42
EXPRESSION OF THE LEXEME “HAND” IN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH
SEVERAL SOMATIC COMPONENTS
Kurbonova Marguba
Independent Researcher, Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages
Andijan, Uzbekistan
kmarguba2020@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11632354
ANNOTATION
This article discusses the use of somatic phraseological units related to the “hand” lexeme in
the Uzbek and English languages. The main focus of phraseology as a branch of linguistics is to
study the nature of phraseology and their categorical features, as well as to determine the
laws of use of phraseology in speech. In the field of linguistics, phraseology is a science that
studies descriptive words, for example, idioms, phrasal verbs and other types of lexical units,
in which the general meaning cannot be known through the meanings of the composition of
words, they are used as independent units. is used. We try to comprehensively research
somatic phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages, i.e. grammatically, lexically and
semantically. Because somatic phraseological units are widely and comprehensively related to
other branches of linguistics.
Key words:
phraseologisms, proverbs and sayings, lexeme, the term somatism,
phraseological integrity, conseptual analysis.
First of all, let's start by giving the definition of the lexeme "
hand
" given in the explanatory
dictionary of the Uzbek language.
The part of a person's hand from the fingertips to the shoulder, a member:
Baquvvat qo’llar.
Qo’lni oldinga cho’zmoq. Ikki qo’lini yuqori ko’tarmoq. Qo’l kuchi
.
Above we looked at the explanations on the lexeme "hand". Now let's pay attention to the
somatic phraseological units with several components formed with the participation of the
lexeme "
hand
":
Bosh
qashigani ham
qo’l
tegmaydi
. As can be seen from the definitions, both the lexeme of
hand
and the lexeme of
eye
have their denotative and connotative meanings. The definition
"
hand is the part of a person’s div from the fingertips to the shoulder
" represents the
denotation of the lexeme of hand. The connotative meaning of the lexeme of
hand
is reflected
in its phraseological units. As proof of our point, we can give the following two component
somatic phraseological units as an example. "
Ikki qo’lning burniga suqib
or
(tiqib)
[3,402]" is a
two component somatic phraseological unit, formed by combining the lexeme of
hand
with
the lexeme of
nose
. The connotative appearance of this two component somatic phraseological
unit means to visit a place empty-handed without taking anything.
Let's pay attention to the next two component somatic phraseological unit: The combination
of the lexeme of
qo’l
and the lexeme of
ogʼiz
makes the phraseological unit:
besh
qoʼlini
ogʼziga urmoq [3,402]
- to be too mean or greedy,
gah desa qoʼlga qoʼnadigan qilib olmoq
– to make someone do what they want. The structural view of the somatik phraseological unit
-
qoʼl
(noun)+
ogʼiz
(noun). The s meaning is formed by the connotation
qoʼlga qoʼnadigan
qilib olmoq
.
Let's pay attention to the way the somatic phraseological unit containing the lexeme of
qo’l
is
expressed:
koʼngliga (or
yurag
iga
, koʼks
iga
, qoʼltigʼ
iga
, qoʼyn
iga
) qo’l
solib koʼrmoq
- the
43
meaning of the two component somatic phraseological unit is explained as follows in the
explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language, and it is given by connotation:
to say different
things in order to know someone's mind or inner secret, to make a statement for this purpose
. –
Oʼktam toʼy-hasham toʼgʼrisida soʼz ochib, qizning koʼngliga qoʼl solmoqchi boʼldi. Oybek, o.v.
Shabadalar. The structural view of the somatic phraseological unit contains
yurak
(noun),
koʼks
(noun),
qoʼltigʼ
(noun),
qoʼyn
(noun)+
qoʼl
(noun);
Below we give an example of two component somatic phraseological units with the
participation of the lexeme of the
oyoq
and the lexeme of the
qo'l
:
Oyogi
oltita
, qoli
yettita.
Oyog
ʼini
qoʼl
iga olib. Connotative meaning of phraseological units with “qo’l/oyoq” betokens
fastness, rapidness. The structure of the somatic phraseological unit is expressed with
oyoq
(noun)+
qoʼl
(noun) and numeral as the predicative.
In the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language, the denotative explanation for the two
component somatic phraseological unit "
qoʼlini yuvib, qoʼltiqqa tiqmoq
" [3,404] is defined as
follows: to get tired of something, to disappointed of it, to turn away from it, to leave it, to turn
away from it, to give it up. –
Baʼzilari gʼayratlari bekorga ketayotganini koʼrib,
qoʼllarini yuvib,
qoʼltigʼiga urdilar
. M.Osim, Аjdodlarimiz qissasi. The structural view of the two component
somatic phraseological unit with the lexemes "qo'l" and "qo'ltiq" is qo'l (noun) + qo'tiq (noun),
which semantically gives the denotative meaning of being disappointed.
The meaning of the somatic phraseological unit
Qoʼlni-qoʼlga
bermoq
[3,404] is to cooperate
in a field, to unite with each other. It is used in the denotative meaning like
Qoʼlni-qoʼlga
berib
ishlamoq
. The structural view of
qoʼl
(noun)+
qoʼl
(noun) is repetition. The semantic meaning is
to cooperate in a field, to unite.
Now let's pay attention to the two component somatic phraseological unit, which is very
active in the oral speech of the Uzbek people: it has a connotative form, and the denotative
meaning of the somatic phraseological unit "ikki qoʼlini burniga tiqib"[4,113] is expressed in
the form of "jin exchange for nothing", "without getting anything". It is expressed with the
participation of the lexeme of
qoʼl
and the lexeme of
burun
. It has the structural view
Qoʼl
(noun)+
burun
(noun). We give an example of a two component somatic phraseological
unit. –
Kelmagandan keyin, domlaga “ozodlik” olib kelish kerak-da, boʼlsa shumshayib,
ikki
qoʼlini burniga tiqib keldi
. P.Tursin, Oʼqituvchi[4,113].
Let's analyze the next two component somatic phraseological unit.
ikki
The denotative
meaning of the two component somatic phraseological unit
qoʼlini ogʼziga tiqmoq
[4,113]
which expresses the connotative meaning, to strive to accomplish (achieve) more than is
necessary. It is a somatic phraseological unit
organized with the combination of the lexeme of
qoʼl
and the lexeme of
ogʼiz
. As for its structural view, it is
qoʼl
(noun)+
ogʼiz
(noun), it is one
of the most active somatic phraseological units in the Uzbek language. We will give an
example to prove our point. –
Ikki qoʼlingni ogʼzingga
tiqma, Bekboʼta, “Hammasi birdek
zarur” emish-a. Ikki quyonni quvib, biriga ham yetolmaysan, ha
. Sh.Rashidov, Boʼrondan kuchli.
We will give one more two component with the participation of the lexeme of
qo’l
and the
lexeme of
burun
. The denotative meaning of the somatic phraseological unit, whose
connatative meaning is
qoʼlini burniga tiqib
[4,300], is
with nothing
. It has a structural view
qoʼl
(noun)+
burun
(noun) struktural koʼrinishida berilgan.
Let’s analyze the next phraseological unit. The denotative meaning of the next two
component somatic phraseological unit
,
whose connotative meaning is
qoʼlini yuvib,
44
qoʼltiqqa urmoq
[4,301], is to lose one's attention, to lose faith, to lose belief, to stop
believing. This somatic phraseological unit is formed in the participation of the lexeme of
qoʼl
and the lexeme of
qoʼltiq
, and its structural view is
qoʼl
(noun)+
qoʼltiq
(noun). An example of
somatic phraseological unit: –
“Laylatulqadr”dan
qoʼlini yuvib, qoʼltigʼiga urgan
xotinini yana
oʼsha bezillab qolgan narsasiga roʼbaroʼ qilish oson emas edi
. N.Maqsudiy, Laylatulqadr.
Proverb
:
Bir
qo'llab
eksang, Ikki
qo'llab
o'rasan
[10].
Erinchoqning
qo‘li
yetmas,
qo‘li
yetsa ham, ishi bitmas
.
Now let's pay attention to somatic phraseological units with the lexeme "hand" in the English
language: Let's look at the explanation given to the lexeme "hand" in the explanatory
dictionary of the English language: h
and [12]-
the terminal, prehensile part of the upper limb
in humans and other primates, consisting of the wrist, metacarpal area, fingers, and thumb;
the terminal part of the forelimb in any of the higher vertebrates.
Now let’s pay our attention to the definition given in English to the two component somatic
phraseological unit
from hand to hand[2]
of the lexeme of
hand
: from one person to
another; through successive ownership or possession –
The legendary jewel went
from hand
to hand.
Its structural view is
hand
(noun) +
hand
(noun);
The English definition of the two component somatic phraseological unit
from hand to
mouth[12]
with the participation of the lexeme
hand
is as follows: improvidently;
; with nothing in reserve (living a poor life running out of everything): –
They
looked forward to a time when they would no longer have to live
from hand to mouth.
It has
the structural view:
Hand
(noun) +
mouth
(noun);
The English two component somatic phraseological unit
hand and foot[12]
very corresponds
to the Uzbek somatic phraseological unit
qo’l-oyoq
, having the same meaning in both
languages,
to obstruct the movement
, semantically showing isomorphic feature. As we see
that they have nearly similar structural view
hand
(noun)+
foot
(noun). –
They tied him
hand
and foot
.
slavishly and continually: –
Cinderella had to wait on her stepsisters
hand and foot
.
We pay attention to the use of the English expression
"hand in hand[12] in
explanatory
dictionaries
:
with one's hand enclasped in that of another person; closely
; conjointly: –
Doctors and nurses work
hand in hand
to save lives.
We
can see that the English phraseological unit
hand in hand
is used in the same way with the
Uzbek phraseological unit
qo’lma-qo’l
. We think that this is one of the isomorphic aspects of
the two languages. They are structurally the same.
Ingliz tilidagi
arm in arm
typically means two or more people linking their arms together,
often as a sign of companionship, support, or unity. They physically connect by intertwining
their arms, usually while walking or standing side by side. This phraseological unit is in the
same semantic line with the Uzbek somatic phraseological unit
bilakma-bilak
. Structurally,
we can observe the similarities of repetition between
arm
(noun) +
arm
(noun) and
bilak
(noun) +
bilak
(noun).
Next, let's turn our attention to an English proverb related to the lexeme of
hand
:
Gossiping
and lying go hand in hand[2]
. The proverb typically refers to the tendency for people who
engage in gossip to also be inclined towards telling lies. It suggests that those who spread
rumors or engage in idle talk are more likely to exaggerate or fabricate information,
intentionally distorting the truth to create drama or manipulate others. The proverb serves as
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a cautionary reminder about the potential consequences of participating in gossip,
highlighting that it can lead to a loss of credibility and trust, both for the person spreading the
gossip and the individuals involved in it. It is used in connotative meaning.
Let's pay attention to the text in which two component somatic phraseological units in English
are used:
White criminals could not be adequately punished without insulting some white man
or encroaching upon his preferred status. The judges sat therefore
bound hand and foot,
and
those were most successful who were callous in sentencing Negroes to forty years, death or life
imprisonment
[2].(W.Du Bois,’ The Ordeal of Mansart’,ch.XII)
Let's pay attention to the somatic phraseological unit used by the lexeme of
hand
of the two
component somatic phraseological unit given in the English-Russian phraseological dictionary
by A. Kunin:
cold hand and a warm heart[2].
The phrase is given with its translation into
Russian:
руки
холодные,
сердце
горячее. The fact that such somatic phraseological units
are given in the text both in English and in Russian is a sign of structural and semantic
similarity, and we consider it to be one of the aspects of isomorphism.
In the two component somatic phraseological unit "
Fight hand to hand
"[2], which has a
connotative view, we can see that the lexeme of
hand
is used twice, and its structural view is
hand(
noun
)+ hand(
noun
)
boʼlib, and the translation in the English-Russian phraseological
dictionary by A. Kunin is
вести рукопашный бой
, and its denotative meaning in Uzbek
corresponds to the somatic phraseological unit
qoʼl jangi olib bormoq
. For this we can give
the following examples: –
The troops
fought hand to hand
[2].
Войска вели рукопашный бой
.
Аskarlar qoʼl jangida urushdilar.
Let's pay attention to the two component somatic phraseological unit formed as a result of
another repetition of the lexeme of hand:
from hand to hand[2]
- из рук в руку, qo’ldan qo’lga
.
As we can see, the presence of such somatic phraseological units in all three languages, and
the fact that they are formed through repetition, the structural view confirms that the
languages are isomorphic. Even their connotative similarities are almost the same.
Below we will give examples of two component somatic phraseological units with
hand to
hand
. –
This tract had been circulated from hand to hand
.(W. Besant,’ The Revolt of Man,’ch.
IX)-
Это сочинение ходила по рукам
.
–
The legendary jewel went
from hand to hand
[2]
(PHD)
–
Знаменитый бриллиант переходил из
рук в руки
.
Let's analyze the next two component somatic phraseological unit:
–
Live from hand to
mouth
[11]
-
жить сегодняшним днём, bugungi kun bilan yashamoq
. If we pay attention, we
can observe that the somatic phraseological unit used in the English language is the lexeme of
hand
and the lexeme of
mouth
, and the phraseological units with this meaning in both
Russian and Uzbek are not made with such lexemes, which we think shows allomorphic
aspects in all three languages.
For example: –
Living as he does,
from hand to mouth
, nothing is too good for him to eat; and
he will eat it
[11].(Galsworthy, The Man of Property’, part II, Ch.IX)
Let's pay attention to an English proverb that uses the lexeme of
hand
and the lexeme of
mouth
: –
The
hand
suffers at work, but the mouth still must eat
. The proverb suggests that
although work may be hard and difficult, it is necessary in order to sustain oneself and meet
one's basic needs. It implies that even if one's work is physically demanding or taxing, it is still
essential to earn a living and feed oneself. The given proverb is a two component
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phraseological unit with the structural view
hand(
noun
)+ mouth(
noun
)
, being translated as
Qoʼllar mehnatdan ozor chekadi, ogʼiz esa yeb rohatlanad
i. We think this corresponds to
the Uzbek saying
ishchiga ish, oshchiga osh
. The given Uzbek saying may be structurally
dissimilar, but we observed that it is semantically compatible, because usually work is done
by
hand
, and food is eaten by
mouth
.
References:
1.
Isaev А. Somatic phraseological units of the Uzbek language. Dissertation of the
candidate of philological sciences. – Tashkent, 1976. –.196 с;
2.
Kunin A. V. Large English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary: About 20,000 phrases.
units ..Prosvesheniye/ Drofa, 2007
3.
Mahmudov N., Xudoyberganova D. An explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language.
Toshkent.- Ma`naviyat 2013.
4.
Rahmatullayev Sh. An explanatory phraseological dictionary of the Uzbek language.
O`qituvchi nashriyoti. – Toshkent ., - B.113, 300, 301
5.
Safarov Sh. Сognitive linguistics. Jizzakh, Sangzor,2006.
6.
https://proverbicals.com/hands-proverbs
7.
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary
8.
https://www.special-dictionary.com/proverbs/keywords/hand.
9.
10.
https://www.ziyouz.com/portal-haqida/xarita/uzbek-xalq-ogzaki-ijodi/uzbek-xalq-
maqollar
11.
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/eb/qa/the-idiom-hand-in-hand
12.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hand
