Comparative characteristics of archaisms and historicisms

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Узакбоева, Р. (2022). Comparative characteristics of archaisms and historicisms. Переводоведение: проблемы, решения и перспективы, (1), 481–482. извлечено от https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/translation_studies/article/view/6208
Р Узакбоева, Uzbek State University of World Languages

Student of master’s degree

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Аннотация

The concept of “outdated vocabulary”, despite its traditional character in linguistics, is debatable. In particular, there is no consensus among researchers regarding the relationship between the terms “archaism” and “historicism”. Some linguists classify all units of obsolete vocabulary as archaisms. Other researchers distinguish between two types of archaisms: 1) words denoting obsolete objects and concepts; 2) words that exist in parallel with other, active vocabulary units denoting the same objects and concepts.


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480

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHAISMS AND

HISTORICISMS

R.A. Uzakboyeva

Student of master’s degree, UzSWLU


The concept of

“outdated vocabulary”, despite its traditional character in

linguistics, is debatable. In particular, there is no consensus among researchers
regarding the relationship between the terms

“archaism” and “historicism”.

Some linguists classify all units of obsolete vocabulary as archaisms.
Other researchers distinguish between two types of archaisms:
1) words denoting obsolete objects and concepts;
2) words that exist in parallel with other, active vocabulary units denoting the

same objects and concepts.

Some scholars single out archaisms and historicisms as two separate lexico-

semantic classes of obsolete vocabulary, others consider historicisms as a kind of
archaisms.

Of great importance in the degree of obsolescence of the word or its meaning is:
1) the place of the given word with the corresponding meaning in the

nominative system of the national language;

2) the initial prevalence of the word and the duration of its use in the active

dictionary.

According to the degree of obsolescence, obsolete vocabulary units should be

divided into:

Archaisms are obsolete words that have gone out of active use and have

synonyms in the vocabulary of the active dictionary.

Historicisms are obsolete words of the passive vocabulary, serving as the only

expression of the disappeared concepts, objects, phenomena.

Some researchers distinguish archaisms and historicisms as separate classes

of obsolete vocabulary units, offering the following definitions:

1) archaisms

– “obsolete words that have been preserved in the language, but

are no longer used in everyday life

”;

2) historicisms

– “words that have ceased to be used in reality, they are

resurrected in order to give vitality to the past era they depict

”.

In addition, it should be noted that archaisms are a stylistic category; they are

not the only nomination of objects, phenomena, concepts, next to them there are
necessarily synonyms that are words of active use, which proves the stylistic
determinism of the use of archaisms. In the fiction works one can find a large number
of historicisms and archaisms.

To translate proper lexical archaisms, the following techniques are used:
selection of adequate replacements, for example:



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481

Original

Translation

…if he had fewer cakes

and

sweetmeats

… (

archaic

; an item of

confectionery or sweet food) [Bronte,

2006]

... agar ular unga kamroq pirog va

shirinliklar yuborishsa ...

…railing against Lord Lowborough’s

poltroonery

… (

archaic

; an utter

cowardice) [Bronte, 1999]

... lord Lofboroning qo

‘rqoqligini

haqorat qildi ...


Since an adequate replacement is a match chosen based on the context, the

archaisms

sweetmeats

and

poltroonery

are conveyed with the help of adequate

replacements in Uzbek for sweetness and cowardice, suitable for the contexts of
these examples.

selection of analogues, for example:

Original

Translation

…I knew him; it was Mr. Lloyd, an

apothecary

,

… (

archaic

; a person who

prepared and sold medicines and

drugs) [Bronte, 2006]

... Men uni bilardim, bu dorixonachi

janob Lloyd edi...


Analog

– correspondence based on synonymy (similarity) of the external form

of units of different languages. For the translation of the archaism

apothecary

, an

analogue of the pharmacist in Uzbek was used, since the English and Uzbek versions
have a similar external form.

Both archaisms and historicisms of such thematic groups as professions /

occupations, garments, food/drinks recreate the atmosphere of a historical era.

Archaisms, which are references to religion, the text of the Bible, reflect the

religiosity of the heroine, characteristic of English society at the time the novel was
written. They are also used to give the hero's line a playful effect.

Archaisms

– words related to the field of jurisprudence and archaisms –

indicators of time recreate the atmosphere of the era.

The historicisms of such thematic groups as transport, public institutions,

illnesses, military equipment, monetary units / land units, social realities recreate the
atmosphere of a historical era.


REFERENCES:

1.

Маслов Ю.С. Введение в языкознание. Москва: Высшая школа, 1998.

2.

Хайнжамц О.Э. Семантика и функции устаревших слов в идиостиле

Ю.М. Нагибина: на материале исторических повестей и рассказов
Ю.М. Нагибина: дис. на соиск. учен. степ. канд. филол. наук: специальность
10.02.01; изд-во Гос. ин-та рус.яз. им. А.С. Пушкина, 2007.

3.

Воронцова Т.Ю.

Специфика

коннотативного

макрокомпонента

семантики историзмов современного английского языка: дис. на соиск. учен.
степ. к. филол. н.: специальность 10.02.04; 2001. – С. 209.

4. Collins English Dictionary, 10th edition. London: HarperCollins UK, 2007.

P. 2340.

Библиографические ссылки

Маслов Ю.С. Введение в языкознание. Москва: Высшая школа, 1998.

Хайнжамц О.Э. Семантика и функции устаревших слов в идиостиле Ю.М. Нагибина: на материале исторических повестей и рассказов Ю.М. Нагибина: дис. на соиск. учен. степ. канд. филол. наук: специальность 10.02.01; изд-во Гос. ин-та рус.яз. им. А.С. Пушкина, 2007.

Воронцова Т.Ю. Специфика коннотативного макрокомпонента семантики историзмов современного английского языка: дис. на соиск. учен, степ. к. филол. н.: специальность 10.02.04; 2001. - С. 209.

Collins English Dictionary, 10th edition. London: HarperCollins UK, 2007. -P. 2340.

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