economic violence as a form of
gender-based violence and calls on Member States
to take measures to prevent it and ensure the
protection of victims.
- Encourages countries to create and implement
legislative and educational programs to combat
economic violence.
Beijing Platform for Action (1995) [7].
- Strategic Goal D.1 calls for women's economic
independence and equal access to economic
resources, including credit and training.
- Strategic goal D.3 emphasizes the need to develop
and implement measures to prevent violence
against women, including economic violence.
Council of Europe Convention on preventing and
combating violence against women and domestic
violence (Istanbul Convention):[8].
- Article 3 defines violence against women,
including economic violence, as a violation of
human rights and a form of discrimination.
- Article 20 ensures the right of victims of violence
to access support services, including financial
assistance.
- Article 31 obliges states to take measures to
protect the economic rights of victims of violence,
including the right to property and other economic
resources.
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): [9].
- SDG 5 - Achieve gender equality and empower all
women and girls, which includes combating
economic violence.
- SDG 8 - Promote sustainable economic growth,
full and productive employment and decent work
for all, which includes protecting women's
economic rights.
International Labor Organization (ILO):
- Violence and Harassment Convention No. 190
[10] includes economic violence among the forms
of violence and harassment in the workplace and
requires member states to take measures to
prevent it and punish perpetrators.
These international instruments create a legal
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framework for the protection of victims of
economic violence and oblige states to take
concrete steps to combat this problem, providing
victims with economic support and protection of
their rights.
The United Nations implements programs aimed at
protecting women's rights and combating
economic violence. These programs provide
financial support and financial literacy training.
The European Union is actively working to
introduce measures to combat economic violence,
including legislative initiatives and support
programs for women. These measures show that
combating economic violence requires a
comprehensive approach that includes legislation,
victim support and educational initiatives.
EU work in area of gender equality is implemented
in accordance with Strategy for Gender Equality
2020-2025 [11]. The goal of the strategy is to end
gender-based
violence,
challenge
gender
stereotypes, reduce gender inequality in the labor
market and ensure equality and equality of men
and women in decision-making process and in the
field of politics. IN The strategy is based on EU
initiatives to ensure gender equality, laid down
decades ago. To implement the concept of “equal
pay for equal work”, enshrined in Treaty of Rome,
the Commission proposed introducing measures to
ensure transparency of remuneration [12]., in
including obliging large companies to provide a
report on difference in wages between men and
women doing the same work. IN Under this
initiative, employees will be entitled to
compensation in case of discrimination in wages.
Violence in against women is one of the most
persistent forms of gender discrimination in
Europe. To combat violence in towards women and
domestic violence The Commission proposed new
pan-European rules [13] that will aim to punish
offenders and strengthening the protection of
women, in including in Internet. All Member States
and The EU has also signed the Council of Europe
Convention on prevention and fight against
violence in towards women and domestic violence
(Istanbul Convention).
The Istanbul Convention defines domestic violence
(Article 3(b)) as all acts of physical, sexualized,
psychological or economic violence that occur
within the family, in the home or between former
or current spouses or partners, whether they live
together.
The definition of domestic violence includes mainly
two types of violence:
Intimate partner violence that occurs between
current or former spouses or partners.
Intergenerational violence that usually occurs
between parents and children.
This is a gender-neutral definition that includes
victims and aggressors of both genders. Its value
also lies in the fact that it:
does not imply cohabitation between the victim
and the aggressor, since violence often continues
after the end of the relationship;
provides protection not only to those victims who
are in an officially registered marriage;
indicates that domestic violence is not limited to
acts of physical violence, but includes sexualized,
psychological and economic violence. The
definition implies a wide range of partnerships.
EU also works to help women break the glass
ceiling And succeed in business and politics, and
also increase their participation in digital
technology sector. IN in particular, the Commission
seeks to improve percentage of women in
leadership positions V largest public companies in
the EU.
“Ten years after the European Commission
proposal, we will now have EU law to break the
glass ceiling on the boards of listed companies,”
said Ursula von der Leyen, president of the
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European Commission, which proposed the new
rules. "There are many women qualified for
leadership positions and with our new European
legislation we will make sure they have a real
chance of getting them" [14].
CONCLUSION
Violence, regardless of its form, often has
detrimental effects on a woman's health and well-
being throughout her life, even if the episodes of
violence are in the past. Violence is associated with
an increased risk of injury, depression, anxiety
disorders,
unplanned
pregnancy,
sexually
transmitted infections including HIV, and many
other health problems. Violence has dire
consequences for entire societies and places a
heavy burden on countries' budgets and
development processes.
Preventing violence requires addressing systemic
causes of economic and social inequality, ensuring
access to education and safe working conditions,
and changing discriminatory gender norms and
related social institutions. In addition, successful
responses to violence include, but are not limited
to, strategies that provide and ensure access to
essential services for victims of violence, support
women's organizations, address unequal social
norms, reform discriminatory laws, and strengthen
legal mechanisms for responding to violence.
“To address viole
nce against women, there is an
urgent need to combat stigma in this area, train
health professionals to engage in trusting dialogue
with survivors of violence, and address the
underlying causes of gender inequality,” said WHO
Representative Dr Claudia Garcia-
Moreno. “Equally
important is working with adolescents and young
people to strengthen gender equality and create
attitudes that promote equal rights between men
and women
”
[15].
Countries must fulfill their obligations to
strengthen political will and leadership to combat
all forms of violence against women by:
•
implementing thoughtful policies to change
the nature of gender relations, particularly in areas
such as childcare and pay equity, and through
gender equality legislation;
•
improving mechanisms for responding to
violence in the health care system, allowing victims
of violence to receive individual assistance and
other specialized services if necessary;
•
taking action to combat discriminatory
attitudes and attitudes in schools and other
educational
settings,
including
through
comprehensive sexuality education;
•
targeted funding for the systematic
implementation of effective and evidence-based
violence prevention strategies at local, national,
regional and global levels;
•
improving data collection and resource
allocation for quality surveys on violence against
women and improving methodologies for
assessing the different forms of violence
experienced by women, including those from the
most marginalized groups.
Preventing economic violence requires a
comprehensive approach that includes legislative,
social and educational measures. Legislative
initiatives to recognize and compensate domestic
work, social support programs, educational
initiatives to improve financial literacy and
international programs play a key role in the fight
against economic violence. These measures
contribute to the economic independence of
victims, reduce their vulnerability and create a
more equal and just society in which everyone's
rights are ensured, respected and protected
without discrimination of any kind.
REFERENCES
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Violence and its impact on health. Report on the
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–
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N.M.,
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EU approves law to break 'glass ceiling' for
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