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PUBLISHED DATE: - 12-06-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume06Issue06-14
PAGE NO.: - 72-76
THE ROLE OF BIOFEEDBACK IN THE
PRACTICE OF PSYCHOLOGISTS
Guzal Yakubova
Doctoral student of Tashkent State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
By the Decree of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan dated August 14, 2018 No. PP-3907-FZ
"On Amendments to certain legislative Acts of the
Republic of Uzbekistan", thus, in order to improve
the psychological and pedagogical support of
mentally retarded children and increase their level
of preparation for special disciplines. In this
direction, psychological diagnostic techniques
have been developed and put into practice, aimed
at improving the effectiveness of training,
motivation and self-realization of psychologists
with short-term social knowledge [1].
In the field of psychophysiology, Jose is engaged in
the diagnosis of sensory mechanisms, perception,
perception and perception, motivation and
emotions, thinking and thinking, ontology,
cognitive behavioral and functional activity, as well
as mechanisms that affect the psychophysiology of
an individual include encoding and processing
information in the nervous system.
Biological correction (ot) is a method of
psychological and psychophysiological correction
that allows a person to instantly and continuously
respond to physiological changes in the
functioning of internal organs. Based on this
hypothesis, it can be concluded that ichthyosaurs
were not domesticated, but were domesticated as
a result of ichthyosaurs [2].
Edmund Jacobson was one of the founders of the
electromyographic theory of stress (EM), one of
the founders of the modern theory of stress and in
the 1920s developed a method of progressive
relaxation. Due to the limited activity of somatic
neurons, their electrodes stimulate muscle spasms
and accelerate the process of somatic relaxation.
However, this method is not currently used, as it is
based on masked electronic distortions.
In 1932, the American physiologist Walter
Kennedy, who studied the relationship between
humans and animals and proposed the name
“homeostasis”, proposed the classification of
autonomous nervous systems into sympathetic
nervous systems.A differentiated individual has
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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come to the conclusion that he cannot perform
reactions. At one time, this type of hooliganism was
considered classic and was cited in all textbooks on
physiology [3].
In
this
regard,
psychiatrists
distinguish
psychosomatic disorders characterized by
personality disorders, mental disorders, manic
reactions and symptoms caused by the autonomic
nervous system. The first Guarani describes the
physiological processes occurring in the brain, and
the second describes the autonomic nervous
systems of humans, which are formed in the
process of autonomic nervous activity.
Thus, in the physiology of consciousness, there are
two types of conditioned reflexes: synovial and
cholinolytic, which manifest themselves in a
violation of consciousness and in a violation of
consciousness. As an example of Pavlov's
conclusions, it can be cited that when heated in
containers formed during heating, the electrodes
included in the containers are “brewed”.
In classical physics, arousal is a conditional
stimulus that causes a special reaction necessary
for arousal. Thus, the possibilities of this method
are limited [4].
The reaction resulting from the reaction is called a
reversible reaction, and the reaction resulting from
the reaction is called a reversible reaction. Thus,
feedback can be used to enhance the stimulus: the
response to the stimulus can be enhanced by the
stimulating factor, and the response to the
stimulus can be enhanced by the stimulating
factor.
And finally, all of the above factors that can be used
to create skeletal reactions that can be caused by
the effects of certain factors on the div. The
classical autonomic nervous system is a set of
autonomic nervous systems consisting of visceral
and visceral nerve fibers. In 1961, J.In a review of
the physiology of consciousness, Kimble stated
that “all data for autonomous reactions can be
obtained not only with the help of artificial
intelligence, but also with the help of classical
biology” [5].
These mullahs are descendants of amalasunta.
People practically do not feel visceral reactions
occurring in the div. If a person experiences
physiological
disorders
(for
example,
atherosclerosis or atherosclerosis of the lungs),
this can lead to amnesia.
However, in the 50s of the XX century, due to the
expansion of the range of products, its production
was
discontinued.
Outstanding
Russian
physiologists took part in this work, in particular,
I. N.M.Sechenov and I.P. As a result of the action of
conditioned reflexes, K.M. Biocorticovisceral
alkaloids B. V.G. In the laboratory of the Chernihiv
Research Institute of Neuroanatomy, obtained
data proving the presence of autonomic nerve
endings in the hemispheres of the brain. Library,
library, library, library, library, library, library,
library, library.K. Anokhin's theory of functionals,
N.P.Bekhtereva and the laboratory rely on the
theoretical foundations of the theory of
pathological conditions. Biologically, therefore, the
autonomic nervous system is able to modify the
reactions of internal organs to incoming signals,
that is, operant reflexes. A. physiologist N.E. Miller
suggested that in 1941, not only two, but perhaps
one of them was probably caused by the eruption
of Mount Vesuvius, which was caused by the
eruption of Mount Vesuvius. In 1957, he published
a paper in which he justified the possibility of
visceral reactions in cells associated with cell
division. Paralyzed patients who are injected with
electrodes and catheters (kalamushi) also have
thyroid dysfunction (heart rate, arterial spasms),
keratinization, budding. In 1961, the results of
scientific work were presented to the scientific
community at the III World Congress of
Psychiatrists, held in Nebraska and Montreal [6].
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In the same years, research studies were actively
conducted in the USA to confirm that visceral
responses such as heart rate (HR), skin-galvanic
response (TGR), and blood-vascular responses can
be elicited using equipment training methods.
In 1969, N. E. Miller's large scientific article
published in the American magazine "Science" was
evaluated by many experts in the field of BQA as a
priority research work. In this article, the author,
in addition to his experiments on rats, presented
the results of his studies on paralyzed people who
were trained to control arterial blood pressure
(AB) (without affecting the controlled indicator of
skeletal muscle condition). The story of a young
man with a burning desire to walk on crutches,
despite his legs being paralyzed as a result of an
injury, is particularly moving. Unfortunately, due
to postural hypotonia, when he rose to the upright
position, he was unable to maintain the upright
position due to exhaustion due to the sudden drop
in blood pressure. Then NE Miller taught him to
raise his AB using "equipment training". Minimum
diastolic AB was monitored by a device worn on
the patient's arm. When the pressure changed in
the desired direction (in this case it was raised), an
audible signal was heard indicating that the task
was successfully completed. As the successes
increased, the tasks became more difficult. Thus,
the patient learned to raise his blood pressure by
30 mm. He used this skill to stand upright and later
learned to walk on crutches [7].
According to N. E. Miller, in machine learning, the
physiological indicator is measured continuously,
value changes are given in the form of a signal that
is understandable for the patient. At the same time,
the patient must have a clear motivation to
successfully complete the task given by the guide.
In this case, the method of biological feedback will
be implemented in practice. "In fact, N.E. Miller as
the founder of visceral training pointed to the
development of the ideas of operant training and
the implementation of the basic laws of the cortico-
visceral theory in the formation of the BQA
direction, its introduction into the clinic"
It should be noted that the first experiments on
voluntary control of visceral reactions were
conducted in Russia. As early as 1885, the
professor of the Military Medical Academy, I.R.
Tarkhanov, suggested increasing the frequency of
heart contractions to the subject, while at the same
time information was transmitted about each
heartbeat in the blood vessels (but the effect of the
skeletal muscles was not eliminated). In addition,
I.R. Tarkhanov stated that the participants of the
experiment, who can voluntarily contract muscle
groups that are not normally controlled (for
example, move the ears), can control their visceral
reactions better than anyone else. Therefore, this
experiment cannot be included among the
experiments conducted on the conversion of
involuntary reactions to voluntary reactions [8].
It should be noted that the first edition belonging
to BQA was published in 1955 in Russia. M.I. Lisina,
a graduate student of the Institute of Psychology,
convincingly proved the possibility of turning
involuntary reactions into voluntary reactions in
experimental studies. The idea and specific
method of the research belonged to its leader,
psychophysiologist A. V. Zaporozhets. In 1955, M.I.
Lisina defended her thesis, which was later
included in the monograph of A. V. Zaporozhets. In
these studies, volunteers were taught to control
vasomotor responses, that is, the voluntary
constriction or dilation of blood vessels.
Information about the volume of blood vessels was
transmitted to volunteers in the form of a sound
signal. When the blood vessels widened, the pitch
decreased, and when they narrowed, it increased.
After the audio signal was turned off, subjects who
underwent vasomotor control exercises were able
to rapidly constrict and dilate blood vessels
following the experimenter's verbal instructions
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[9].
The US psychophysiologists have a preference for
the term "biological feedback". This priority
appeared in 1963 in J. Basmajan's scientific work
on teaching the control of electrical activity
released from a single muscle fiber.
The electrical activity of the muscle fiber was
recorded using a needle electrode, then amplified
and transmitted to an oscillograph. The curve on
the oscilloscope screen was considered as a visual
feedback signal. A modified signal of electrical
activity is transmitted to a radio speaker, the pitch
of which is changed by the change of electrical
activity. This was an audible feedback signal.
Participants learned to tense and relax individual
muscle fibers at desired positions.
It should be noted that after this research of J.
Basmajan, researchers began to use the term
"biological feedback" more and more instead of the
terms "operant conditioning" or "machine
learning".
In 1969, a group of researchers from California,
USA, without knowing each other personally,
founded the BQA (Biofeedback Research Society)
in order to organize professionals working in the
field of BQA as supporters of the same topic in their
work. This name was proposed by J. Basmajan, one
of the founders of the society.
Since 1969, research using the terms operant or
instrumental learning has declined, which cannot
be explained solely by the convenience of the
newly introduced term BQA. The fact is that BQA
and machine learning cannot be completely
equated with each other. The feedback transmitted
during operant training takes the form of an
inevitable reward or punishment designed to
create motivation for the formation of the desired
behavior. When performing BQA, information is
usually presented to the patient in the form of
sounds or images. In this case, other forms of
motivation come into play. These forms have an
element of social reinforcement not found in
animals. For example, a person may want to please
a researcher conducting a BQA training session.
Therefore, human expectation of symbolic social
reward in BQA training is an important variable
absent in animal studies. (It should be noted that
the ability to train the autonomic nervous system
using instrumental operant conditioning or to
shape its response using conditioned reflexes was
of little concern to most practicing psychologists)
[10].
In 1969 J. Kamiya's scientific works were
published, in which he wrote about the operant
control of alpha-rhythms of the brain and the effect
of this process on consciousness. This article was
published in the collection "Altered States of
Consciousness" and coincided with the Eastern
religion that was popular at the time and related
trends such as hypnosis, yoga, meditation,
relaxation, autogenic training.
Since then, articles devoted to the research and
application of the BQA method have proliferated.
First, the effect of treatment was observed by
chance. In the mid-1960s, famous BQA researchers
Elmer Greene and Alice Greene J. Basmajan
decided to repeat the method given above in order
to teach anxious patients to change the blood
circulation in the fingertips, for which at the same
time the temperature of the skin of the fingers was
measured using thermistors. During the
experiment, one patient who suffered from
headaches felt better. Soon it became known that
the blood circulation in the fingertips has a
generalized feature and reflects the general state of
blood circulation in the div, since headache is
associated with changes in the blood circulation in
the blood vessels of the brain, voluntarily raising
the temperature of the fingertips began to be
considered as a new method of headache
treatment. Later, scientific articles were published
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against and in favor of this method, but it was
found that conscious control of blood circulation is
possible and that it has an effect on vascular
headaches.
Thus, the method of biological feedback is of great
importance as a psychocorrective method in the
field of psychology and psychophysiology. The
main solution to mental disorders in the practical
work of psychologists is considered.
REFERENCES
1.
Decision of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan No. PQ-3907 of August 14, 2018
"On measures to raise the moral, moral and
physical maturity of young people and raise
the quality of their education system to a new
level".
2.
Anokhin P.K. Essays on the physiology of
functional systems. - M.: Medicine, 1975 - 447
p.
3.
Skok A. B. Using biofeedback for targeted
behavior change in patients with addictive
disorders: Abstract of thesis. diss.candidate.
honey. Sciences / Novosibirsk Med. Institute,
Institute of Med. and biol. cybernetics SB
RAMS. - Novosibirsk, 1999 - 17 p. 1975 - 447 p.
4.
Pavlov I.P. Twenty years of experience in the
objective study of nervous activity (behavior)
of animals. - M.: Nauka, 1973 - 659 p.
5.
Basmajian J. V. Control and training of
individual motor units // Science. 1963.-V. 141
- p. 440-441.
6.
Miller N. E. Motor learning, visceral learning
and homeostasis // Systemic organization of
physiological functions. - M., 1969 p. 363-372.
7.
Miller N. E. Learning of visceral and glandular
responses // Science. 1969
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p. 434-
445.
8.
Kimble G. A. Hilgard and Marquis conditioning
and learning
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New York: W. W. Norton, 1961
9.
Lisina M.I. On some conditions for the
transformation of reactions from involuntary
to voluntary / Abstract. diss.candidate. ped.
Sci. M., 1955
10.
Skok A. B. Using biofeedback for targeted
behavior change in patients with addictive
disorders: Abstract of thesis. diss. Ph.D. honey.
Sciences / Novosibirsk Med. Institute, Institute
of Med. and biol. cybernetics SB RAMS.
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Novosibirsk, 1999
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