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VOLUME 06 ISSUE06
61
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PUBLISHED DATE: - 11-06-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume06Issue06-12
PAGE NO.: - 61-67
MONITORING OF THE SPECIES DIVERSITY
OF LIVING ORGANISMS IN TEACHING
AGROECOLOGY TO BIOLOGY STUDENTS
N.B.Khankhodjaeva
PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Botany and Ecology, Tashkent State Pedagogical
University named after Nizami, Uzbekistan
M.A. Isabekova
Senior Lecturer, Department of Botany and Ecology, Tashkent State Pedagogical University
named after Nizami, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
The problem of environmental safety has gone
beyond the national and regional and has become
a global problem for all mankind... Humanity has
really felt the threat it faces, the result of
anthropogenic impact on the environment").
Intensive human economic activity has brought
the world to the brink of environmental disasters.
The human impact on the environment is
multifaceted. The main anthropogenic factors that
destroy the habitat are: urban growth, mining,
automobile transport, industry, and the
chemicalization of agriculture.
In environmental degradation, chemical exposure
takes the first place. The role of chemicals in
human life is difficult to overestimate. They are
assigned one of the important places in the fight
against pests, diseases and weeds of crops, but the
effects of pesticides are never unambiguous.
Pesticides used in agriculture are organic
compounds that are toxic not only to harmful
organisms, but also to humans and animals.
Humans use
pesticides to destroy a limited number of
organisms that make up no more than 0.5% of the
total number of species inhabiting the biosphere,
while pesticides, when used, affect all living
organisms. When carrying out protective
measures, pesticides are always directed against
populations.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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Fig.1 . Circulation of chemical products (pesticides) in the environment.
In addition, pesticides spread far beyond the
agroecosystems where they are used. Even if the
least volatile components are used, more than 50%
of the active substances pass directly into the
atmosphere at the time of exposure (Fig.1).
It has also been established that up to 25% of
pesticides used in agriculture end up in aquatic
ecosystems. Water drainage from fields treated
with pesticides pollutes not only small reservoirs,
rivers, but also the estuary (a wide estuary flowing
into the sea or ocean). This problem is quite acute
in our region as well.
Thus, the use of pesticides has negative
consequences for individual species and
biocenoses in general. Therefore, they pose a
danger to the entire environment. The pesticide
causes profound changes in the entire ecosystem
into which it has been introduced. The situation is
often complicated by the fact that much more
pesticides are used than is necessary to destroy the
pest: deliberate over-cultivation of fields is
explained by "reliability".
In these conditions, the problems of regulating the
human impact on the biosphere, searching for
equally effective and at the same time safe and
natural means of pest control, creating favorable
natural conditions, and achieving balance in the
society
–
environment system are becoming more
urgent. At the same time, it became obvious that
without objective information about the state of
the environment and trends in its change, the
practical implementation of protection measures
is impossible. In this regard, local monitoring is of
particular importance, on the basis of which the
necessary data on the state of the region and the
flora and fauna in this region are obtained, as well
as the ability to make accurate calculations of the
concentration and activity of man-made
pollutants. This is exactly what we were guided
by when including materials on monitoring data
processing and calculation in the agroecology
training program for biology students.
1. Mathematical processing of data obtained by
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monitoring the species diversity of living
organisms under the influence of anthropogenic or
man-made pressure on biocenoses. Due to the
impact of negative factors, species, structural and
genetic diversity in communities of living
organisms is disrupted.
Species of living organisms in communities are
divided into dominant, semi-dominant and rare.
Sometimes there are no dominant species, and
many species are characterized by intermediate
abundance.
Species diversity consists of two components:
- species richness or density of species, which is
characterized by the total number of available
species;
- equalization based on the relative abundance or
other indicator of the importance of the species
and its position in the structure of dominance.
The species diversity may increase with an
increase in the size of the surveyed area.
When exposed to a negative impact on the
community, species diversity may decrease, which
occurs in agrocenoses that are subjected to
pesticide treatments, or in biocenoses that are
under pressure from man-made emissions,
including motor vehicles.
Two approaches are used to analyze species
diversity:
- comparison of curves of relative abundance or
dominance of diversity;
- a comparison based on diversity indices, which
represent the relationship of dependence between
the number of species and their significance.
One of the main components of species richness
(diversity) or species density is the total number of
species, which for comparative purposes is usually
expressed as the ratio of the number of species to
the surveyed area or the number of species to the
number of individuals.
The second important aspect of diversity is the
equalization of the relative distribution of
individuals by species. For example, there are two
systems in a cotton field: scoop caterpillars and
ticks, herbivorous and predatory, each system
consists of ten species and 100 individuals. These
systems may have different equalization indices
depending on the distribution of 100 individuals
among ten species.
To better imagine both components of diversity, it
is necessary to construct a graph on which, on a
logarithmic scale, the number of individuals (or
biomass, or productivity) of each species is set
aside on the Y axis, and on the X axis is a ranked
sequence of species from the most numerous
(abundant) to the least abundant. The line
connecting the points or passing close to them is
called the dominance-diversity curve by Whittaker
(1965), and the species significance curve by
Pianka (1978) (Fig.1).
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Fig.2 Dominance-diversity curves for a conditional sample
consisting of 1000 individuals belonging to 20 species of scoops in a cotton field.
Note: the ordinate axis shows the number of
individuals of each species, and the abscissa axis
shows the ordinal number of the species in the
sequence from the more abundant (bindweed
scoop) to the less abundant (corn scoop). I - less
abundant, II - more abundant; III - intermediate
(intermediate system).
Another approach uses diversity indexes. They are
characterized by the independence of the sample
and the relative simplicity of the calculation.
1. Index of species richness (d). This index is
calculated using the formula:
S-1
d = -------- (1. Index of species
richness (d).
This index is calculated using the formula),
lg N
where: S is the number of species,
N is the number of individuals.
2. The Shannon Index (H).
The higher this index, the higher the species
diversity.
The Shannon index is calculated using the formula:
H = -
Σ
n i / N log ( n i / N) or H = -
Σ
P i log P i ,
where n i or Pi is the relative abundance of the
species, reflecting the proportion of individuals
belonging to the Pi species in the sample N or the
number of individuals of the species relative to
other species using abundance scores, that is, it is
synonymous with "relative abundance" according
to Yu.A.Pesenko (1982); n i is an assessment of the
significance of each species, or where N is the total
number of individuals in the sample; n i is the
number of individuals of each species;
3. The Simpson Index (dominance index) (c),
which reflects the concentration of dominance in
individual species. The higher its value, the more
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specimens from this sample belong to one or more
species. The dominance index is calculated using
the formula:
с= Σ (
n
i
/ N )
2
or
n
i
(n
i
- 1)
с
=
Σ
n
i
---------------- The dominance index
N (N - 1)
1 -
Σ (
n
i
/ N )
2
1
с =
----------- diversity index,
Σ ( n
i
/ N )
2
where: n i is the assessment of the significance of
each species (abundance, biomass, etc.)
N is the sum of the significance estimates.
another formula is possible:
с
= n
i
P
i2
,
where: Pi--- relative abundance of the species,
reflecting the proportion of n individuals
belonging to the P i-species in a sample of N; P - is
determined by summing cubes of indicators
relative to the abundance of species.
4. To determine the similarity between the
components of species in different variants, the
Chekanosky-Sorensen similarity index and the
coefficient of generality proposed by Mountford
and
applied
by
T.S.Grigorieva
and
T.N.Zhavoronkova (1973) can be used.
The Ics similarity index is calculated using the
formula:
2а
I
cs
= --------------------- ,
(а+b) + (а + с)
where: a is the number of common species in both
compared samples;
b is the number of species noted in only one
sample;
c is the number of species noted only in another
sample.
The Mountford community coefficient is calculated
using the formula:
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2 j
I = ---------------------,
2 ab - (a+b)
where: a, b are the number of species in the
matched samples;
j is the number of common species.
Monitoring will provide objective data on the
diversity and dominance of various species of
living organisms, which is very important, on the
one hand, to maintain species balance, and on the
other, to preserve and increase beneficial species
(insect entomophages), which currently play an
important role in pest control.
2. Calculations of concentrations of
technogenic pollutants during experiments. When
monitoring in laboratory conditions, it is often
necessary to determine the toxicity for
components of biocenoses (agrocenoses) of
various toxic substances, for example, pesticides,
in order to know the potential danger of these
substances.
The following are the basic principles for
determining the toxicity of substances and
formulations of pesticides.
To conduct experiments, it is necessary to
select the concentrations of working solutions
depending on the bio-objects and the nature of the
experiments. First, a series of 4-5 concentrations is
prepared with a dilution step of 10. Acetone, ethyl
alcohol or water should be used as solvents.
On the analytical scales, a sample of the substance
or agent is taken and an initial working solution of
a certain concentration (Cisx) is prepared, which
can be calculated using the following formulas.
a)
for substances according to the formula (1):
С
В
А
C
исх
=
(1)
where: A is the required concentration of DV, %
(mg/l, mg/ml),
B - the required amount of solution (ml),
C is the concentration of DV in the substance, %
(mg/l, mg/ml).
b) for the preparation form: in the event that it is
necessary to prepare a solution of a given
concentration to treat a certain area so as to obtain
a given dosage, the calculation is performed
according to the formula 2:
%
100
V
C
S
D
C
преп
исх
=
(2)
where: Sprep is the concentration of DV in the
product, % (mg/l, mg/ml),
Cisx is the concentration of DV in the initial
solution, % (mg/l, mg/ml)
D is the prescribed dose, mg/m2 (g/m2),
S is the area of the treated surface, m2 (cm2, ha),
V is the volume of the preparation for the
treatment of this surface, cm3 (ml, l).
Along with determining the concentration of man-
made pollutants, in laboratory conditions, biology
students are also invited to determine the
insecticidal activity, which is estimated by the
percentage of arthropod death in experimental
versions compared with the control one.
Recently, an adaptive farming system has been
increasingly proposed, which will reduce the
consumption of anthropogenic energy and activate
the vital activity of all beneficial organisms that
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make up the agroecosystem. Beneficial insect
entomophages play an increasingly important role
in reducing crop losses, which means that it is
necessary to create conditions for their species and
genetic diversity. Our proposed mathematical
processing of data obtained by monitoring the
species diversity of living organisms under the
influence of anthropogenic or man-made press on
biocenoses (agrocenoses), and calculations of
concentrations of man-made pollutants will help to
avoid undesirable consequences of negative
factors, make the use of man-made pollutants
strictly justified, reduce it to the necessary
minimum, and therefore maintain balance in
nature. Familiarization of biology students with
the materials presented in the article will increase
their professionalism and general environmental
culture, which in the future, in the process of
teaching biology, will influence the formation of
the worldview of the younger generations.
REFERENCES
1.
Lakin G.F. Biometrics. A textbook for biological
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Odum Yu. Ecology. Moscow: Mir, 1986. Vol. 2. -
pp.126-135
3.
Pesenko Yu.A. Principles and methods of
quantitative analysis in faunal studies M.:
Nauka, 1982. - 287 p..
4.
Pianka E.R. Evolutionary Ecologi (2 nd ed.)
New York. Harper and Row. 1978.
5.
Pielou E.C. Ecological Diversity. New Jork.
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6.
Whittaker R.H. Dominance and diversity in
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Khonkhodzhayeva N.B., Isabekova M.A.,
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Nadira B. Khonkhodjayeva, Mahina A.
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