480
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHAISMS AND
HISTORICISMS
R.A. Uzakboyeva
Student of master’s degree, UzSWLU
The concept of
“outdated vocabulary”, despite its traditional character in
linguistics, is debatable. In particular, there is no consensus among researchers
regarding the relationship between the terms
“archaism” and “historicism”.
Some linguists classify all units of obsolete vocabulary as archaisms.
Other researchers distinguish between two types of archaisms:
1) words denoting obsolete objects and concepts;
2) words that exist in parallel with other, active vocabulary units denoting the
same objects and concepts.
Some scholars single out archaisms and historicisms as two separate lexico-
semantic classes of obsolete vocabulary, others consider historicisms as a kind of
archaisms.
Of great importance in the degree of obsolescence of the word or its meaning is:
1) the place of the given word with the corresponding meaning in the
nominative system of the national language;
2) the initial prevalence of the word and the duration of its use in the active
dictionary.
According to the degree of obsolescence, obsolete vocabulary units should be
divided into:
Archaisms are obsolete words that have gone out of active use and have
synonyms in the vocabulary of the active dictionary.
Historicisms are obsolete words of the passive vocabulary, serving as the only
expression of the disappeared concepts, objects, phenomena.
Some researchers distinguish archaisms and historicisms as separate classes
of obsolete vocabulary units, offering the following definitions:
1) archaisms
– “obsolete words that have been preserved in the language, but
are no longer used in everyday life
”;
2) historicisms
– “words that have ceased to be used in reality, they are
resurrected in order to give vitality to the past era they depict
”.
In addition, it should be noted that archaisms are a stylistic category; they are
not the only nomination of objects, phenomena, concepts, next to them there are
necessarily synonyms that are words of active use, which proves the stylistic
determinism of the use of archaisms. In the fiction works one can find a large number
of historicisms and archaisms.
To translate proper lexical archaisms, the following techniques are used:
selection of adequate replacements, for example:
481
Original
Translation
…if he had fewer cakes
and
sweetmeats
… (
archaic
; an item of
confectionery or sweet food) [Bronte,
2006]
... agar ular unga kamroq pirog va
shirinliklar yuborishsa ...
…railing against Lord Lowborough’s
poltroonery
… (
archaic
; an utter
cowardice) [Bronte, 1999]
... lord Lofboroning qo
‘rqoqligini
haqorat qildi ...
Since an adequate replacement is a match chosen based on the context, the
archaisms
sweetmeats
and
poltroonery
are conveyed with the help of adequate
replacements in Uzbek for sweetness and cowardice, suitable for the contexts of
these examples.
selection of analogues, for example:
Original
Translation
…I knew him; it was Mr. Lloyd, an
apothecary
,
… (
archaic
; a person who
prepared and sold medicines and
drugs) [Bronte, 2006]
... Men uni bilardim, bu dorixonachi
janob Lloyd edi...
Analog
– correspondence based on synonymy (similarity) of the external form
of units of different languages. For the translation of the archaism
apothecary
, an
analogue of the pharmacist in Uzbek was used, since the English and Uzbek versions
have a similar external form.
Both archaisms and historicisms of such thematic groups as professions /
occupations, garments, food/drinks recreate the atmosphere of a historical era.
Archaisms, which are references to religion, the text of the Bible, reflect the
religiosity of the heroine, characteristic of English society at the time the novel was
written. They are also used to give the hero's line a playful effect.
Archaisms
– words related to the field of jurisprudence and archaisms –
indicators of time recreate the atmosphere of the era.
The historicisms of such thematic groups as transport, public institutions,
illnesses, military equipment, monetary units / land units, social realities recreate the
atmosphere of a historical era.
REFERENCES:
1.
Маслов Ю.С. Введение в языкознание. Москва: Высшая школа, 1998.
2.
Хайнжамц О.Э. Семантика и функции устаревших слов в идиостиле
Ю.М. Нагибина: на материале исторических повестей и рассказов
Ю.М. Нагибина: дис. на соиск. учен. степ. канд. филол. наук: специальность
10.02.01; изд-во Гос. ин-та рус.яз. им. А.С. Пушкина, 2007.
3.
Воронцова Т.Ю.
Специфика
коннотативного
макрокомпонента
семантики историзмов современного английского языка: дис. на соиск. учен.
степ. к. филол. н.: специальность 10.02.04; 2001. – С. 209.
4. Collins English Dictionary, 10th edition. London: HarperCollins UK, 2007.
–
P. 2340.