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PUBLISHED DATE: - 21-06-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajvswd/Volume06Issue03-06
PAGE NO.: - 24-28
ESTROSIS OF SHEEP AND DEVELOPMENT OF
MEASURES AND CONTROL (LITERATURE
REVIEW)
Rustamov Bakhtiyor Suvonkulovich
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Animal
Husbandry and Biotechnology, Uzbekistan
Khudoyorov Dilshod
Master, Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry and
Biotechnology, Uzbekistan
Odinaev Otabek
Student, Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry and
Biotechnology, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
Extent of Oestrus ovis range and the need to ensure
veterinary well-being regarding estrosis have
necessitated a complex of fundamental and applied
research.
Scientists have carried out extensive research on
the biology, ecology, phenology and distribution of
estrosis pathogens in sheep (Beklemishev V.N.,
1951; Gan E.V., 1964; Domatsky V.N., 1988;
Shcherban N.F., 1971, 198 7 ; Ternovoy V.I., 1986;
Marchenko V.A., 1994, 1997; Sivkov G.S., 1995;
Migunov I.M., 1998, etc.).
The research results created the necessary
prerequisites for the development of effective
measures to combat the botfly.
To combat estrosis, drugs from different groups of
chemical compounds have been proposed,
ensuring high efficiency of therapeutic and
preventive measures.
The prospects of using the chemical method of
protecting animals from harmful arthropods are
emphasized. Currently, in the practice of
combating ectoparasites of farm animals, synthetic
pyrethroids, which are 4th generation pesticides
and are characterized by selective toxicity to
arthropods, the ability to rapidly biodegrade and
are harmless to warm-blooded animals, are
increasingly used.
It has been established that the long-term use of
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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insecto-acaricides requires constant improvement
of the technology of their use due to the threat of
the formation of resistant races of insects. There is
a need for strict regulation, competent
toxicological analysis for the selection and use of
drugs that, against the background of pronounced
therapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness, would
meet the sanitary and hygienic requirements for
them.
Systematic
position,
biology,
phenology,
population ¬ecology, range of the sheep gadfly
Sheep botfly ( Oestrus ovis Line , 1864) belongs to
the class of insects In- secta , the order of Diptera
Diptera , the family of nasopharyngeal gadflies
Oestridae .
Adult O. ovis a small insect 9-12 mm long. The div
is covered with small hairs. The head is large, the
abdomen is short, oval. The head and dorsal surface
of the chest are inseparable, brown-gray in color,
the abdomen is yellowish-gray with small
checkerboard patterns (Gan E.I., 1953).
In the literature of recent decades there are
multiple reports ¬concerning the study of the
biology of the banded gadfly (Beklemishev N.D.,
1951; Blagoveshchensky D.I., 1937; Breev K.A.,
1975; Gan E.I., 1964; Grunin K. N., 1956; Dukalov I.
A., 1957; Kolomiets Yu. S., Alfimova A. V., 1956;
Shcherban N. F., 1968, 1971; I., 1971, 1972, 1986;
Semenov P. V., 1986; Marchenko V. A., 1985;
According to V.P. Tolokonnikov (1995), the flight of
the sheep gadfly in the Stavropol ¬Territory begins
in June and ends in the third ten days of October -
the first ten days of November.
In summer, males live 3-9 days, in autumn
somewhat longer. The life expectancy ¬of females
in summer is 15-20 , in autumn - up to 40 days
(Ternova V.I., 1995)
Fertilized females do not fly. Within 10-15 days,
¬larvae form in a queen-like receptacle. Adults do
not feed; they live off the nutrients accumulated in
the larval phase. Upon completion of the larval
maturation process, the females become active and
begin to fly. Female gadflies are viviparous; the
fertility of one female is about 700 larvae.
(Tolokonnikov V.P., 2005).
Insects lay larvae within 2-4 days. At one time, the
female injects 8-12 1st stage larvae into the nasal
cavity of the sheep.
Stage 1 larvae are localized on the inner surface of
the inferior turbinates, the nasal septum, and the
wall of the nasal cavity. The strong attachment of
the larvae to the nasal concha mucous membrane
is crucial for their survival and development. This
allows them to access a good source of nutrients
and oxygen, which are essential for their growth
and maturation. The larvae's ability to secure
themselves in this location demonstrates their
adaptability and evolutionary advantage in their
environment. The armament of larvae of the 2nd
and 3rd stages is weaker; they are localized in the
maxillary, frontal sinuses, and cavities of the horny
processes (Gan I.N., 1942).
During ontogenesis, the larvae molt twice in the
host's div. Larvae of the 1st ¬stage molt in the
nasal turbinates; they undergo the second molt in
the labyrinths of the ethmoid bone and frontal
sinuses (Krivko A. M., 1956).
In stage 3 larvae, the dorsal side of each segment
has pigmented transverse stripes of brown-black
color. During pupation ¬, the larvae shorten to 15
mm, the outer shell turns black, hardens, and turns
into a false cocoon (Ternova V.I., 1972).
Mature larvae of the 3rd stage migrate from the
frontal sinuses to the nasal ¬cavity and irritate the
mucous membrane, which causes reflex sneezing
in sheep, which contributes to the release of
parasites into the environment. The larvae
penetrate the soil to a depth of 1-5 cm. The pupal
phase is 14-16 days (Akbaev M. Sh., 2002).
The duration of development of larvae in the host’s
div in the ¬North Caucasus zone is 150-240 days
for autumn infection, 30-45 days for spring
infection (V.I. Ternovoy, 1985, 1995).
S.P.Kuklin, (1952), I.I.Klenin (1958), Ch.E.Rogers ,
F.W.Knapp (1973) noted that during the
adaptation process of 1st stage larvae of O. ovis In
the host organism, their mass death (up to 90%) is
observed in the first days after infection, and only
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after 20-30 days the death of larvae decreases.
P.V. Semenov (1987) notes that the natural and
climatic conditions of the habitat of O. ovis affect
the amount of generation per year. In years with
one generation, the development of larvae in the
div of sheep lasts 8
–
11 months ¬; with two
generations, the duration of the development cycle
of larvae of the autumn generation is 8-10 months,
in the spring - 1-3.
A number of authors (Krivko A.M., 1956;
Spiryukhov I.A., Machulsky S.N., 1959; Kalkis Ya.I.,
1965; Manytskov A.Ya., 1969; Ponomarev I.A.,
1971; Mi ¬Gunov I.M., 1971; Kamarli A.P.,
Tuganbaev A.T., 1972; Shcherban N.F., 1976;
Sivkov G.S., 1981) established that the timing The
emergence of 3rd stage larvae for pupation
depends on the climatic conditions of the insect
habitat. In biotopes with the development of one
generation of the botfly, larvae pupate from April
to July. In zones of two generations, the larvae of
the first generation leave the host’s div in the
period from February-March to May-July, the
second - from July to September-October.
V. A. Marchenko (1985) reports that the
transformation of larvae into the 2nd stage occurs
in the fall, and into the 3rd stage in winter.
G.S. Sivkov (1979) noted in the metamorphosis of
gadflies of the autumn generation a delay in the
development of larvae of the 1st stage, which
reached 6.5-7 months.
According to P.V. Semenov (1985), A.S. Pushkarev
(1986), larvae of the 2nd and 3rd stages produce
metabolites that have an ¬inhibitory effect on
larvae of the 1st stage. Thanks to this evolutionarily
developed technique, the number of O. ovis larvae
is preserved in the parasite carrier's div ¬, while
minimizing harm to the host div. It is possible
that the delay in the development of stage 1 larvae
is due to the immune reactions of the host div to
the increasing intensity of the botfly invasion.
The development of two generations of the banded
gadfly in the spring-summer period in Uzbekistan
is reported by E. I. Gan (1942), in Ukraine - Yu. S.
Kolomiets (1956), in Kyrgyzstan - A. Tuganbaev
(1968), in the steppe zone North Caucasus - N.F.
Shcherban, V.I. Ternovoy (1971).
A. S. Smychkov, N. A. Kodenatsii (1975) report that
climatic conditions in the steppe zone of the Omsk
region create the prerequisites for the
development of one generation of the sheep gadfly.
According to V.S. Akchurin, Kh.F. Ayupov (1957),
P.V. Semenov (1980), I.M. Migunov (1972), ¬only
one generation is developing in the Altai Territory,
Bashkiria, Buryatia, and Chita Region sheep gadfly.
The sheep gadfly is widespread. This species has
been recorded in Bashkiria, Buryatia, Azerbaijan,
Ukraine , Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan,
certain regions of Siberia, Altai Territory, the Far
East, Orenburg Region, in the south of the
European part of the Russian Federation
(Baskakov V.P., 1936, 1946; Klenin I. I., 1958;
Kolomiets Yu. S., Alfimova A. V., 1956; Dukalov I. A.,
1957; Nosik A. F., Goncharov O. P., 1956; ; Makevnin
S. G., 1956; Spiryukhov S. N., 1962; Dzhamuratov U.,
1965;
A., 1966; Tuganbaev A. T., 1968; Bukshtynov V.I.,
Sultanov F.R., 1970; Alekhine ¬R. M., 1971;
Ponomarev I. A., 1971; Karpenko I. G., 1971;
Migunov I. M., 1971; Ishmuradov A., 1971; Ternova
V.I., 1971; Pokidov I.I., 1974;. Azimov Sh. A, 1978;
Kamarli A.P., Tuganbaev A.T., 1980; Sivkov G.S.
Yamov V. 3, 1981; Marchenko V. A., 1985;
Mozulyaka N. S., Zolotukhina L. 3., 1994; Sivkov
G.S., 1995; Tolokonnikov V.P., 1995; Zharov V. G.,
Remez V. I., 1997; Migunov I.V., 1998; Marchenko
V. A., 1998; Moiseev O.N., 1999; Abramov V. E.,
1999; Lysenko I. O., 2001; Okrut S.V., 2003;
Stepanenko E. E., 2004; Bulkhukova U.P., 2005;
Atayeva U. B., 2006).
Distribution of oestrosis in sheep
Estrosis is an invasive disease of sheep caused by
the larvae of the cavitated gadfly that parasitize the
nasal and frontal sinuses.This description likely
refers to a parasitic infection caused by larvae of
certain parasites, such as nasal bots or nasal
maggots.These larvae can infest the nasal passages
and sinuses of animals, causing irritation,
inflammation, and various symptoms in the
affected host.The larvae may also migrate to other
parts of the div, leading to additional
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complications and symptoms.
Treatment for such infections typically involves
removing the larvae from the affected areas, often
through manual extraction or medication. It is
important to consult a veterinarian for proper
diagnosis and treatment of parasitic infections in
animals
The sheep botfly is an obligate parasite of sheep.
There is information that the larvae ¬of the banded
gadfly parasitize goats, argali, aurochs, agali, dogs,
and humans (Grunin K.N., 1957; Abul - Hab , 1970;
Misra et al . , 1976, Grebenyuk P. V., 1955; Grunin
K.N., 1953, Oldroyd , 1964, Pavlovsky E.N., 1929;
Grunin K.N., 1957; Schmial , 1944; Oldroyd 1961;
Shcherban N.F. 1971, etc.).
The wide distribution of the sheep gadfly indicates
the pronounced ecological plasticity of this species,
capable of adapting to ¬changing environmental
conditions in different regions of the planet.
Data on the spread of estrosis in sheep indirectly
indicate the relevance of this problem for modern
sheep farming, the need to develop effective
measures to combat it, and reduce the economic
damage caused.
N.F. Shcherban (1971) notes that in the Rostov
region the extent of estrous infestation (E.I.) is
96.4-98.2% with an average annual intensity of
infestation of 34.1-35.6 larvae per head.
In Kalmykia, 85.7% of sheep are infested. The
intensity of invasion (I.I.) reaches 11.1 specimens
per animal (Ponomarev I.A., 1971).
According to N.S. Mozulyaki (1994), in the steppe
zone of the Stavropol Territory, young sheep (up to
one year) are affected more often than adult
animals. The intensity of infestation in lambs is
20.5-87, in adult sheep - 13.12 larvae per animal.
The extent of invasion in lambs ¬reaches 98%, in
adult animals - 85.2%.
L. 3. Zolotukhina (1995) found that ¬sheep in the
arid zone suffer from estrosis to a lesser extent,
where E.I. in adult livestock it is 46.4%, in young
livestock - 51.2%, and I.I. 9.3-10.0 larvae per head.
In the moderately humid zone, E.I. in adult animals
it reaches 75%, in young animals - 77.5%, I.I. 14.2-
14.3 larvae. In the unstable wet zone E.I. is 53.2%,
and 55.2%, I.I. - 16.0-16.9 larvae.
V.P. Tolokonnikov (1995) reports that the extent of
gadfly invasion ¬in the Stavropol Territory is 71
–
100%; I.I. varies between 12.1-27.1 larval
specimens per animal.
In the Stavropol Territory, estrose is widespread.
Animals of all sex and age groups are affected
(rams and rams are infected more often than ewes
and lambs). The extent of estrous invasion ¬is 78%,
the intensity is 41 larvae (Stepanenko E. E., 2004).
In Siberia, the maximum I.I. reaches 100 copies per
animal in sheep ¬. E.I. - 71.1-93.6% (Marchenko
V.A., 1998).
The incidence of estrosis in adult sheep in the Chita
region reaches 60.1%, in young sheep - 74.9%. The
intensity of invasion is 28.5 and 21.3 -larvae per
animal (Migunov I.V., 1971).
In May 1986, the number of sheep with estrosis in
the Volga region reached ¬100% with an
infestation intensity of 1-20 larvae per animal
(Bukshtynov V.I., 1987).
V.L. Shamin (1996) reports that in the Orenburg
region in two ¬natural climatic zones (forest-
steppe and steppe), the extent of gadfly infestation
was 81.8%, with an intensity of 24.6 larvae.
According to S. Sagasarra (2000) in Sicily E.I.
reaches its maximum in August and is 83.3%. The
average number of parasites per affected ¬sheep
was 9 larvae, of which 3.9 were in the first stage,
2.7 in the second stage, and 2.8 in the third stage.
A. Scala (2001) provides data on the prevalence of
oestrosis in sheep on the ¬island of Sardinia. Notes
that in sheep aged 2 or more years, the incidence of
estrosis in animals varied from 87 to 100%.
The widespread prevalence of oestrosis indicates
that this disease ¬is a significant obstacle to
increasing the productivity of sheep breeding as an
industry and causes significant economic damage.
The above argues for the need to study the
pathogenetic ¬basis of the functioning of the
“parasite
-
host” system in estr
osis, and to develop
effective control measures that make it possible to
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reduce the economic damage caused by this
disease to an economically imperceptible level.
CONCLUSION
Overall, the improved drug application device
simplifies the process of treating infested animals,
particularly sheep with oestosis. It not only
increases treatment efficiency but also promotes
cost-effective drug usage and environmental
protection from pesticide pollution. Understanding
the effects of O. ovis larval phases on host
organisms can help determine treatment timing
and preventive measures for estrosis in sheep, as
well as expand the range of safe drugs for use and
ensure high-quality livestock products.
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