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AIR-ABRASIVE SYSTEMS AND ABRASIVE MATERIALS FOR THEM
Ilkhomjonova Sevara Tulkinovna
Akhmedov Dilshod Khabibulloevich
Abdullaeva Parizoda Rustamovna
Ruzimuradova Zilola Shukhratovna
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14842512
Abstract.
This article contains a description of the physical and mechanical properties
of abrasive materials used for air-abrasive systems. Description of the main representatives
and description of their properties.
Keywords:
physics, dentistry, biophysics, biochemistry, air-flow.
Air-abrasive systems or Air-flow systems, translated from English as "air flow", are used
to remove pigmentation and plaque from the surface of teeth, including in hard-to-reach
places. The aerosol stream is formed from a mixture of abrasive powder, water and
compressed air. Coming under pressure from the tip of the instrument, the flow of particles
effectively and quickly removes soft dental deposits, smoker's plaque, traces of coffee, tea,
wine from the surface of the tooth.
Is the technique effective? Doctors K.-D. Bastendorf and Schmid from Germany
conducted a series of clinical studies with a selection of experimental and control groups, as a
result of which they came to the conclusion that "with supportive periodontal therapy, air-
abrasive polishing with glycine-based powder is more effective in removing subgingival
plaque than hand instruments, in addition, this method is safe and does not require large time
costs", also numerous studies and years of use in clinical practice prove the effectiveness of
the technique.
In the list of known requirements for oral hygiene powders, the first place is given to the
safety of their use, the second place is given to the particle size, and the third place is given to
their geometric characteristics. The safety of the powders used is determined, to an
overwhelming extent, by the properties of the materials used. The grain size and geometric
parameters of the powders affect the dynamic characteristics of the jet created by the tool at
the outlet of the nozzle.
Powders should not contain particles of one exact size, because for effective action, both
large and small elements are needed (small ones are polished, large ones are ground),
therefore, powders contain particles of different sizes and here the question immediately
becomes relevant: do all particles perform their functions equally well? Our answer is no.
Why?
1. small particles dissolve in water, not reaching the surface of the teeth.
2. large particles have a lower speed, since more energy must be expended to accelerate
them.
3. particles of medium sizes are efficient. They accelerate to the required speed and thus
have sufficient energy to bombard the teeth and clean them from surface plaque.
If you look at the publications, it follows from them that the most effective are two
particle sizes - 25 and 65 microns. In this case, powders with a size of 25 microns. Basically,
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they remove soft plaque and polish the surface of the teeth. Powders with a size of 65 microns
remove dense plaque and, in some cases, with thin enamel, significantly damage the surface of
the teeth.
As for the shape of the particles, laboratory data have shown that the ideal shape of
particles for polishing the surface of the tooth is spherical and the greater the roughness on
the particles, the greater the abrasive effect on the tissue of the tooth. Consequently, the
manufacturers take the spherical shape of the particles as a standard, however, some types of
powders have defects on the particles in the form of roughness to increase their abrasive
properties.
Let's consider some of the main materials for the air-abrasive system:
EMS classic powder
- low-abrasive, fine-grained powder based on sodium bicarbonate
with an average particle size for Air-flow technology. It has different flavors. For removing
supragingival deposits and pigmented plaque, including "smoker's plaque".
Air-flow perio powder
- suitable for processing the subgingival part of the root in order to
remove biofilm, sanitize periodontal pockets, clean the surface of implants, helps to reduce
the depth of periodontal pockets.
Air-flow soft powder
is a low-abrasive, finely dispersed powder based on glycine. It is
intended for the treatment of teeth of patients with sensitive periodontium, as well as patients
who need frequent and regular professional hygienic dental procedures. Average particle size
is 65 microns
Clinpro prophypowder powder
- unlike conventional powders based on soda and calcium
compounds, Clinpro prophypowder powder is based on glycine, which has a lower abrasive
effect on the enamel surface and exposed dentin. This allows you to remove plaque without
losing dental tissue, so cleaning with this powder can be done more often than twice a year,
which is contraindicated when cleaning with powders based on soda and calcium compounds.
Flow-cleanse corundum powder
is suitable for both removing hard dental deposits and
for preparing carious cavities. Contains an active abrasive - aluminum oxide (30-45 microns).
Manufacturer - Tehnodent, Russia
Air-cleans powder prof
- the main component is sodium bicarbonate with a particle size
that allows cleaning with a gentle effect on hard tooth tissues. If the cleaning stream
accidentally hits the gum, lidocaine hydrochloride (0.5%), which is part of the powder,
ensures painlessness of soft tissues. The powder has a pleasant refreshing smell and taste.
Manufacturer - "Vladmiva", Belgorod, Russia. It differs from other powders in its relatively
low price.
Thus, when choosing a powder for professional hygiene using the "Air-flow" technology,
it is necessary to take into account the physicochemical properties of the powders, as well as
the indications and contraindications for their use.
References:
1.
Zharov I.A. The influence of various air-abrasive agents on mineral metabolism and
microstructure of tooth enamel in the treatment of superficial caries: dissertation of candidate
of medical sciences. Voronezh, 2011.- 135 p.
2.
Oksas N.S. Comparative assessment of the use of air-abrasive agents based on calcium
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carbonate and sodium bicarbonate in the complex treatment of inflammatory periodontal
diseases: dissertation of candidate of medical sciences. St. Petersburg, 2008.- 155 p.
